BDwbU

†hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq
5

f~wgKv
wg. iv‡mj I‡qmwUb bv‡g GKwU Mv‡g©›Um d¨vkb nvD‡Ri e¨emvq ïiæ K‡ib| ¯^í cyuwRi GB e¨emv‡q Zvi †ek
Avq-‡ivRMvi nq| †`wk-we‡`wk wewfbœ †kÖwYi †µZviv Zvi cÖwZôv‡b ˆZwi †cvkvK µq Ki‡Z wfo Rgvq cÖwZw`b|
wZwb e¨emv‡qi mg„w× we‡ePbv K‡i e¨emvqwU‡K Av‡iv e„n`vqZb Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡jb| wKš‘ Gi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb ch©vß g~jab| wZwb Zuvi ¯¿x AwbZv Ges Av‡iv 10 Rb eÜz wg‡j ÔI‡qmwUb AvDUwdUvim wjwg‡UWÕ bv‡g
bZzb K‡i †Kv¤úvwb MVb Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡jb| GiRb¨ Zviv †iwR÷ªvi Ae R‡q›U ÷K †Kv¤úvwb‡Z
cÖ‡qvRbxq KvMRcÎ Rgv w`‡q wbeÜb K‡i e¨emvqwU we¯Í…Z K‡ib| GK mgq GwU †µZv‡`i Kv‡Q iv‡mj mv‡n‡ei
e¨emvq cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡eB cwiwPZ wQj, wKš‘ GLb I‡qmwUb bv‡gB RbwcÖq|
DcwiD³ NUbvwU n‡Z cwijwÿZ nq, e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ AwaK g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| †mRb¨ wg. iv‡mj Ges
K‡qKRb e¨w³ wg‡j cÖPwjZ AvBb Abyhvqx wKQz `wjjvw` cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i e¨emvqwU M‡o
Zz‡j‡Qb| Avi GB e¨emvqwUB n‡jv †Kv¤úvwb ev †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emvq| G BDwb‡U Avgiv †hŠ_ g~ jabx e¨emv‡qi
ˆewkó¨, ¸iæZ¡, cÖKvi‡f`mn wewfbœ w`K Rvb‡Z cvie|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~ n
cvV-5.1 : †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi aviYv, ˆewkó¨ I ¸iæZ¡
cvV-5.2 : †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi †kÖwYwefvM, myweav I Amyweav
cvV-5.3 : cÖvB‡fU I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi aviYv, cv_©K¨
cvV-5.4 : †Kv¤úwb msMV‡bi MVb c×wZ
cvV-5.5 : ¯§viKwjwc/ msN¯§viK/ cwi‡gj eÜ Gi aviYv, welqe¯‘, bgybv I cwieZ©b
cvV-5.6 : cwi‡gj wbqgvewj/ msNwewai aviYv I welqe¯‘
cvV-5.7 : weeiYc‡Îi aviYv, welqe¯‘ I weKí wee„wZ
cvV-5.8 : †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜbcÎ I Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZc‡Îi aviYv, bgybv
cvV-5.9 : †Kv¤úvwbi g~ja‡bi aviYv I GwU msMÖ‡ni Drmmg~n
cvV-5.10 : †kqv‡ii aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM
cvV-5.11 : FYc‡Îi aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM
cvV-5.12 : †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmva‡bi aviYv I Gi c×wZ
cvV-5.13 : evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I fwel¨r m¤¢vebv
cvV-5.14 : mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji e¨emvq
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.1 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi aviYv, ˆewkó¨, I ¸iæZ¡

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †Kv¤úvwb msMVb Gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |
 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†Kv¤úvwb msMVb/ †hŠ_ g~jawb e¨emvq, wbeÜbcÎ, ¯§viKwjwc/cwi‡gjeÜ,

msN wewa/cwi‡gj wbqgvewj, Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ, weeiYcÎ/cÖm‡c±vm,
g~L¨ kã (Key Words) †kqvi, FYcÎ|

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi aviYv

†hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq ev †Kv¤cvwb msMVb n‡jv AvBbm„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix Ggb GK ai‡bi
e„n`vqZb e¨emvq msMVb hv A`„k¨, wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix, hv wb‡Ri bvg I wmj Øviv cwiwPZ I cwiPvwjZ
nq, †hLv‡b gvwjKvbv mxwgZ `vqwewkó †kqvi msL¨v Øviv wba©vwiZ| †Kv¤cvwbi wewfbœ w`K AšÍf©z³ K‡i 1882
mv‡j cÖ_g fviZxq †Kv¤cvwb AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| c‡i Gi e¨vcK cwieZ©b, cwiea©b I ms‡kvab Kiv nq 1913
mv‡j| Avevi cwieZ©b I cwiea©b K‡i evsjv‡`‡k 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤cvwb AvBb cÖewZ©Z nq, hv AvRI Kvh©Ki
i‡q‡Q|
1994 mv‡j †Kv¤cvwb AvB‡bi 2(1-L) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kv¤cvwb ej‡Z †Kv¤cvwb AvB‡bi Aax‡b MwVZ I
wbewÜZ ev †Kv‡bv we`¨gvb †Kv¤cvwb‡K †evSvq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, †Kv¤cvwb n‡jv AvBb m„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix, hvi `vq AvBb Øviv mxwgZ, wPišÍb
Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix, wbR bvg I wmj‡gvni Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq Ges wewb‡qvMKvix gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †¯^”Qvq
†kqvi µq K‡i g~jab Znwej MVb K‡i|

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi ˆewkó¨

†Kv¤úvwb msMVb AvBb Abyhvqx MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq| ZvB Giƒc msMV‡bi wKQz ¯^Zš¿ ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q|
wb‡” Gi ˆewkó¨mg~n we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv:
1. AvBb Øviv m„wó
†Kv¤cvwb GKwU AvBb m„ó msMVb ev cÖwZôvb| 1994 mv‡ji AvBb Øviv A_ev miKv‡ii we‡kl Aa¨v‡`k e‡j G
e¨emvq MwVZ nq| AvBb m„ó nIqvi Rb¨ Gi MVb cÖwµqv †ek RwUj|
2. K…wÎg e¨w³mËv
K…wÎg e¨w³mËv ej‡Z Ggb GK cÖKvi mËv‡K †evSvq hv †Kv‡bv e¨w³ bv n‡qI AvBbMZfv‡e e¨w³i gh©v`v jvf
K‡i| AvBb Øviv m„ó e‡j †Kv¤úvwb msMVb‡K Zvi †kqvi gvwjK †_‡K Avjv`v Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤cbœ K…wÎg e¨w³mËv
wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
3. wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡
†Kv¤cvwb AvBb m„ó cÖwZôvb Ges †m myev‡` K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix nIqvq Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ we‡jv‡ci †ÿ‡ÎI
AvBbMZ w`K Abymib Ki‡Z nq| mKj †kqvi gvwjK I e¨emv‡qi Kg©Pvwiiv †`Dwjqv ev g„Zy¨eiY Ki‡jI
†hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wejyß nq bv|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 66

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

4. mxgve× `vq
†Kv¤cvwbi †kqvi gvwjK‡`i `vq mxgve× _v‡K| GLv‡b µqK…Z †kqvi gvwjKiv `vqe× _v‡Kb| D`vniY¯^iƒc
†KD hw` 10 UvKv g~‡j¨i 100wU †kqvi µq K‡i Zvn‡j Zvi `vq (10  100) = 1000 UvKv ch©šÍ mxgve×
_vK‡e|
5. wbR¯^ wmj‡gvni
†Kv¤cvwb K…wÎg e¨w³mËv nIqvi d‡j Zvi wbR bv‡g wmj‡gvni _v‡K| †Kv¤cvwbi mv‡_ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi †jb‡`‡bi
mgq GB wmj‡gvni e¨envi Kiv nq Ges †Kv¤cvwbi mKj bw_c‡Î wmj e¨envi Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK|
6. †kqvi g~jab
†Kv¤cvwbi †gvU g~jab‡K ÿz`ª ÿz`ª mgvb As‡k fvM Kiv nq, G‡K †kqvi e‡j| †kqvi gvwjK Zvi wbR As‡ki
†kqvi Ab¨ c‡ÿi Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
7. m`m¨ msL¨v
†Kv¤cvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v AvBb Øviv wbw`©ó _v‡K| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwbi me©wbgœ 2 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P 50 Rb
m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ mxgve×| cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwbi †ÿ‡Î me©wbgœ 7 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P ¯§viKwjwc‡Z ewY©Z †kqvi
msL¨v Øviv mxgve× _v‡K|
Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ ˆewk󨸇jvi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b †Kv¤úvwb msMVb‡K Òe¨emvqx RM‡Zi KvÛvwiÓ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv
nq|
†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi ¸iæZ¡
g~jZ: GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq Ges Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wKQy mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ †e‡o hvq
Ges AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq e¨emvq msMVb wn‡m‡e GwU cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| wkí wecø‡ei ci n‡ZB G ai‡bi msMV‡bi
Avwef©ve N‡U Ges e„n`vqZb Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g wecyj RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g Aí mg‡qi e¨eav‡b mgMÖ
we‡k¦ AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i|
e„n`vqZb e¨emvq cÖwZôvb MV‡bi Rb¨ AwaK g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| †Kv¤úvwb msMVb wecyj cwigvY †kqvi I FYcÎ
weµq K‡i g~jab MVb K‡i Ges `ÿ e¨e¯’vcK wb‡qvM K‡i mn‡RB G ai‡bi e¨emvq cÖwZôvb MVb I cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kv¤úvwb msMVb wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡, AvBbMZ mË¡v, mxwgZ `vq BZ¨vw`i Kvi‡Y GwU GKwU DËg wewb‡qvM
†ÿÎ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| G ai‡bi cÖwZôv‡b †kqv‡ii g~j¨ e„w×i m¤¢vebv, jf¨vs‡ki cÖvwß BZ¨vw`i myweav _v‡K
weavq mvaviY e¨w³iv m‡q DrmvwnZ nq Ges g~jab MVb K‡i| GKgvwjKvbv e¨emvq wKsev Askx`vwi e¨emvq
msMVb KLbB eo ai‡bi SzuwK wKsev wewb‡qvM K‡i bv| mg¯Í we‡k¦ Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó‡Z †Kv¤úvwb msMVb¸‡jv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| †`kxq †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv †_‡K †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb, mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb MVb Kivq
A‡bK bZzb Kg©m~wP nv‡Z †bIqv nq Ges †m‡ÿ‡Î eû †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq| GQvov †hŠ_g~jabx
e¨emvq msMVb Avw_©K mvg_©¨Zvi Kvi‡Y Z_¨ cÖhyw³i I Kjv †KŠk‡ji e¨envi wbwðZ K‡i| mgv‡Ri wewfbœ
c‡ÿi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb, A_©vr ag©xq, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, †Ljvayjv BZ¨vw`‡Z c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
AvšÍR©vwZK e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ cwiwPwZKiY, cY¨ I †mevi evRviRvZKiY BZ¨vw`‡Z e„n`vqZb e¨emvq wn‡m‡e
†Kv¤úvwb msMVb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GQvovI cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i cY¨ I †mevi M‡elYvi Øvi Db¥y³
K‡i †`q †Kv¤úvwb msMVb| GKw`‡K gvby‡li iæwPi cwieZ©b nq, mf¨Zvi Dbœqb N‡U Ges m‡e©vcwi e¨e¯’vcbvi
†ckvMZ w`K Dbœqb N‡U|

`kwU †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq msMVb ev †Kv¤cvwb ev cÖwZôv‡bi bvg wjLyb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_© xi KvR

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 67

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

mvims‡ÿc
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq msMVb ev †Kv¤cvwb n‡jv AvBbm„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix Ggb GK ai‡bi
e„n`vqZb e¨emvq msMVb hv A`„k¨, wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix: hv wb‡Ri bvg I wmj Øviv cwiwPZ I
cwiPvwjZ nq, †hLv‡b gvwjKvbv mxwgZ `vqwewkó †kqvi msL¨v Øviv wba©vwiZ|
 1994 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Øviv G e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq|
 AvBb m„ó nIqvq G e¨emvq msMVb MVb Kiv †ek RwUj|
 G e¨emvq †Kv‡bv e¨w³ bv n‡qI AvBbMZfv‡e e¨w³i gh©v`v jvf K‡i|
 †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi gvwjK‡`i `vq mxgve× _v‡K|
 †Kv¤cvwb K…wÎg e¨w³mËv nIqvi d‡j Zvi wbR bv‡g wmj‡gvni _v‡K|
 †Kv¤cvwbi †gvU g~jab‡K ÿz`ª ÿz`ª mgvb As‡k fvM Kiv nq, G‡K †kqvi e‡j|
 †kqvi gvwjK Zvi wbR As‡ki †kqvi Ab¨ c‡ÿi Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb me©wbgœ 2 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P 50 Rb m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ mxgve×|
 cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwbi †ÿ‡Î me©wbgœ 7 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P ¯§viKwjwc‡Z ewY©Z †kqvi msL¨v Øviv
mxgve× _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. AvB‡bi Øviv m„ó e¨emvq n‡jv-
(K) Askx`vwi (L) †hŠ_g~jabx
(M) GKgvwjKvbv (N) AvBb e¨emvq
2. wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡m¤úbœ e¨emvq n‡jv-
(K) mgevq mwgwZ (L) ivóªxq e¨emvq
(M) †hŠ_g~jabx (N) GKgvwjKvbv
3. me©cÖ_g †Kvb& mv‡j †hŠ_g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq?
(K) 1757 (L) 1882
(M) 1913 (N) 1994
4. cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv-
(K) 2 Rb (L) 3 Rb
(M) 5Rb (N) 7 Rb
5. cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv-
(K) 2 Rb (L) 7 Rb
(M) 9 Rb (N) 11 Rb
6. cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv-
(K) cÂvk Rb (L) Pzw³c‡Î D‡jøwLZ D‡`v³vi msL¨v
(M) GKkZ Rb (N) ¯§viKwjwc‡Z ewY©Z †kqvi msL¨v Øviv mxgve×

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 68

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.2 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi †kÖwYwefvM, myweav I Amyweav

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi myweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi Amyweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvB‡fU wjt †Kv¤úvbx, cvewjK wjt †Kv¤úvbx, wewae× †Kv¤úvbx, wbewÜZ

†Kv¤úvbx
g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi †kÖwYwefvM

wbeÜb, `vq, gvwjKvbv cÖf…wZ wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i †hŠ_g~jabx †Kv¤cvwb wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|
wb‡” G‡`i m¤c‡K© mswÿß aviYv †`Iqv n‡jv:
1. mb`cÖvß †Kv¤cvwb: ivRKxq mb` ev †NvlYv e‡j m„ó †Kv¤cvwb‡K mb`cÖvß †Kv¤cvwb e‡j| †hgb, PvUvW© e¨vsK
Ae Bsj¨vÛ|
2. wewae× †Kv¤cvwb: †`‡ki msm` ev ivóªcwZi Av‡`k Øviv MwVZ †Kv¤cvwb‡K wewae× †Kv¤cvwb e‡j| †hgb,
evsjv‡`k e¨vsK, wewcwWwe, ivRDK BZ¨vw`|
3. wbewÜZ †Kv¤cvwb: 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤cvwb AvBb Øviv MwVZ I wbewÜZ †Kv¤cvwbmg~n GB †kªwYi AšÍM©Z|
Giƒc †Kv¤cvwb‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(K) †kqvi Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤cvwb: GB ai‡bi †Kv¤cvwbi `vq †kqvi‡nvìvi‡K Zvi †kqvi g~‡j¨i AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv
`vq enb Ki‡Z nq bv| Avevi Giƒc †Kv¤cvwb‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
(i) cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb: G ai‡bi †Kv¤cvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v me©wbgœ 7 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v †kqvi
Øviv mxgve× _v‡K| G ai‡bi cÖwZôvb RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi wewµ K‡i g~jab msMÖn K‡i| Gi gvwjKvbv Aev‡a
n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨|
(ii) cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb: G ai‡bi †Kv¤cvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v me©wbgœ 2 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P 50 Rb| G cÖwZôvb
RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †kqvi wewµ Ges gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
(iii) miKvwi †Kv¤cvwb: †hme †Kv¤cvwbi Av`vqK…Z g~ja‡bi Kgc‡ÿ 51% gvwjKvbv miKv‡ii nv‡Z _v‡K
†m¸‡jv‡K miKvwi †Kv¤cvwb ejv nq|
(iv) †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb: hw` †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi kZKiv 50% fv‡Mi †ewk †kqv‡ii gvwjK nq
ev †gvU †fvU`vb ÿgZvi kZKiv 50 fv‡Mi AwZwi³ †fvU`vb ÿgZv †fvM K‡i A_ev cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e
AwaKvsk cwiPvjK wb‡qvM Kivi ÿgZvi AwaKvix nq, Z‡e H †Kv¤úvwb‡K †nvwìs ev wbqš¿YKvix †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
(v) mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb: †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 2 (2) aviv †gvZv‡eK, †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi 50% Gi †ewk †kqvi ev
†fvU`v‡bi ÿgZv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi Aax‡b _vK‡j ev msL¨vMwiô cwiPvjK wb‡qv‡Mi cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ ÿgZv
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi Aax‡b _vK‡j Zv‡K mvewmwWqvwi ev Aaxb¯’ †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
(L) cÖwZkÖæwZ Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤cvwb: G ai‡bi †Kv¤cvwbi †kqvi gvwjKiv wb‡R‡`i †kqv‡ii g~‡j¨i AwZwi³
cwigvb A_© †Kv¤cvwb wejywßi mgq cwi‡kva Kivi cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖ`vb K‡ib|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 69

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

(M) Amxg `vqe× †Kv¤cvwb: †h †Kv¤cvwbi †kqvi gvwjK‡`i `vq mxgvnxb Zv‡K Amxg `vqe× †Kv¤cvwb e‡j|
mvaviYZ G ai‡bi †Kv¤cvwb †`Lv hvq bv|

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi myweav

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi myweavmg~n wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv n‡jvt
1. mxwgZ `vq: †Kv¤úvwb e¨emv‡qi †kqvi gvwjK‡`i `vq †kqvi g~ j¨ Øviv mxgve×| G Kvi‡Y RbMY webv wØavq G
msMV‡b wewb‡qvM K‡i|
2. AwaK cyuwR: G RvZxq msMVb RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi I wW‡eÂvi weµq K‡i ch©vß cwigvY cyuwR msMÖn Ki‡Z
cv‡i hv Ab¨vb¨ msMV‡bi c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq|
3. wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡: AvBb m„ ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËv †Kv¤úwb‡K wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡ `vb K‡i‡Q| ZvB †Kvb m`‡m¨i g„Zz¨ ev
†`Dwjqv‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y Gi wejywß N‡U bv|
4.¯^vaxb mËv: K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi Kvi‡Y G msMVb wbR¯^ bvg I wmj‡gvni e¨envi K‡i Z…Zxq c‡ÿi mv‡_ Pzw³ ev
†jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi †hvM¨Zv: cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi †h †KD †h †Kvb mgq µq Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †kqvi
†nvìvi B”Qv Ki‡j †h †Kvb mgq †kqvi A‡b¨i wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6. e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi myweav: AwaK cyuwR wb‡q MwVZ nq e‡j G msMVb e„n`vKvi e¨emv‡qi myweav; †hgb-GK
mv‡_ AwaK cwigvY cY¨ µq I weµq, Kg Li‡P AwaK cwigvY cY¨ Drcv`b, `ÿ Kg©Pvwi wb‡qvM, wewfbœ ‡ÿ‡Î
wgZe¨vwqZv AR©b BZ¨vw` myweav †fvM K‡i|
7. †kqv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`: †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi †kqvi wewfbœ ai‡bi nIqvq RbMY Zv‡`i cQ›` gZ †kqvi µq Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
8. `ÿ cwiPvjbv: G msMV‡bi cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbvi Dci my`ÿ cwiPvjbv †ev‡W©i Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K| ZvQvov
Avw_©K msMwZ _vKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b AwaKZi †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ e¨e¯’vcK‡`i G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡qvM †`qv hvq| Gi d‡j
†Kv¤úvwbi e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbv AZ¨šÍ `ÿ nq|
9. AvKl©Yxq wewb‡qvM †ÿÎ: wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡, mxwgZ `vq, AvBbvbyM wbqš¿K, ¯^í g~‡j¨ †kqvi µ‡qi my‡hvM,
†kqv‡ii mnR n¯ÍvšÍ i BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y mKj ai‡bi wewb‡qvMKvixi wbKUB GUv AZ¨šÍ AvKl©Yxq wewb‡qvM †ÿÎ
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
10. F‡Yi my‡hvM: ¯^vaxb mËv, wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡, Rb Av¯’v BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y Giƒc e¨emvq mn‡RB wewfbœ Drm †_‡K
FY msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†Kv¤úvwbi msMV‡bi Amyweav

wb‡P †Kv¤úvwbi msMV‡bi Amyweav mg~n eY©bv Kiv njt
1. RwUj MVb cÖYvjx: †Kv¤úvwb GKwU AvBb m„ó e¨emvq cÖwZôvb| Gi MVb †ek mgq mv‡c‡ÿ, AvbyôvwbKZvc~Y© I
e¨q eûj| G R‡b¨ A‡b‡KB Giƒc e¨emvq MV‡b wbiærmvwnZ nq|
2. A`ÿ cwiPvjbv: Giƒc e¨emv‡qi e¨e¯’vcbv Zvi †eZbf~³ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi Ici b¨¯Í _vKvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ e¨w³MZ
Drmv‡n A‡bK NvUwZ †`Lv †`q| d‡j A‡bK mgqB A`ÿZv weivR K‡i|
3. cwiPvj‡Ki ¯^v_© wmw× t cwiPvjKMY †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i c‡ÿ m‡e©v”P ÿgZvi AwaKvix nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zviv
A‡bK mgq mw¤§wjZfv‡e wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© KvR K‡i| G‡Z e¨emvq I †kqvi gvwjKMY ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq|
4. GK‡PwUqv e¨emvq m„wó: e„n`vqZb cÖK…wZ‡Z G ai‡bi e¨emvq M‡o IVvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq GK‡PwUqv e¨emvq
m„wói cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G‡Z e¨emv‡qi ¯^vfvweK Dbœq‡bi c_ eÜ nq Ges mgvR ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 70

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

5. ¯^RbcÖxwZ: †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjKMY †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvwi wb‡qvM, c‡`vbœwZ, c`Pz¨wZ BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i A‡bK mgq
†hvM¨Zvi †P‡q A‡hvM¨Zv ev ¯^RbcÖxwZi DciB †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q|
6. cwiPvjbv e¨‡qi AvwaK¨: G e¨emv‡q wewfbœ mfv Abyôvb, Abyôvbvw` cvjb, `wjj I LvZvcÎ msiÿY, wnmve
wbixÿv, †kqvi I FY Bmy¨ BZ¨vw`| wewfbœ Kv‡R h‡_ó Dcwi LiP nq| d‡j A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB gybvdvi cwigvY n«vm
cvq|
7. †K›`ªxf~Z ÿgZv: †Kv¤úvwb msMVb MYZvwš¿K bxwZi wfwˇZ cwiPvwjZ n‡jI ev¯Í‡e Gi g~j ÿgZv K‡qK
e¨w³i nv‡ZB mxgveÜ _v‡K| d‡j cwiPvjK‡`i ¯^v‡_©i Kv‡Q mvaviY †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i ¯^v_© D‡cwÿZ nq|
8. mxwgZ Kvh©‡ÿÎ: G †Kv¤úvwb ¯§viKwjwc‡Z D‡jøL †bB Ggb †Kvb KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Gi
Kg©cwiwa wbw`ó MwÛi g‡a¨ mxgve× n‡q c‡o|
9. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^: G msMV‡b e¨emvq msµvšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î eû AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq e‡j
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^ N‡U|
10. †MvcbxqZvi Afve: AvBb Abyhvqx G msMV‡bi wnmve cÎ I wbixÿv wi‡cvU©, evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`bmn eû `wjjcÎ
I weeiY †kqvi †nvìvi, †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜK‡K Rbmg‡ÿ †ck Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z e¨emv‡qi †MvcbxqZv n«vm cvq|

wb‡Pi DwjøwLZ cÖwZôvbmg~n †Kvb ai‡bi cÖwZôvb, Zv Dc‡ii Av‡jvwPZ cv‡Vi

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) Av‡jv‡K Avjv`v wk‡ivbv‡g wPwýZ K‡i D‡jøL Kiæb| evsjv‡`k wegvb, Iqvmv,
/wkÿv_© xi KvR iƒcvjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW, c~evjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW, iwngAvd‡ivR, evsjv‡`k nvDm
wewìs dvBbvÝ K‡c©v‡ikb, PvUvW© e¨vsK Ae Bsj¨vÛ|

mvims‡ÿc
 wbeÜb, `vq, gvwjKvbv cÖf…wZ wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i †hŠ_g~jabx †Kv¤cvwb wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|
 ivRKxq mb` ev †NvlYv e‡j m„ó †Kv¤cvwb‡K mb`cÖvß †Kv¤cvwb e‡j|
 †`‡ki msm` ev ivóªcwZi Av‡`k Øviv MwVZ †Kv¤cvwb‡K wewae× †Kv¤cvwb e‡j|
 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤cvwb AvBb Øviv MwVZ I wbewÜZ †Kv¤cvwbmg~n GB †kªwYi AšÍM©Z|
 †kqvi Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤cvwbi `vq Zvi †kqvi g~‡j¨i AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv `vq †kqvi‡nvìvi‡K enb Ki‡Z nq bv|
 †hme †Kv¤cvwbi Av`vqK…Z g~ja‡bi Kgc‡ÿ 51% gvwjKvbv miKv‡ii nv‡Z _v‡K †m¸‡jv‡K miKvwi
†Kv¤cvwb ejv nq|
 hw` †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi kZKiv 50% fv‡Mi †ewk †kqv‡ii gvwjK nq ev †gvU
†fvU`vb ÿgZvi kZKiv 50 fv‡Mi AwZwi³ †fvU`vb ÿgZv †fvM K‡i A_ev cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e
AwaKvsk cwiPvjK wb‡qvM Kivi ÿgZvi AwaKvix nq, Z‡e H †Kv¤úvwb‡K †nvwìs ev wbqš¿YKvix †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
 †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 2 (2) aviv †gvZv‡eK, †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi 50% Gi †ewk †kqvi ev †fvU`v‡bi ÿgZv
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi Aax‡b _vK‡j ev msL¨vMwiô cwiPvjK wb‡qv‡Mi cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ ÿgZv Ab¨
†Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi Aax‡b _vK‡j Zv‡K mvewmwWqvwi ev Aaxb¯’ †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
 cÖwZkÖæwZ Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤cvwbi †kqvi gvwjKiv wb‡R‡`i †kqv‡ii g~‡j¨i AwZwi³ cwigvb A_© †Kv¤cvwb
wejywßi mgq cwi‡kva Kivi cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
 †h †Kv¤cvwbi †kqvi gvwjK‡`i `vq mxgvnxb Zv‡K Amxg `vqe× †Kv¤cvwb e‡j|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 71

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. ivRKxq †NvlYv e‡j m„ó †Kv¤úvwb n‡jv-
(K) wewae× †Kv¤úvwb (L) mb`cÖvß †Kv¤úvwb
(M) cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb (N) wbewÜZ †Kv¤úvwb
2. msm` ev ivóªcwZi Av‡`k Øviv MwVZ n‡q _v‡K-
(K) cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb (L) cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb
(M) wewae× †Kv¤úvwb (N) wbewÜZ †Kv¤úvwb
3. Kgc‡ÿ kZKiv KZ fvM †kqvi _vK‡j †mUv miKvwi †Kv¤úvwb n‡e?
(K) 21% (L) 31%
(M) 51% (N) 61%
4. †Kvb& ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwbi Aw¯ÍZ¡ weij?
(K) Amxg `vqe× †Kv¤úvwb (L) mmxg `vqe× †Kv¤úvwb
(M) cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb (N) cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb
5. hw` †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb Ab¨ †Kv¤úvwbi cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e AwaKvsk cwiPvjK wb‡qvM Kivi ÿgZvi AwaKvix
nq, Z‡e ZvÑ
(K) †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb (L) mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb
(M) cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb (N) miKvwi †Kv¤úvwb
6. Aaxb¯’ †Kv¤úvwbi wbqš¿YKvix †Kv¤úvwb n‡jv-
(K) cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb (L) cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb
(M) †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb (N) mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb
7. wbqš¿YKvix †Kv¤úvwb Aax‡b _v‡K-
(K) cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb (L) cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb
(M) †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb (N) mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 72

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.3 cÖvB‡fU I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi aviYv, cv_©K¨

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 cÖvB‡fU I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖvB‡fU I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi,
g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi aviYv : Gai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡`i MVbZš¿ ØvivB gvwjK‡`i gvwjKvbv
n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii AwaKvi mxgve× K‡i †`q Ges RbM‡Yi wbKU KLbB †kqvi wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G ai‡bi
cÖwZôv‡bi me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v 2 Rb Ges m‡ev©”P m`m¨ msL¨v 50 Rb| G‡ÿ‡Î Kvh©vi¤¢ cÎ cÖvwßi cÖ‡qvRb nq
bv| wbe܇bi ci ciB e¨emvq ïiæ Kiv hvq| †Kv‡bv iKg wewae× mfv AvnŸv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cvewjK
wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi Zzjbvq G ai‡bi cÖwZôv‡bi g~ja‡bi cwigvY Ges Kg©cwiwa Kg n‡q _v‡K|
cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi aviYv: †kqvi Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤úvwbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv cvewjK
wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb| 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb g~jab evRv‡i mvaviY RbM‡Yi
wbKU †kqvi wewµ K‡i g~jab msMÖn K‡i _v‡K| me©wb¤œ 7 Rb m`m¨ Qvov G ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb MVb Kiv hvq bv|
m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v KZ n‡e †mUv wbw`©ó †bB| Z‡e †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi msL¨v Øviv GUv mxgve×| G ai‡bi
†Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi ev gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii †Kv‡bv wewawb‡la †bB| †Kv¤úvwb wbe܇bi ci Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ bv
†c‡j e¨emvq ïiæ Kiv hvq bv| †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e wewae× mfv AvnŸvb Ki‡Z
nq Ges wbe܇Ki wbKU cÖwZ‡e`b †ck Ki‡Z nq| cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK nIqvi Rb¨
†hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqvi µ‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
cÖvB‡fU I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ wewfbœ wel‡q wKQz wgj _vK‡jI Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ cv_©K¨ jÿ Kiv
hvq| wb‡¤œ Dfq †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eY©bv Kiv n‡jvt
cv_©‡K¨i welq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb
1. msMVb G †Kv¤úvwb MV‡b Kg AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb GUv MV‡b †ewk AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z
Ki‡Z nq weavq Gi MVb Zzjbvg~jK nq e‡j Gi MVb Zzjbvg~jK †ewk RwUj|
mnR|
2. m`m¨ msL¨v me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v 2 Ges m‡ev©”P msL¨v me©wb¤œ msL¨v 7Rb Ges m‡ev©”P m`m¨
50 Rb| †kqv‡ii msL¨v Øviv mxgve×|
3. Kvh©vi¤¢ wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi ci KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z KvR ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi ci
cv‡i| Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ cÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
4. †kqvi weµq Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU †kqvi weµ‡qi Avnevb †kqvi weµ‡ii Rb¨ Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU
Rvbv‡Z cv‡i bv| Av‡e`b Rvbv‡Z cv‡i|
5. weeiY cÎ G‡ÿ‡Î weeiYcÎ ev weKí wee„wZ ˆZwii G‡ÿ‡Î weeiYcÎ ev weKí wee„wZ ˆZwi
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| K‡i wbe܇Ki wbKU Rgv w`‡Z nq|
6. †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi Gi †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ bq| G †Kv¤úbxi †kqvi Aev‡a n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 73

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

cv_©‡K¨i welq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb

7. g~jab I AvqZb m`m¨ msL¨v Kg nIqvq g~ jabI Kg nq| m`m¨ msL¨v †ewk nIqvq AwaK g~jab
G‡Z AvqZb Zzjbvg~jK †QvU nq| msMÖn nq| G‡Z AvqZb e„n`vKvi nq|
8. by¨bZg g~jab KvR ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ b~¨bZg g~jab msMÖn KvR ïiæi c~‡e© eva¨Zvg~jK fv‡e b~¨bZg
Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| g~jab msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
9. cwiPvj‡Ki Kgc‡ÿ 2Rb cwiPvjK _vK‡Z nq| Aek¨B wZbRb cwiPvjK _vK‡Z nq|
msL¨v
10. cwiPvjK cl©` cÖwZ ermi cwiPvjK cl©` MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRb cÖwZ ermi cwiPvjK cl©` cybM©Vb Ki‡Z
MVb nq bv| nq|

cvewjK I cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ Av‡iv 3wU cv_©K¨ wjLyb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_© xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 †kqvi Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤úvwbmg~n‡K cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb ejv nq|
 cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb n‡jv Ggb ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb hvi †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ bq|
 cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb g~jab msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †kqvi Bmy¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv iKg †kqvi Bmy¨ Kivi my‡hvM †bB|
 cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v 7 Rb Ges m‡ev©”P m`m¨ msL¨v Aby‡gvw`Z g~ja‡bi †kqvi
msL¨v Øviv mxwgZ|
 cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v 2 Rb Ges m‡ev©”P m`m¨ msL¨v 50 Rb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î-
(i) me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v 7 Rb;
(ii) m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v 50 Rb;
(iii) †kqvi wewµ K‡i g~jab msMÖn Kiv hvq|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
2. RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi Bmy¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv-
(K) cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb (L) cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb
(M) mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb (N) miKvwi †Kv¤úvbx

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 74

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.4 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi MVb c×wZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi MVb c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

¯§viKwjwc ev cwi‡gje×, msNwewa ev cwi‡gj wbqgvejx

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi MVb

†hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq ev †Kv¤cvwb msMVb n‡jv AvBb m„ó e¨emvq msMVb; hv MwVZ nq GKwU avivevwnK ch©v‡qi
ga¨ w`‡q| 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤cvwb AvBb Abymv‡i Giƒc e¨emvq MV‡b †h mKj ch©vq AwZµg Ki‡Z nq Zv wb‡”
eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:-
1. D‡`¨vM MÖnY ch©vq
D‡`¨vM MÖnY ej‡Z †Kv¤cvwb MV‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨v³v ev cÖeZ©KM‡Yi AbymÜvb, hvPvB I msMwVZ nIqv‡K †evSvq|
G ch©v‡q D‡`¨v³vMY †ÿÎ wPwýZKiY, m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, cÖKí Aby‡gv`b, Avw_©K cwiKíbv, bvg wbe©vPb I bv‡gi
QvocÎ msMÖn BZ¨vw` Kvh© m¤c~Y© K‡i _v‡Kb|
2. `wjjcÎ cÖYqb ch©vq
G ch©v‡q †Kv¤cvwbi cwiPvjKMY me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `yÕwU `wjj cÖYqb K‡ib| h_v: (K) ¯§viKwjwc ev cwi‡gjeÜ
I (L) msNwewa ev cwi‡gj wbqgvewj| ¯§viKwjwc †Kv¤cvwbi cÖavb `wjj ev msweavb ev MVbZš¿ hv‡Z †Kv¤cvwbi
bvg, wVKvbv, D‡Ïk¨, †gvU g~jab BZ¨vw` D‡jøL _v‡K| Avi msNwewa‡Z †Kv¤cvwb cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ wbqg-wewa
†jLv _v‡K|
3. wbeÜbcÎ msMÖn ch©vq
G ch©v‡q †Kv¤cvwb wbe܇Ki Awdm n‡Z wbw`©ó wd w`‡q dig msMÖn K‡i Zv c~ iYc~e©K cÖ‡qvRbxq KvMRcÎ I
`wjj mshy³ K‡i wbe܇Ki wbKU Rgv †`qv nq| Av‡e`bcÎ I `wjj hvPvB, cixÿv-wbixÿvi ci wbeÜK
†Kv¤cvwbi bvg ZvwjKvfz³ K‡ib| Zvici cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ cvewjK
wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb‡K KvR ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
4. Kvh©vi¤¢ ch©vq
cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ cvIqvi Rb¨ b¨~bZg g~ jab msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q G g‡g© †NvlYvcÎ
I weeiYcÎ `vwLj Ki‡Z nq| D³ `wjjcÎ †c‡q wbeÜK mš‘ó n‡j Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zvici
cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb Kvh©µg ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb MVb Ki‡Z †Kvb †Kvb
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) avc ev ch©vq ch©šÍ wgj Av‡Q Ges †Kvb ch©v‡q Awgj Av‡Q Zv Avjv`v wk‡ivbv‡g
/wkÿv_© xi KvR wjwce× Kiæb|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 75

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

mvims‡ÿc
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq ev †Kv¤cvwb msMVb n‡jv AvBb m„ó e¨emvq msMVb; hv MwVZ nq GKwU avivevwnK
ch©v‡qi ga¨ w`‡q|
 Gi MVb cÖYvjx‡Z †h mKj ch©vq AwZµg Ki‡Z nq, Zv n‡jv: D‡`¨vM MÖnY, `wjjcÎ cÖYqb, wbeÜbcÎ
msMÖn Ges Kvh©vi¤¢|
 D‡`¨vM MÖnY ej‡Z †Kv¤cvwbi MV‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨v³vM‡Yi AbymÜvb, hvPvB I msMwVZ nIqv‡K †evSvq|
 `wjjcÎ cÖYqb ch©v‡q †Kv¤cvwbi cwiPvjKMY me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `yÕwU `wjj cÖYqb K‡ib|
 cÖ_gwU ¯§viKwjwc Ges wØZxqwU msNwewa|
 ¯§viKwjwc †Kv¤cvwbi cÖavb `wjj hv‡Z †Kv¤cvwbi bvg, wVKvbv, D‡Ïk¨, †gvU g~jab BZ¨vw` D‡jøL _v‡K|
 Avi msNwewa‡Z †Kv¤cvwb cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ wbqg-wewa †jLv _v‡K|
 wbeÜb ch©v‡q †Kv¤cvwb wbe܇Ki Awdm n‡Z wbw`©ó wd w`‡q dig msMÖn K‡i Zv c~iYc~e©K cÖ‡qvRbxq
KvMRcÎ I `wjj mshy³ K‡i wbe܇Ki wbKU Rgv †`qv nq|
 Av‡e`bcÎ I `wjj hvPvB, cixÿv-wbixÿvi ci wbeÜK †Kv¤cvwbi bvg ZvwjKvfz³ K‡ib|
 Kvh©vi¤¢ ch©v‡q cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ QvovB KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖn K‡i KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi cÖ_g KvRwU †K K‡ib?
(K) cÖeZ©KMY (L) †kqvi‡nvìviMY
(M) cwiPvjKMY (N) PvUvW© GKvD‡›U
2. †Kv¤úvwbi MVbZš¿ n‡jv-
(K) weeiYcÎ (L) ¯§viKwjwc
(M) msNwewa (N) wbeÜbcÎ
3. †Kv¤úvwbi Af¨šÍixb cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ wbqgvewji weeiY _v‡K †Kvb& `wj‡j-
(K) cwi‡gj eÜ (L) weeiYcÎ
(M) cwi‡gj wbqgvewj (N) wbeÜbcÎ
4. wbeÜbcÎ Bmy¨ K‡ib-
(K) cwiPvjK (L) wbixÿK
(M) mwjwmUi (N) wbeÜK
5. Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ cvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-
(i) weeiYcÎ;
(ii) cwiPvjK‡`i †hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqvi µ‡qi †NvlYvcÎ;
(iii) by¨bZg g~jab msMÖ‡ni cÖgvY|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 76

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.5 ¯§viKwjwc/ msN¯§viK/ cwi‡gj eÜ Gi aviYv, welqe¯‘ , bgybv I cwieZ©b

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi ¯§viKwjwc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi ¯§viKwjwci welqe¯‘ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi ¯§viKwjwci bgybv AuvK‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi ¯§viKwjwci cwieZ©b wel‡qi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

D‡Ïk¨ aviv, g~jab aviv I `vq aviv

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

¯§viKwjwc/msN¯§viK/cwi‡gj eÜ
D™¢veb wjwg‡UW GKwU AM©vwbK Lvevi cY¨ mieivnKvix cÖwZôvb| ˆRe mvi Øviv Drcvw`Z kvK-mewR I
cÖvK…wZKfv‡e Drcvw`Z gvQ-gvsm ivRavbx XvKvq mieivn Kivi wbwg‡Ë GB cÖwZôvbwU cÖwZwôZ nq| dvg©‡M‡U
G‡`i †nW Awdm n‡jI K…wl Lvgvi I evMvb ivRkvnxi ivRvevRv‡i| cÖwZw`b XvKvi evRv‡i kvK-mewR, †WBwi
dv‡g©i `ya, gvQ I gvsm wb‡q Avmv nq| XvKvi evwm›`v‡`i digvwjb, K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vB‡Wi gZ wel †gkv‡bv Lvevi
†_‡K euvPv‡Z Zv‡`i GB cÖ‡Póv| Zviv `k eÜz mgfv‡e 10 †KvwU UvKv wb‡q e¨emvq ïiæ K‡ib ZvB Zv‡`i `vqI
mgvb mgvb|
Dc‡ii NUbvwU‡Z D™¢veb wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi mg¯Í Z_¨vw` †hgb- wVKvbv, D‡Ïk¨, Kvh©cwiwa, ÿgZvi mxgv I `vq
BZ¨vw` ewY©Z Av‡Q| GwUB D™¢veb wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi g~j `wjj hv‡K ¯§viKwjwc ev cwi‡gjeÜ ejv n‡q _v‡K|
¯§viKwjwc n‡jv †Kv¤úvwbi g~j `wjj, mb` ev msweavb hv‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi g~j welqvewj we‡klZ D‡Ïk¨, Kvh©cwiwa
I ÿgZvi mxgv wb‡`©k Kiv nq Ges hv Øviv †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ †kqvi‡nvìvi I Z…Zxq c‡ÿi m¤úK© wba©vwiZ nq|
GwU‡K †Kv¤úvwbi MVbZš¿I ejv nq|

¯§viKwjwc ev cwi‡gje‡Üi welqe¯‘ ev avivmg~n

¯§viKwjwc ev cwi‡gje‡Ü wb‡¤œv³ 6wU aviv ev welqe¯‘ we`¨gvb _v‡K| h_v:
1. bvg aviv;
2. Ae¯’vb I wVKvbv aviv;
3. D‡Ïk¨ aviv;
4. g~jab aviv;
5. `vq aviv;
6. m¤§wZ aviv|
wb‡¤œ †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abymv‡i ¯§viKwjwc ev cwi‡gje‡Üi avivmg~‡ni mswÿß eY©bv †`qv n‡jv:
1. bvg aviv: G avivq †Kv¤úvwbi cÖ¯ÍvweZ bvg †jLv _v‡K| mxwgZ `vqm¤úbœ †Kv¤úvwb nIqvi Kvi‡Y Gi bv‡gi
†k‡l Aek¨B mxwgZ ev wjwg‡UW (Ltd.) kãwU D‡jøL _vK‡Z nq| †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 11 aviv g‡Z bvg
P~ovšÍKi‡Yi †ejvq wb‡¤œv³ kZ©mg~n we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|
 Av‡M †_‡K Pvjy ev Kg©iZ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi bvg ivLv hv‡e bv|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 77

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

 miKvwi †M‡RU cÖÁvc‡bi Øviv wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb bvg ivLv hv‡e bv|
 ivóªcÖavb, RvwZmsN, †Kv‡bv †RvU ev Gi †Kv‡bv A½ms¯’vi bv‡gi mv‡_ m¤úK© i‡q‡Q e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq
Ggb †Kv‡bv bvg ivLv hv‡e bv|
2. Ae¯’vb I wVKvbv aviv: GB avivwU‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi wbewÜZ cÖavb Kvh©vj‡qi Ae¯’vb I we¯ÍvwiZ wVKvbv †jLv
_v‡K|
3. D‡Ïk¨ aviv: GwU †Kv¤úvwbi ¯§viKwjwc ev cwi‡gje‡Üi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© aviv| GB avivq †Kv¤úvwbi
Kvh©ÿgZvi mxgv‡iLv wbw`©ó Kiv nq| A_©vr fwel¨‡Z †Kv¤úvwb †h mKj Kg©KvÐ ev e¨emv‡q RwoZ n‡e Zvi
we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY D‡jøL _v‡K| †Kbbv D‡Ïk¨ avivq D‡jøL Kiv nqwb Ggb †Kv‡bv KvR †Kv¤úvwb Ki‡Z
cvi‡ebv|
4. g~jab aviv: †Kv¤úvwb cÖ¯ÍvweZ †gvU g~jab ev Aby‡gvw`Z g~ja‡bi cwigvb †h avivq D‡jøL _v‡K Zv‡K
¯§viKwjwci g~jab aviv e‡j| ¯§viKwjwci cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b bv G‡b g~jab avivi ewY©Z g~ja‡bi AwZwi³
g~jab †Kv¤úvwb KL‡bvB msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
G avivq hv AšÍf©y³ _v‡K-
 †gvU g~ja‡bi cwigvb;
 †kqv‡ii aib I msL¨v;
 cÖwZwU †kqv‡ii g~j¨|
5. `vq aviv: G avivq †kqvi gvwjK‡`i `v‡qi cÖK…wZ D‡jøL _v‡K| A_©vr †kqvi gvwjK‡`i `vq †kqvi g~j¨ Øviv,
bv cÖwZkÖæwZ Øviv mxgve× Zv G avivq D‡jøL Kiv nq|
6. m¤§wZ aviv: cÖ‡Z¨K ¯§viKwjwci †kl As‡k cÖeZ©KMY ev cwiPvjKMY GKRb mvÿxi mvg‡b wbw`©ó †kqvi
µ‡qi cÖwZkÖæwZ Ges ¯§viKwjwc‡Z ewY©Z mKj wel‡q m¤§wZ w`‡q †h †NvlYv cÖ`vb K‡i ZvB m¤§wZ aviv|

¯§viKwjwci bgybv
gxiv ÷xj wgjm& wjwg‡UW
¯§viKwjwc
(1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx cÖYxZ)
1. †Kv¤úvwbi bvg: gxiv ÷xj wgjm& wjwg‡UW|
2. †Kv¤úvwbi wbewÜZ Awdm: †mbv Kj¨vY feb, 20 gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv|
3. †Kv¤úvwbi MV‡bi D‡Ïk¨mg~n:
 wewfbœ †jŠn, †jŠnRvZ I B¯úvZ mvgMÖx Drcv`b I Avg`vwbKiY;
 †kv-iæg, weµq †K›`ª, wWjvi, G‡R›U cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g †`‡k we‡`‡k cY¨ weµq Kiv|
 D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ m½wZ Ges AvbyôvwbK I cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv|
4. †Kv¤úvwbi AvIZvfz³ GjvKv: †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©µg mgMÖ †`ke¨vwc Pj‡e|
5. g~jab : †Kv¤úvwbi g~ja‡bi cwigvY n‡e 10 †KvwU UvKv, hv cÖwZwU 10 UvKv g~‡j¨i 100 jÿ mvaviY †kqv‡i
wef³ n‡e|
6. m`m¨‡`i `vq: †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨‡`i `vq †kqvi g~j¨ Øviv mxgve× _vK‡e|
Avgiv wb¤œewY©Z e¨w³eM© GB g‡g© m¤§wZ cÖ`vb KiwQ †h, ¯§viKwjwc‡Z DwjøwLZ kZ© Abymv‡i GKwU †Kv¤úvwb
MV‡b B”QzK Ges Avgv‡`i bv‡gi Wvb cv‡k ewY©Z wbw`©ó A‡¼i †kqvi µ‡qI cÖwZkÖæwZe×|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 78

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

µwgK m¤§wZ`vbKvwi µ‡q”Qy †kqv‡ii cwigvY g~ja‡bi cwigvY ¯^vÿi I wUcmB

bs e¨w³‡`i bvg I (cÖwZwU 10 UvKv nv‡i)
wVKvbv
1. Avmv` Avjx 70000 7 jÿ UvKv
ivRkvnx (Avmv` Avjx)
2. Aiæb Kzgvi †` 70000 7 jÿ UvKv
bv‡Uvi (Aiæb Kzgvi †`)
3. jwZdzj Bmjvg 50000 5 jÿ UvKv
cvebv (jwZdzj Bmjvg)
4. †gv: Aveyj Kvjvg 50000 5 jÿ UvKv
Kzwóqv (†gv: Aveyj Kvjvg)
5. wg. †WwfW 50000 5 jÿ UvKv
h‡kvi (wg. †WwfW)
6. iƒcvjx LvZzb 50000 5 jÿ UvKv
e¸ov (iƒcvjx LvZzb)
7. mybxj eo–qv 30000 3 jÿ UvKv
Lyjbv (mybxj eo–qv)
8. †mwjg †PŠayix 30000 3 jÿ UvKv
wm‡jU (†mwjg †PŠaywi)
†gvU 400000 †kqvi 40,00,000 UvKv
(Pvi jÿ †kqvi) (Pwjøk jÿ UvKv)
ZvwiL: 20 gvP© 2016 wLª.
DcwiwjøwLZ e¨w³e‡M©i bvg, wVKvbv I ¯^vÿi mZ¨vwqZ Kiv n‡jv:
mvÿxi ¯^vÿi:
1. ¯^vÿi 2. ¯^vÿi
(GW‡fv‡KU Abyc Kygvi b›`x) (†gv: mvBdzj Bmjvg)
evsjv‡`k nvB‡KvU©, XvKv wRGg, ccyjvi WvqMbw÷K †m›Uvi, XvKv
evm¯’v‡bi wVKvbv evm¯’v‡bi wVKvbv
27 avbgwÛ, XvKv 37, ebvbx, XvKv|
¯§viKwjwci cwieZ©b
†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 12 bs aviv Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb we‡kl wm×všÍµ‡g wb¤œwjwLZ mKj ev †h †Kv‡bv Kvh©
m¤úv`‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kv¤úvwbi D‡Ïk¨ m¤úwK©Z Gi ¯§viKwjwci cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
K. wgZe¨wqZv ev AwaKZi `ÿZvi mv‡_ Gi Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv Kiv; A_ev
L. bZzb ev DbœZZi Dcv‡q Gi D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevqb Kiv; A_ev
M. †h mKj GjvKvq Gi Kvh©vewj cwie¨vß †mB mKj GjvKvi m¤úªmviY ev cwieZ©b Kiv; A_ev
N. we`¨gvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©vewji mv‡_ myweavRbKfv‡e ev jvfRbKfv‡e mshy³ n‡Z cv‡i Ggb †Kv‡bv
Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv Kiv; A_ev
O. msN¯§vi‡K wbw`©óK…Z †h †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ cwiZ¨vM Kiv ev G‡Z evav-wb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv; A_ev
P. †Kv¤úvwbi M„nxZ †Kv‡bv D‡`¨v‡Mi m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK weµq ev wb®úwË Kiv; A_ev
Q. Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb ev e¨w³ms‡Ni mv‡_ GKwÎZ nIqv|
bvg cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 11 avivi weavb cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡q _v‡K|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 79

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

GKwU ej‡cb †Kv¤úvwbi ¯§viKwjwci bgybv AsKb Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_© xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 ¯§viKwjwc †Kv¤úvwbi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj|
 ¯§viKwjwc e¨ZxZ †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜb Am¤¢e|
 GB `wj‡j DwjøwLZ D‡Ï‡k¨i evB‡i †Kv¤úvwb †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 Z…Zxq c‡ÿi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î G `wjj wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 wewb‡qvMKvixMY ¯§viKwjwc †`‡L wewb‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ nq|
 †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb Zvi ÿgZvi ewnf©yZ †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Q wKbv Zv ¯§viKwjwci gva¨‡g †evSv hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. †Kv¤úvwb MVbZš¿ n‡jv-
(K) weeiYcÎ (L) ¯§viKwjwc
(M) cwi‡gj wbqgvewj (N) wbeÜbcÎ
2. ¯§viKwjwc‡Z †gvU avivi msL¨v n‡jv-
(K) 4wU (L) 5wU
(M) 6wU (N) 7wU
3. cwi‡gj e‡Üi †ÿ‡Î-
(i) Pzw³cÎ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK;
(ii) wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK;
(iii) G‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©cwiwa wb‡`©wkZ nq|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 80

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.6 cwi‡gj wbqgvewj/ msNwewai aviYv I welqe¯‘

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi cwi‡gj wbqgvewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi cwi‡gj wbqgvewji welqe¯‘ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mwjwmUi, g¨v‡bwRs G‡R›U, Ae‡jLK

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

cwi‡gj wbqgvewj/msNwewa
†Kv¤úvwbi wØZxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj n‡jv cwi‡gj wbqgvewj ev msNwewa| GB `wj‡j †Kv¤úvwbi ˆ`bw›`b
Af¨šÍixY cwiPvjbvi wbqgvewj wjwce× _v‡K| ¯§viKwjwc‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi D‡Ïk¨mg~n wjwce× _v‡K, wKš‘ Gme
D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Kx ai‡bi c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e †mUv wb‡`©k Kiv nq cwi‡gj wbqgvewji gva¨‡g|
hw` †Kv‡bv cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb cwi‡gj wbqgvewj ˆZwi Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Zvn‡j 1994 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwb
AvB‡bi 18 aviv Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi Zdwmj-1 G cwi‡gj bgybv wn‡m‡e cÖ`Ë †Uwej G MÖnY Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|

cwi‡gj wbqvgvewji welqe¯‘

K. ˆ`bw›`b Kvh© cwiPvjbv : cwi‡gj wbqgvewj/msNwewa‡Z cÖavbZ †Kv¤úvwbi ˆ`bw›`b Kvh© cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbv
msµvšÍ wbqg D‡jøL _v‡K|
L. cwiPvjK msµvšÍ wbqgvewj
1. cwiPvjK wb‡qvM c×wZ
2. cÖ_g cwiPvjK‡`i bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv
3. †hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqvi msL¨v
4. cwiPvj‡Ki msL¨v
5. cwiPvjK‡`i `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨
6. cwiPvjK‡`i ÿgZv I AwaKvi
7. cwiPvjK‡`i AemiMÖnY
8. cwiPvjK‡`i AcmviY
M. Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v msµvšÍ wbqgvewj
1. mwPe wb‡qvM c×wZ
2. e¨e¯’vcK wb‡qvM c×wZ
3. Ae‡jLK wb‡qvM c×wZ
4. Ae‡jLK‡`i bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv
5. mwjwmUi wb‡qvM c×wZ
6. g¨v‡bwRs G‡R›U wb‡qvM c×wZ
7. e¨vs‡Ki bvg I wVKvbv

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 81

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

N. g~jab msµvšÍ wbqgvewj

1. Aby‡gvw`Z g~ja‡bi cwigvY
2. g~ja‡bi †kÖwYwefvM
3. g~jab cwieZ©‡bi wbqg
4. me©wb¤œ g~ja‡bi cwigvY
5. g~ja‡bi †kÖwYwefvM
O. †kqvi msµvšÍ wbqgvewj
1. †kqv‡ii AwfwnZ g~j¨
2. †kqv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM
3. †gvU †kqv‡ii msL¨v
4. †kqvi weµq c×wZ
5. Ae‡jL‡Ki Kwgkb
6. †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii wbqg
7. †kqvi ev‡RqvßKiY
8. †kqvi cybwe©wjKiY
9. †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i cwiwPwZ
10. †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i ÿgZv
11. †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i `vq- `vwqZ¡
P. jf¨vsk msµvšÍ wbqgvewj
1. msiwÿZ Avq
2. wewfbœ Znwe‡j ¯’vbvšÍi msµvšÍ wbqg
3. jf¨vsk †NvlYv
4. †evbvm †kqvi msµvšÍ wbqg
Q. mfv msµvšÍ wbqgvewj
1. wewfbœ ai‡bi mfv
2. mfv AvnŸvb
3. mfv cwiPvjbv
4. mfvi weeiYx msµvšÍ wbqg
5. cÖw· msµvšÍ wbqg
6. †Kvivg msµvšÍ wbqg
7. Riæwi mfv msµvšÍ wbqg
8. †fvU MÖnY c×wZ
R. wnmveiÿY msµvšÍ wbqgvewj
1. wnmveiÿY c×wZ
2. wbixÿK wb‡qvM c×wZ
3. wbixÿ‡Ki cvwikÖwgK
4. wnmve wbixÿv c×wZ
5. wbixÿ‡Ki AcmviY
6. evwl©©K cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb
S. FY msµvšÍ wbqgvewj
1. FY MÖnY c×wZ
2. FY MÖn‡Yi m‡e©v”Pmxgv
3. cÖwZc~iK Znwej MVb

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 82

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

T. we‡jvcmvab msµvšÍ wbqgvewj

1. we‡jvcmvab c×wZ
2. we‡jv‡ci †ÿ‡Î m¤úwËi eÈb msµvšÍ wbqg
3. we‡jv‡ci †ÿ‡Î Z„Zxq c‡ÿi `vq cwi‡kva msµvšÍ wbqg|

cwi‡gj eÜ I cwi‡gj wbqgvewji g‡a¨ 5wU cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) cwi‡gj eÜ cwi‡gj wbqgvewj
/wkÿv_© xi KvR * *
* *

mvims‡ÿc
 cwi‡gj wbqgvewj †Kv¤úvwbi ˆ`bw›`b Af¨šÍixY cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ wbq‡gi `wjj
 GwU ˆZwi Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK bq|
 cwi‡gj wbqgvewj †Kv¤úvwbi AvBb I cwi‡gj eÜ Abyhvqx cÖYxZ I wbqwš¿Z|
 cwi‡gj wbqgvewji wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq|
 †Kv¤úvwbi AvBb Abyhvqx cwi‡gj wbqgvewji cwie‡Z© Zdwmj-1 G ewY©Z TABLE-A e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 cwi‡gj wbqgvewj cwieZ©b ev ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl mvaviY mfvq we‡kl cÖ¯Íve DÌvc‡bi gva¨‡g Ges
`yB Z…Zxqvsk †kqvi†nvìvi‡`i mg_©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. †Kv¤úvwbi Af¨šÍixY cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ wbqgvewji weeiY _v‡K †Kvb& `wj‡j?
(K) cwi‡gje‡Ü (L) weeiYc‡Î
(M) msNwewa‡Z (N) wbeÜbc‡Î
2. cwi‡gj wbqgvewji cwie‡Z© e¨envi Kiv hvq-
(K) †Uwej G (L) †Uwej we
(M) †Uwej wm (N) †Uwej wW
3. cwi‡gj wbqgvewji †ÿ‡Î-
(i) wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK;
(ii) weKí wn‡m‡e †Uwej G e¨envi Kiv hvq;
(iii) Af¨šÍixb cwiKíbv c×wZi e¨vL¨v _v‡K|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 83

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.7 weeiYc‡Îi aviYv, welqe¯‘ I weKí wee„wZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †hŠ_g~jabx msMV‡bi weeiYcÎ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |
 †hŠ_g~jabx msMV‡bi weeiYc‡Îi welqe¯‘ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †hŠ_g~jabx msMV‡bi weeiYc‡Îi weKí wee„wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

weeiYcÎ I weeiY c‡Îi weKí wee„wZ

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

weeiYcÎ
cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb wbewÜZ nevi ci g~jab msMÖ‡ni D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q RbMY‡K †Kv¤úvwbi
†kqvi/FYcÎ µ‡qi Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q †h cÖPvicÎ ev weÁwß cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwbi weeiYcÎ e‡j| 1994
mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 142 (1) aviv Abyhvqx †h `wjj Øviv RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi ev wW‡eÂvi (FYcÎ)
weµ‡qi cÖ¯Íve †ck Kiv nq, ZvB weeiYcÎ ev cÖm‡c±vm|
A_©vr weeiYc‡Îi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv-
 RbmvaviY‡K cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Kiv;
 `ÿ I AwfÁ e¨e¯’vcK I cwiPvjK‡`i bvg cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ Av¯’v m„wó Kiv;
 wewb‡qv‡M Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv BZ¨vw`|

weeiYc‡Îi welqe¯‘
1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi mv‡_ mshy³ Zdwmj-3 G weeiYc‡Îi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© weeiY †`qv Av‡Q|
weeiYc‡Î mvaviYZ wb‡¤œv³ welqmg~n D‡jøL Kiv nq-
1. †Kv¤úvwbi bvg;
2. †Kv¤úvwbi wbewÜZ Awd‡mi wVKvbv;
3. †Kv¤úvwbi D‡Ïk¨vewji eY©bv;
4. ¯§viKwjwc‡Z ¯^vÿiKvixM‡Yi bvg, wVKvbv, †ckv Ges Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqv‡ii cwigvY;
5. †Kv¤úwbi ¯§viKwjwci mswÿß eY©bv;
6. †Kv¤úvwbi cwi‡gj wbqgvewji mswÿß eY©bv;
7. cwiPvjKgÛjx, e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK ev g¨v‡bwRs G‡R›U I e¨e¯’vc‡Ki bvg, wVKvbv, cvwikÖwgK I wb‡qvM
c×wZ;
8. †Kv¤úvwb‡Z cwiPvjKM‡Yi ¯^v_©;
9. cÖeZ©K‡`i bvg, wVKvbv, †`q A‡_©i cwigvb I Zv‡`i‡K †`q cÖ`Ë myweav;
10. †Kv¤úvwbi †gvU Aby‡gvw`Z gyja‡bi cwigvY;
11. g~ja‡bi †kÖwYwefvM, I cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi g~ja‡bi cwigvY;
12. †kqv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM, cÖ‡Z¨K ai‡bi †kqv‡ii †gvU cwigvY I G‡`i Avw¼K g~j¨;
13. e¨vsKvi, `vjvj, mwjwmUi, AvBb Dc‡`óv I AwWU‡ii bvg I wVKvbv;
14. †kqvi ev FYcÎ weµ‡qi Rb¨ Ae‡jLK wbhy³ n‡q _vK‡j Zvi bvg, wVKvbv I cvwikÖwgK;

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 84

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

15. †Kv¤úvwbi wnmveiÿK‡`i bvg I wVKvbv;

16. †Kv¤úvwbi wnmve eB cwi`k©‡bi wbqgvewj;
17. †Kv¤úvwb wbe܇bi c~‡e© ev MVbKvjxb mg‡q µqK…Z †Kv‡bv m¤úwËi weeiY;
18. †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ KviI Pzw³ n‡q _vK‡j Zvi wek` weeiY;
19. e¨emv‡qi †Kv‡bv BwZnvm _vK‡j Zvi weeiY:
20. †Kv¤úvwb Znwej Ges Znwe‡ji A_© g~ja‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q _vK‡j Zvi weeiY BZ¨vw`|

weeiYc‡Îi weKí wee„wZ

1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 141 aviv Abyhvqx †h mKj †ÿ‡Î †Kv¤úvwb cÖm‡c±vm ev weeiYcÎ Bmy¨ K‡i bv
†m‡ÿ‡Î D³ AvB‡bi Zdwmj-4 G cÖ`Ë QK †gvZv‡eK weKí weeiYcÎ †Kv¤úvwbi wbe܇Ki wbKU `vwLj Ki‡Z
nq|

†h †Kv‡bv GKwU KvíwbK e¨emvq msMV‡bi weeiYcÎ ev cÖm‡c±vm ˆZwi Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_© xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 weeiYcÎ GKwU weÁwß ev cÖPvic‡Îi g‡Zv hvi gva¨‡g RbmvaviY‡K GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi ev FYcÎ
µ‡qi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq|
 weeiYc‡Îi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb m¤ú‡K© RbMY‡K AewnZ Kiv|
 cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³e‡M©i bvg cÖKvk K‡i cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ RbM‡Yi Av¯’v ˆZwi Kiv|
 m‡e©vcwi wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i wewb‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ Kiv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. RbmvaviY‡K †kqvi µ‡qi Rb¨ Avnevb Rvbv‡bv nq wb‡Pi †Kvb&wUi gva¨‡g?
(K) ¯§viKwjwc (L) msNwewa
(M) weeiYcÎ (N) Kvh©vi¤¢cÎ
2. weeiYc‡Îi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv-
(i) †Kv¤úvwbi msev` Ávcb Kiv;
(ii) †Kv¤úvwbi cÖwZ RbM‡Yi Av¯’v m„wó Kiv;
(iii) wewb‡qv‡M Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 85

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.8 †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜbcÎ I Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZc‡Îi aviYv, bgy bv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi wbeÜbc‡Îi aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZc‡Îi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZc‡Îi GKwU bgybv AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wbeÜb cÎ I Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ cÎ
g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

†Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜbcÎ
Avgiv Av‡MB †R‡bwQ †h, †Kv¤úvwb GKwU AvBbm„ó cÖwZôvb| 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwbi AvBb Abyhvqx
ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mxgvnxb wKsev mxgve× †h †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb‡K e¨emv‡qi KvR ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ wbe܇Ki wbKU n‡Z
wbeÜbcÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| wbeÜbcÎ †c‡Z n‡j †Kv¤úvwbi cÖeZ©K ev D‡`¨v³v‡`i wKQz AvBbMZ AvbyôvwbKZv
cvjb Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ wewfbœ cÖKvi `wjjcÎ, ÷¨v¤ú wd, miKvwi †UªRvwi Pvjvb wd, BZ¨vw`
mshy³ K‡i wbe܇Ki wbKU Rgv w`‡j wbeÜK hw` mš‘ó nb, Zvn‡j wZwb wbeÜb msµvšÍ GKwU cÎ Bmy¨ K‡ib,
GUvB wbeÜbcÎ| wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi ci ciB cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb e¨emv‡qi KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î Giƒc `wjj cvIqvi ciI Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖn Kiv bv ch©šÍ e¨emvwqK
KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi c~‡e© †Kv¤úvwb †kqvi weµ‡qi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
†Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜbc‡Îi bgybv
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi
†hŠ_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi wbe܇Ki Kvh©vjq
gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv|
wbeÜbcÎ
cÎ bs G 733/K545/14 ZvwiL: 20 gvP© 2016
Avwg cÖZ¨qb KiwQ †h, 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx Ôiƒcvjx dzW wjtÕ †K AvR 20gvP©, 2016 iweevi,
†kqvi Øviv mxgve× cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb wn‡m‡e wbewÜZ Kiv n‡jv|
(wmj‡gvni I ¯^vÿi)
wbeÜK
Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZc‡Îi aviYv
†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx wbeÜbcÎ †c‡jB e¨emvq ïiæ Kiv hvq bv| 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 150
(2) aviv Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwbmg~‡ni †iwR÷ªvi ev wbeÜK AbygwZcÎ †`qvi ciB e¨emvq ïiæ Kiv hvq| GUv‡KB
Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ cÎ ejv nq| †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î me ai‡bi cÖwµqv m¤úv`‡bi ci wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi ciB
cÖvB‡fU wj. †Kv¤úvwb Kvh©vi¤¢ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ cvewjK wj. †Kv¤úvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
G ch©v‡q cvewjK wj. †Kv¤úvwb‡K wb¤œwjwLZ `wjjcÎmn wbe܇Ki wbKU Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ PvB‡Z nq|
 b~¨bZg Puv`v msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q G g‡g© †NvlYvcÎ (1 Kwc)
 cwiPvjKMY †hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqv‡ii g~j¨ cwi‡kva K‡i‡Qb GB g‡g© †NvlYvcÎ (1 Kwc)
 weeiYcÎ ev weKí weeiYcÎ (1 Kwc)

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 86

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

DcwiD³ `wjjcÎvw` h_vh_fv‡e m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q GB g‡g© mZ¨Zv hvPvBc~e©K †Kv¤úvwbi Kgc‡ÿ GKRb
cwiPvjK wKsev mwPe GKwU †NvlYvcÎ cÖ`vb Ki‡e| `wjjcθ‡jvmn Av‡e`b cvIqvi ci mewKQz wVK _vK‡j
wbeÜK cvewjK wj. †Kv¤úvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ cÖ`vb K‡i| G cÎ cvIqvi ciB cvewjK wj. †Kv¤úvwbi
KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZc‡Îi bgybv
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi
†hŠ_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi wbe܇Ki Kvh©vjq
gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv|
Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ
cÎ bs G 633/K345/12 ZvwiL: 20 gvP© 2016
Avwg GB g‡g© QvocÎ cÖ`vb KiwQ †h, 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx wbeÜbK…Z Ôiƒcvjx dvg©vwmDwUK¨vj
wj.Õ hv A`¨ wba©vwiZ di‡g †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 50 aviv Abyhvqx kZ©vw` cvjb K‡i GKwU †NvlYvcÎ †ck Ki‡Q,
Zv‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv|
AvR 20 gvP© 2016 mvj iweevi, mKvj 10 Uv n‡Z G Av‡`k Kvh©Ki n‡e|
¯^vÿi
wbeÜK
(wmj‡gvni)

cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZc‡Îi 5wU BwZevPK w`K

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) wPwýZ Kiæb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ Qvov cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Kvh©vi¤¢ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 D³ Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ †c‡Z †Kv¤úvwb‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj †hgb- weeiYcÎ, †hvM¨Zvm~PK
†kqvi µ‡qi †NvlYvcÎ, by¨bZg Puv`v Av`v‡qi †NvlYvcÎ BZ¨vw` Rgv w`‡Z nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.8
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi e¨emvq ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbÑ
(K) weeiYcÎ (L) Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ
(M) wbeÜbcÎ (N) †NvlYvcÎ
2. Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ cvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-
(i) weeiYcÎ; (ii) cwiPvjK‡`i †hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqvi µ‡qi †NvlYvcÎ; (iii) by¨bZg g~jab msMÖ‡ni cÖgvYcÎ|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 87

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.9 †Kv¤úvwbi g~ja‡bi aviYv I GwU msMÖ‡ni Drmmg~n

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi g~jab Gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi g~jab msMÖ‡ni Drmmg~ n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†Kv¤úvbx g~jab, e¨emvq FY, FY †iLv, NyY©vqgvb †iLv

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

†Kv¤úvwbi g~ja‡bi aviYv

†Kv¤úvwbi g~jab GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g e¨emv‡qi g~jab, FY, bM` Znwe‡ji Drm BZ¨vw` wPwýZ
Kiv hvq Ges D³ Drm n‡Z msM„nxZ A_© ev Znwej‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq Ges m‡e©vcwi myôz wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
A_©vMgb e„w× Kiv hvq| †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab ¯^í‡gqv‡`, ga¨‡gqv‡` Ges `xN©‡gqv‡` msMÖn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| e¨emvq
cÖwZôv‡bi P~ovšÍ D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ †gqv‡`i g~jab msMÖn ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avw_©K e¨e¯’vcK‡K ZvB wewfbœ
†gqv`wfwËK g~jab msMÖ‡ni Drm¸‡jv‡K ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|
 ¯^í‡gqvw` g~jab msMÖn: ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ †h gyjab msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K ¯^í‡gqvw` g~jab msMÖn e‡j| GB
mgq mvaviYZ GK eQi ev Zvi †P‡q Kg mgq n‡q _v‡K|
 ga¨‡gqvw` g~jab msMÖn: ¯^í‡gqvw` A_© msMÖn Ges `xN©‡gqvw` A_© msMÖn Gi ga¨eZ©x mg‡qi Rb¨ †h g~ jab
msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K ga¨‡gqvw` g~jab msMÖn e‡j| GB mgqKvj mvaviYZ GK eQi n‡Z cuvP eQi ch©šÍ n‡q
_v‡K|
 `xN©‡gqvw` g~jab msMÖn: e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi ¯’vqx m¤úwˇZ A_© wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ †h FY ev g~jab msMÖn Kiv
nq Zv‡K `xN©‡gqvw` g~jab msMÖn e‡j| GB g~ja‡bi †gqv` mvaviYZ 5 eQ‡ii AwaK nq| †KD †KD Avevi
GB †gqv` ej‡Z 10 eQ‡ii AwaK mgq‡K eywS‡q _v‡Kb|

¯^í‡gqvw` g~ja‡bi Drm

¯^í‡gqvw` g~ja‡bi Drm wb‡¤œ †`qv n‡jv:
 ¯^ZtùzZ© A_©vqb: †h FY †¯^”Qvq MÖnY Kiv hvq wKsev FY MÖn‡Yi †Kv‡bv eva¨evaKZv _v‡K bv Zv‡K ¯^Z:ùyZ©
A_©vqb e‡j|
 e¨emvq FY: cybtweµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ hLb †Kv‡bv cY¨mvgMÖx µq-weµ‡qi wbwg‡Ë FY MÖnY Kiv nq Zv‡K
e¨emvq FY e‡j| e¨emvq FY cwi‡kv‡ai gva¨‡g bZzb K‡i FY bevqb nq|
 †µZv‡`i wbKU AwMÖg: Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb A‡bKmgq †µZv‡`i KvQ †_‡K cY¨mvgMÖxi g~j¨ eve` AwMÖg
A_© msMÖn K‡i, hv AcÖvwZôvwbK A_©ms¯’vb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
 gy`ªvevRvi FY: †h evRv‡i ¯^í‡gqv‡` Avw_©K m¤ú` ev wmwKDwiwUR µq-weµq Kiv nq Zv‡K gy`ªvevRvi FY
e‡j|
 evwYwR¨K cÎ: e¨emvq cÖwZôvbmg~n ¯^í‡gqv‡`i Rb¨ evwYwR¨K KvMR wewµ K‡i A_©msMÖn K‡i PjwZ
g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb wgwU‡q _v‡K| evwYwR¨K KvMR mvaviYZ RvgvbZwenxb n‡q _v‡K| hv cwi‡kv‡ai m‡e©v”P
mgq 270 w`b|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 88

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

 e¨vs‡Ki ¯^xK…wZ cÎ: AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨, ¸`vgRvZKi‡Y ev we‡`‡k gvjvgvj cwienY BZ¨vw` Kv‡R e¨emv‡q
wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni ¯^í‡gqv‡`i A_©vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j e¨vs‡Ki ¯^xK…wZ c‡Îi gva¨‡g A_©vqb Kiv nq|
 RvgvbZnxb FY: e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡b AvbyôvwbKfv‡e FY MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î hLb †Kv‡bv Rvgvb‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv
Zv‡K RvgvbZnxb FY e‡j|
 FY †iLv: FY †iLv n‡jv Ggb FY Pzw³, hvi gva¨‡g e¨vsK Zvi MÖvnK‡K 1 eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbw`©ó nvi my‡` ev
gybvdvq wbw`©ó cwigvY FY gÄyi K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e e¨vs‡K ch©vß cwigvY UvKv _vK‡j G FY cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
 N~Y©vqgvb FY: N~Y©vqgvb FY n‡jv GK cÖK vi FY Pzw³, hvi gva¨‡g e¨vsK Zvi MÖvnK‡K RvgvbZwenxb m‡e©v”P
cwigvY FY gÄy‡ii A½xKvi K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e †h cwigvY FY e¨envi K‡i _v‡K Zvi Dci wbw`©ó nv‡i my` ev
gybvdv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
 †jb‡`b FY: FY †iLv ev N~Y©vqgvb FY Pzw³ e¨emvwqK cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡Z mÿg n‡jI †Kv‡bv GKwU we‡kl
D‡Ï‡k¨ FY e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv mdj nq bv| Z‡e wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv †jb‡`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi D‡Ïk¨
A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡j †jb‡`b FY LyeB Kvh©Kix|
 Ab¨vb¨ Drm: DcwiwjøwLZ Drmg~n QvovI ¯^í‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Drm¸‡jv n‡”Q- 1.evwYwR¨K e¨vsK
2. †`kxq gnvRb 3. mgevq e¨vsK 4. wkí e¨vsK I fywg eÜwK e¨vsK cÖf…wZ|

`xN©‡gqvw` g~ja‡bi Drm

K. Af¨šÍixY Drm: †Kv‡bv e¨emvq cÖwZôvb hLb cÖwZôv‡bi wfZi †_‡K wKsev wbR¯^ m¤ú` †_‡K †h A_©vqb K‡i
Zv‡K Af¨šÍixY A_©vqb e‡j|
 gvwj‡Ki wbR¯^ Znwej: cÖv_wgKfv‡e e¨emv‡qi gvwjKMY ev D‡`¨v³vMY †h g~jab mieivn K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K
gvwj‡Ki wbR¯^ Znwej ev gvwjKvbv g~jab e‡j|
 msiwÿZ gybvdv: †hŠ_g~jabx †Kv¤úvwbi AwR©Z m¤ú~Y© gybvdv †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i g‡a¨ e›Ub bv K‡i Gi †h Ask
cÖwZôv‡b †i‡L bM` cÖevn m„wó Kiv nq ev wewb‡qvM e„w× Kiv nq Zv‡K msiwÿZ gybvdv e‡j| †hgb- mvaviY
mwÂwZ, mgZvKiY Znwej, wbgw¾Z Znwej BZ¨vw`|
 mvaviY mwÂwZ: e¨emv‡q bxU gybvdv n‡Z m¤ú~Y© Ask jf¨vsk AvKv‡i eÈb bv K‡i Gi wKQz Ask mwÂwZ
AvKv‡i †i‡L †h Znwej m„wó Kiv Zv‡K mvaviY mwÂwZ e‡j| e¨emv‡qi jvfRbK Lv‡Z GwU wewb‡qvM Kiv
nq|
 jf¨vsk mgZvKiY Znwej: e¨emv‡qi †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i jf¨vsk w¯’wZkxj Kivi Rb¨ bxU gybvdv n‡Z †h
cwigvb A_© w`‡q Znwej cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K jf¨vsk mgZvKiY Znwej e‡j|
 AePq mwÂwZ Znwej: e¨emv‡q †h ¯’vqx m¤úwËi e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi Dci cÖwZ eQi wbw`©ó cwigvb A_©
AePq wnmv‡e a‡i ivLv nq hv n‡Z cieZ©x‡Z H m¤úwË cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| m¤úwË cybtµq bv Kiv ch©šÍ H
Znwej e¨emv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b `xN©‡gqvw` A‡_©i Drm wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq|

L. evwn¨K Drm: e¨emvq cÖwZôvb hLb wbR¯^ m¤ú` †_‡K A_©vqb bv K‡i evB‡ii †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi KvQ
†_‡K A_© G‡b e¨emvq A_©vq‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡j †mB K‡i e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K e¨emv‡qi A_©vq‡bi evwn¨K Drm
e‡j|
1. cÖvwZôvwbK Drm: †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvBb Abyhvqx MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ †Kv‡bv Avw_©K cÖwZôvb n‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨emvq
cÖwZôvb hLb FY MÖnY K‡i ZLb Zv‡K A_©vq‡bi cÖvwZôvwbK Drm e‡j|
 wegv †Kv¤úvwb: wegv †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv †h cwigvb wcÖwgqvg †c‡q _v‡K Zvi meUzKz wegvi `vwe ev ÿwZc~iY wn‡m‡e
cÖ`vb K‡i bv| DØ„Ë A_© e¨emvq cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K `xN©‡gqvw` FY wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
 BRviv †Kv¤úvwb: BRviv ev Leasing Company ¸‡jv e¨emvq cÖwZôvb‡K `xN©‡gqvw` FY cÖ`vb K‡i|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 89

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

 Ae‡jLK: Ae‡jLKiv cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi ïay †kqvi wewµi `vwqZ¡B MÖnY K‡i bv, A‡bK mgq
`xN©‡gqvw`‡Z FY myweavI cÖ`vb K‡i|

2. AcÖvwZôvbK Drm: cÖwZôvb e¨wZZ Ab¨ Drm n‡Z hLb e¨emvq cÖwZôvb FY MÖnY K‡i ZLb Zv‡K AcÖvwZôvwbK
Drm e‡j|
 †kqvi: cvewjK wj. †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv wewfbœ cÖKvi †kqvi wewµ K‡i `xN©‡gqvw` A_©vqb K‡i _v‡K|
 FYcÎ: A‡bK e¨emvq cÖwZôvb ev †hŠ_g~jabx cÖwZôvb FYcÎ ev eÛ wewµi gva¨‡g A_©vqb K‡i _v‡K|
 iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ wmwKDwiwUR: †hŠ_g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb mvaviY †kqv‡i iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ k‡Z© FYcÎ ev AMÖvwaKvi
†kqvi wewµ K‡i `xN©‡gqvw`‡Z A_©ms¯’vb K‡i _v‡K|
G QvovI †h mKj Drmmg~n `xN©‡gqvw` A_©ms¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡Î jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, Zv wb¤œiƒc:
1. †kqvi weµq;
2. FYcÎ weµq;
3. m¤úwË weµq;
4. wkí e¨vsK;
5. eÜwK e¨vsK;
6. Bmy¨-nvDR;
7. cÖeZ©K;
8. we‡`kx cyuwR wewb‡qvMKvix;
9. e¨e¯’vcbv cÖwZwbwa;
10. †kqvi evRvi;
11. AvÂwjK Dbœqb ms¯’v;
12. AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v I wek¦ e¨vsK;
13. miKvwi A_©ms¯’vbKvix cÖwZôvb|

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi g~jab msMÖ‡ni ¯^í‡gqvw` Drm I `xN©‡gqvw` Drmmg~‡ni g‡a¨

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) 5wU cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Kiæb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR ¯^í‡gqvw` Drm `xN©‡gqvw` Drm
* *
* *

mvims‡ÿc
 †Kv¤úvwbi ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ †h g~jab msMÖn Kiv nq, Zv‡K ¯^í‡gqvw` g~jab msMÖn e‡j| Gi mgq
mvaviYZ GK eQi ev Zvi †P‡q Kg n‡q _v‡K|
 †Kv¤úvwbi ¯^í‡gqvw` A_© msMÖn I `xN©‡gqvw` A_© msMÖ‡ni ga¨eZ©x mg‡qi Rb¨ †h g~ jab msMÖn Kiv nq,
Zv‡K ga¨‡gqvw` g~jab msMÖn e‡j| Gi mgqKvj mvaviYZ GK eQi †_‡K 5 eQi ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
 †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi ¯’vqx m¤úwˇZ wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ †h g~jab msMÖn Kiv nq, Zv‡K `xN©‡gqvw` g~ jab msMÖn
e‡j| Gi †gqv` mvaviYZ 5 eQ‡ii AwaK n‡q _v‡K|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 90

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.9
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab msMÖ‡ni Af¨šÍixb Drm †KvbwU?
(K) mvaviY †kqvi (L) wewb‡qvM e¨vsK
(M) msiwÿZ Avq (N) FYcÎ
2. †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab msMÖ‡ni cÖvwZôvwbK Drm †KvbwU?
(K) iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ FYcÎ (L) mvaviY †kqvi
(M) AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi (N) BRviv A_©vqb
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU wgkÖ wmwKDwiwU?
(K) mvaviY †kqvi (L) AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi
(M) FYcÎ (N) iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ †kqvi
4. †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab msMÖ‡ni Af¨šÍixb Drm n‡jv-
(i) AePq Znwej;
(ii) msiwÿZ Znwej;
(iii) AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi |
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
5. †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab msMÖ‡ni evwn¨K Drm n‡jv-
(i) m¤ú` weµq;
(ii) Avw_©K cÖwZôvb;
(iii) FYcÎ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
6. †Kv¤úvwbi Znwej msMÖ‡ni AcÖvwZôvwbK Drm n‡jv-
(i) mvaviY †kqvi;
(ii) BRvi A_©vqb;
(iii) FYcÎ
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 91

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.10 †kqv‡ii aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi †kqvi Gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi †kqv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†kqvi, †kqvi‡nvìvi, †evbvm †kqvi, AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

†kqv‡ii aviYv
†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi g~jab‡K mgcwigvY g~‡j¨i ÿz`ª GK‡K fvM Kiv n‡j Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKK‡K †kqvi
e‡j| ZvB ejv hvq †kqvi n‡jv †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbvi cÖZxK| whwb †kqvi µq K‡ib wZwb †kqvi‡nvìvi Ges
†kqvi weµq n‡Z msM„nxZ A_©‡K †kqvi g~jab e‡j|
†kqv‡ii wKQz ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q| Zv wb¤œiƒc:
 †kqvi †Kv¤úvwbi g~ja‡bi ÿz`ª Ask we‡kl;
 cÖwZwU †kqv‡ii g~j¨ mgcwigvY n‡q _v‡K;
 †kqvi‡nvìv‡ii †Kv¤úvwbi Dci AvswkK gvwjKvbv ¯^Z¡ Rb¥vq;
 †Kv¤úvwbi Dci †kqvi‡nvìv‡ii wKQz Pzw³MZ AwaKvi _v‡K;
 †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ Ae¯’vi m¤úwË wn‡m‡e MY¨;
 †Kv¤úvwb‡Z †kqvi‡nvìv‡ii KwZcq `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨I envj _v‡K|

†kqv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
†kqvi

mvaviY †kqvi AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi wejw¤^Z †kqvi Ab¨vb¨ †kqvi

1. mÂqx 1. †evbvm †kqvi

2. AmÂqx 2. AwaKvi‡hvM¨
3. AskMÖnYg~jK 3. Abvw¼K g~‡j¨i
4. AskMÖnYg~³
5. cwi‡kva¨
6. Acwi‡kva¨
7. cwieZ©b‡hvM¨
8. AcwieZ©b‡hvM¨

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 92

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wb‡¤œ wewfbœ cÖKvi †kqv‡ii mswÿß eY©bv †`qv n‡jv:

†kqv‡ii cÖKvi ˆewkó¨
K. mvaviY †kqvi  †Kv¤úvwb‡Z GB †kqvigvwjK‡`i AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ AwaK
_v‡K
 Zviv mvaviY AwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ jf¨vsk †fvM K‡i
 Zviv g~jab †diZ cvq
L. AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi  GB †kqvigvwjKMY AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk †fvM
K‡i
 Zviv g~jab †diZ cvq
1. mÂqx AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi  GB †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY cÖwZ eQi gybvdv n‡Z GKUv wbw`©ó nv‡i
jf¨vsk cvq
 GB †kqv‡ii wecix‡Z †Kv‡bv eQi gybvdv bv n‡jI D³ wbw`©ó nvi
Abyhvqx jf¨vsk mwÂwZ wn‡m‡e Rgv _v‡K
 cieZ©x‡Z gybvdv AwR©Z n‡j †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY e‡Kqv mwÂwZmn
jf¨vsk cÖvß nq|
2. A-mÂqx AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi  GB †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY gybvdv n‡jB ïay Zv n‡Z wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk
cvq
 GB †kqv‡ii wecix‡Z gybvdv AwR©Z bv n‡j H eQi †Kv‡bv jf¨vsk
mwÂwZ AvKv‡i ciewZ©‡Z †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY cvq bv
3. AskMÖnYg~jK AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi  GB †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY cÖ_gZ wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk cÖvß nq
 ciewZ©‡Z Zviv mvaviY †kqvi gvwjK‡`i g‡a¨ jf¨vsk e›U‡bi
mgq cybivq Zv‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i
4. AskMÖnYgy³ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi  GB †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY gybvdv n‡Z ïaygvÎ wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk cvq
 Zviv mvaviY †kqvi gvwjK‡`i gZ jf¨vsk e›U‡bi †ÿ‡Î cybivq
Ask cvq bv
 mvaviYZ AMÖvwaKvihy³ †khvi ej‡Z G ai‡bi †kqvi‡KB †evSvq
5. cwi‡kva¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi  GB †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY‡K †kqv‡ii g~j¨ wbw`©ó mgqv‡šÍ cwi‡kva
K‡i †Kv¤úvwb †kqvi †diZ wb‡Z cv‡i
6. Acwi‡kva¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi  GB †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY jf¨vsk cÖvwß I g~jab cÖZ¨veZ©‡b AMÖvwaKvi
cvq
 †Kv¤úvwb we‡jv‡ci c~‡e© †Kv¤úvwb n‡Z Zviv †kqv‡ii g~j¨ †diZ
cvq bv
7. cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi  GB †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY †kqvi weµ‡qi kZ© Abyhvqx wbw`©ó mgqv‡šÍ
AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi‡K mvaviY †kqv‡i iƒcvšÍ‡ii my‡hvM cvq
8. AcwieZ©b‡hvM¨ AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi  †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY GB AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi‡K KLbB mvaviY †kqv‡i
iƒcvšÍi ev wewbgq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
M. wejw¤^Z †kqvi  GB †kqv‡ii gvwjKMY AMÖvwaKvi I mvaviY †kqvi gvwjK‡`i
jf¨vsk e›Ub Ges gyjab †diZ †`Iqvi ci Aewkó jf¨vsk I
g~jab cvq|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 93

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

mvaviY †kqvi I AMÖvwaKvi †kqv‡ii g‡a¨ cÖavb cv_©K¨¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_© xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 †Kv¤úvwbi cÖK…Z gvwjKvbvi cÖZxK n‡jv mvaviY †kqvi|
 mvaviY †kqvi‡nvìviM‡Yi `vq mxwgZ, †fvU`v‡bi ÿgZv _v‡K, †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges g~jab
†diZ cvb|
 AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi g~jZ: wgkÖ wmwKDwiwU| KviY Gi g‡a¨ mvaviY †kqvi I FYcÎ Df‡qi ˆewkó¨ we`¨gvb|
 AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges mvaviY †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`i c~‡e© Zv †`qv
nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.10
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. †Kv¤úvwbi cÖK…Z gvwjKvbvi cÖZxK n‡jv-
(K) mvaviY †kqvi (L) AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi
(M) wejw¤^Z †kqvi (N) cÖeZ©K‡`i †kqvi
2. †Kvb& ai‡bi †kqvi jf¨vsk eȇb mevi Av‡M AwaKvi cvq?
(K) mvaviY †kqvi (L) AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi
(M) wejw¤^Z †kqvi (N) cÖeZ©K‡`i †kqvi
3. mvaviY †kqv‡ii ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
(i) †fvUvwaKvi;
(ii) n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨;
(iii) wbw`©ó nv‡i jf¨vsk cÖvwß|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
4. AMÖvwaKvi †kqv‡ii ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
(i) wbw`©ó nv‡i jfvsk cÖvwß;
(ii) †fvUvwaKvi;
(iii) mvaviY †kqv‡ii c~‡e© jf¨vsk cÖvwßi AwaKvi|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 94

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.11 FYc‡Îi aviYv I †kÖwYwefvM

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi FYcÎ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi FYc‡Îi †kÖwYwefvM eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

FYcÎ, kyY¨ Kzcb eÛ

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

FYcÎ
†Kv¤úvwb hLb RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K FY MÖnY K‡i ZLb cÖgvY¯^iƒc †h `wjj ev cÖZ¨qbcÎ cÖ`vb K‡i
ZvB FYcÎ| mywbw`©ó kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ †Kv¤úvwb FYcÎ Bmy¨ K‡i _v‡K| cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb †h FY ¯^xK…wZcÎ
Bmy¨ K‡i RbMY ev cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU n‡Z FY msMÖn K‡i Zv‡K FYcÎ e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq FYc‡Î F‡Yi
†kqvi Ges my‡`i ev gybvdvi nvi mywbw`©ó _v‡K| FYc‡Î Ki myweav cvIqv hvq|

FY‡Îi †kÖwYwefvM
FYc‡Îi bvg msÁv
1. mvaviY FYcÎ †Kv¤úvwb FY cwi‡kv‡ai wbðqZv wn‡m‡e Zvi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ev hveZxq m¤úwË
Ave× ev eÜK bv †i‡L GB FYcÎ weµq K‡i|
2. eÜwK FYcÎ †Kv¤úvwb FY cwi‡kv‡ai wbðqZv wn‡m‡e hw` FYc‡Î M„nxZ F‡Yi wec‡ÿ
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ev †Kv¤úvwbi hveZxq m¤úwË Ave× ev RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
n‡e e‡j D‡jøL K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K eÜwK FYcÎ e‡j|
3. cwi‡kva‡hvM¨ FYcÎ hw` FYc‡Î Ggb k‡Z©i D‡jøL _v‡K †h wbw`©ó mgq c‡i Avmj A_© cwi‡kv‡ai
gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwb FYcÎ †diZ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e Z‡e Zv‡K cwi‡kva‡hvM¨
FYcÎ e‡j|
4. Acwi‡kva‡hvM¨ FYcÎ FYc‡Î ewY©Z kZ© Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwb we‡jv‡ci c~‡e© †h FYc‡Îi A_© cwi‡kv‡a
†Kv¤úvwb eva¨ _v‡K bv Zv‡K Acwi‡kva‡hvM¨ FYcÎ e‡j|
5. wbewÜZ FYcÎ †h FYc‡Îi †µZvi bvg, wVKvbv, FYc‡Îi µwgK msL¨v BZ¨vw` †Kv¤úvwbi
eB‡Z h_vh_fv‡e wjwce× Kiv nq Zv‡K wbewÜZ FYcÎ e‡j|
6. AwbewÜZ FYcÎ †h FYc‡Îi †µZv‡`i bvg, wVKvbv, µwgK msL¨v †Kv¤úvwbi ewn‡Z Avjv`vfv‡e
wjwce× Kiv nq bv Zv‡K AwbewÜZ FYcÎ e‡j|
7. iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ FYcÎ †h FYcÎ weµ‡qi kZ© Abyhvqx wbw`©ó mgq c‡i GUv †diZ wb‡q †Kv¤úvwb Zvi
wec‡ÿ †kqvi Bmy¨ K‡i Zv‡K iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ FYcÎ e‡j|
8. iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ FYcÎ †h FYcÎ †diZ wb‡q †Kv¤úvwb KLbB †kqvi Bmy¨ K‡i bv Zv‡K
AcwieZ©b‡hvM¨ FYcÎ e‡j|
9. k~Y¨ K~cb eÐ ev FYcÎ G ai‡bi e‡Ûi Dci †Kv‡bv my` cÖ`vb Kiv nq bv, Bmy¨ Kivi mgq Face
value ev wjwLZ g~‡j¨i †P‡q Kg g~j¨ Bmy ¨ Kivi nq Ges †gqv` c~wZ©‡Z wjwLZ
g~‡j¨i mgcwigvY A_© †diZ †`qv nq|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 95

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

†kqvi I FYc‡Îi g‡a¨ 5wU cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) †kqvi FYcÎ
/wkÿv_© xi KvR * *
* *

mvims‡ÿc
 FYcÎ n‡jv F‡Yi `wjj hvi weµqjä A_© †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ FY|
 FYc‡Îi gvwjKMY †Kv¤úvwb n‡Z my` ev gybvdv cvq, wKš‘ †Kv¤úvwbi Dci †Kv‡bv Pzw³MZ AwaKvi Rb¥vq
bv|
 FYcÎ n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv A¯’vei m¤úwË wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq bv|
 FYc‡Îi gvwjKM‡Yi †fvU`v‡bi ÿgZv †bB wKsev wbe©vP‡bI AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB cwiPvjbvq
AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †bB|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.11
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. †h FYcÎ weµ‡qi kZ©vbyhvqx wbw`©ó mgq c‡i †Kv¤úvwb GB FYc‡Îi wec‡ÿ †kqvi Bmy¨ K‡i Zv n‡jv-
(K) iƒcvšÍi‡hvM¨ FYcÎ (L) cwi‡kva‡hvM¨ FYcÎ
(M) eÜKx FYcÎ (N) wbewÜZ FYcÎ
2. FYc‡Îi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
(i) evwn¨K Znwej;
(ii) wbw`©ó e¨q;
(iii) Ki myweav|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
3. k~Y¨ K~cb e‡Ði †ÿ‡Î-
(i) †Kv‡bv my` †`qv nq bv;
(ii) evÆvq Bmy¨ Kiv nq;
(iii) m¤úwË eÜK ivLv nq|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 96

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.12 †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmva‡bi aviYv I Gi c×wZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†Kv¤úvbxi we‡jvc mvab

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

†Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvcmva‡bi aviYv

†Kv¤cvwb GKwU c„_K AvBbMZ mËv, ZvB B”Qv Ki‡jB GKgvwjKvbv ev Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi b¨vq nVvr
K‡i Zv eÜ K‡i †`qv hvq bv| Gi MVb †hgb AvB‡bi wbw`©ó aviv Abyhvqx nq, †Zgwb we‡jvcmvabI
nq AvB‡bi wbw`©ó weavb †gvZv‡eK| 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤cvwb AvB‡bi 234(1) aviv Abyhvqx GKwU †Kv¤cvwbi
we‡jvcmvab ev Aemvqb wZbfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
(K) Av`vjZ KZ©…K eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab;
(L) †¯^”QvK…Z we‡jvcmvab;
(M) Av`vj‡Zi ZË¡veav‡b we‡jvcmvab|
(K) Av`vjZ KZ©…K eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab
1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤cvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx Av`vj‡Zi wb‡`©‡k eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e GKwU †Kv¤cvwbi Aemvqb ev
we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i| D³ AvB‡bi 241 aviv Abyhvqx wbgœwjwLZ Kvi‡Y GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi eva¨Zvg~jK
we‡jvcmvab NU‡Z cv‡i:
1| †Kv¤cvwb KZ©…K M„nxZ we‡kl wm×v‡šÍi †cÖwÿ‡Z;
2| mswewae× mfv Abyôvb Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j;
3| wbewÜZ nIqvi GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Kvh©vi¤¢ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j;
4| me©wbgœ m`m¨ msL¨v nªvm †c‡j;
5| FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z Amg_© n‡j;
6| Av`vjZ KZ©…K we‡jvcmvabB hyw³msMZ g‡b n‡j|
(L) †¯^”QvK…Z we‡jvcmvab
Av`vj‡Zi †Kv‡bviƒc n¯Í‡ÿc QvovB †Kv¤cvwbi †kqvi‡nvìviMY ev cvIbv`viMY hw` †¯^”Qvq cÖwZôvbwU eÜ K‡i
†`qvi wm×všÍ †bb, Zvn‡j †mUv n‡jv †¯^”QvK…Z we‡jvcmvab| †Kv¤cvwb AvB‡bi 286 (1) aviv Abyhvqx †¯^”QvK…Z
we‡jvcmvab wZb ai‡bi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g n‡Z cv‡i:
1| mvaviY wm×všÍ;
2| we‡kl wm×všÍ;
3| AwZwi³ mvaviY wm×všÍ|
(M) Av`vj‡Zi ZË¡veav‡b we‡jvcmvab
†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 316 aviv †gvZv‡eK we‡kl wm×všÍ ev AmvaviY wm×v‡šÍ i gva¨‡g †Kv¤cvwbi m`m¨MY we‡jvcmva‡bi
cÖ¯Íve MÖnb Ki‡j Av`vjZ Giƒc wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡i †h, we‡jvcmvab cÖ wµqv Av`vj‡Zi ZZ¡veav‡b cwiPvwjZ n‡e| GUvB
Av`vj‡Zi ZZ¡veav‡b we‡jvcmvab| G ai‡bi we‡jvcmva‡bi Rb¨ mvaviYZ cvIbv`vi, cÖ`vqK ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 97

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

Av`vj‡Z Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GLv‡b †kqvi‡nvìvi ev cvIbv`v‡ii Aby‡ivaµ‡g Av`vjZ KZ…©K wbhy³ AemvqK
(Liquidator) hveZxq wejy wßi KvR m¤úv`b K‡ib|

2013 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m Avcbvi GjvKvq ÔSzgv †WBwi dvg© wjwg‡UWÕ †hŠ_g~ jabx
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) †Kv¤úvwb wn‡m‡e wbeÜb jvf K‡i| cÖeZ©K‡`i wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ fz j eySveywS Ges
/wkÿv_© xi KvR AeKvVv‡gvMZ my‡hvM-myweav Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Afv‡e 2014 mv‡ji 30 Rvby qvwi ch©©šÍ
cÖwZôvbwU KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Dc‡i cv‡Vi Av‡jv‡K cÖwZôvbwU‡Z †Kvb& ai‡bi
we‡jvcmvab hyw³hy³ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤cvwb AvB‡bi 234(1) aviv Abyhvqx GKwU †Kv¤cvwbi we‡jvcmvab ev Aemvqb wZbfv‡e
n‡Z cv‡i|
 Av`vjZ KZ©…K eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab, †¯^”QvK…Z we‡jvcmvab I Av`vj‡Zi ZË¡veav‡b we‡jvcmvab|
 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤cvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abyhvqx Av`vj‡Zi wb‡`©‡k eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e GKwU †Kv¤cvwbi
Aemvqb ev we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i|
 Av`vj‡Zi †Kv‡bviƒc n¯Í‡ÿc QvovB †Kv¤cvwbi †kqvi‡nvìviMY ev cvIbv`viMY hw` †¯^”Qvq cÖwZôvbwU
eÜ K‡i †`qvi wm×všÍ †bb Zv n‡jv †¯^”QvK…Z we‡jvcmvavb|
 †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 316 aviv †gvZv‡eK we‡kl wm×všÍ ev AmvaviY wm×v‡šÍi gva¨‡g †Kv¤cvwbi m`m¨MY
we‡jvcmva‡bi cÖ¯Íve MÖnb Ki‡j Av`vjZ Giƒc wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡i †h, we‡jvcmvab cÖwµqv Av`vj‡Zi
ZË¡veav‡b cwiPvwjZ n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.12
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. mvaviYZ †Kv¤úvwbi Aemvqb n‡q _v‡K-
(K) 2 fv‡e (L) 3 fv‡e
(M) 4 fv‡e (N) 5 fv‡e
2. mswewae× mfv Abyôv‡b e¨_© n‡j Dchy³ we‡jvcmvab n‡jv-
(K) Av`vj‡Zi ZË¡veav‡b (L) †¯^”QvK…Z
(M) Av`vjZ KZ…©K eva¨Zvg~jK (N) we‡kl NUbv mv‡c‡ÿ
3. Av`vjZ KZ…©K eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmva‡bi †ÿÎ n‡jv-
(i) mswewae× mfv Abyôv‡b e¨_©Zv;
(ii) me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v n«vm cvIqv;
(iii) FY cwi‡kv‡a Amg_©Zv|
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 98

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.13 evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I fwel¨r m¤¢vebv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I fwel¨r m¤¢vebv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gwbUwis
g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I fwel¨r m¤¢vebv

1990 `k‡Ki ïiæ †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi weKvk e¨vcKfv‡e ïiæ n‡jI †mUv Kvw•ÿZ
ch©v‡q †cuŠ‡Q‡Q Zv ejv hv‡e bv| eZ©gv‡b G e¨emv‡q avivwU cÖe„w×i ¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| †`kx I
we‡`kx D‡`¨v³v‡`i µgea©gvb AskMÖnY, miKv‡ii wewb‡qvMevÜe bxwZ Ges m‡e©vcwi mvaviY RbM‡Yi †Kv¤úvwb
msMVb m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK aviYv Ges m‡PZbZv e„w×i Kvi‡Y AZx‡Zi †h †Kv‡b mg‡qi Zzjbvq eZ©gv‡b
†hŠ_g~jabx ev †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î AbyKzj cwi‡ek weivR Ki‡Q| Z‡e Gi cvkvcvwk wKQz
†bwZevPK w`KI Av‡Q| †hgb- †Kv¤úvwbmg~‡ni Revew`wnZvi Afve, wmwKDwiwUR GÛ G·‡PÄ Kwgk‡bi wewfbœ
AvBb I wewa _vKv m‡Ë¡I †m¸‡jvi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM I gwbUwis‡qi Afve BZ¨vw`i Kvi‡Y wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i g‡a¨
nZvkvI Av‡Q| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i cuywR h_vh_ msiÿY Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| wewb‡qvM wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î SuywK g~j¨vqb Ges `ÿZvi mv‡_ wewb‡qvM weKímg~n we‡kølY Kivi ÿgZv mKj wewb‡qvMKvixi bvB|
Avevi mvaviY wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi wewb‡qvM wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wewfbœ cÖwkÿY I civgk© Df‡qiB
Afve Av‡Q e‡j we‡klÁMY g‡b K‡ib| GQvov †Kv¤úvwbmg~‡ni e¨e¯’vcbv Av‡iv `ÿ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| kÖwgK
Kg©Pvwi‡`i gRywi I †eZb-fvZv Zv‡`i Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_vchy³ bq| Mv‡g©›Um LvZmn wewfbœ Lv‡Z kÖwgK‡`i
Kg© wbivcËvI A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb| cÖ`Ë Z_¨g‡Z wb‡`©wkZ wbivcËvg~jK weavbmg~n A‡bK‡ÿ‡ÎI
mwVKfv‡e cÖwZcvwjZ n‡”Q bv| h_v_© AwMœ wbe©vcb e¨e¯’v, wbqwgZ gnov I weKí PjvP‡ji c_ bv _vKvq mvgvb¨
`yN©Ubv‡Z A‡bK †ewk nZvnZ nq| G ai‡bi AcÖZ¨vwkZ NUbvq †Kv¤úvwb I †`‡ki wewb‡qvM cwi‡ek webó nq
Ges ewn©we‡k¦ †`‡ki mybvg ÿzbœ nq|
wewfbœ †bwZevPK w`K _vKv m‡Ë¡I mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨ e¨emvq D‡`¨vM g‡bvfve, miKv‡ii mw`”Qv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y
eZ©gv‡b g~jab evRv‡i wewb‡qvM A‡bKvs‡k †e‡o‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Z_¨cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi d‡j mvaviY wewb‡qvMKvixiv
N‡i e‡mB cuywRevRv‡i †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| wmwWweGj-Gi (†m›Uªvj wWcwRUwi e¨e¯’vi) Kvi‡Y †jb‡`‡bi †ÿ‡Î
`yb©xwZ I cÖZviYvi my‡hvM A‡bK mxwgZ n‡q †M‡Q| m‡e©vcwi †`‡k wewfbœ cvewjK I cÖvB‡fU wek¦we`¨vjq ch©v‡q
e¨emvq wkÿv e¨vcK weKv‡ki d‡j †Kv¤úvwb msMVbmg~‡ni eZ©gv‡b `ÿ Rbkw³ ev gvbe m¤ú` cÖvwßi m¤¢vebv
c~‡e©i †P‡q A‡bK mnR n‡q †M‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡k †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î 5wU AbyK~j I cÖwZK~j w`Kmg~n

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) wPwýZ Kiæb|
/wkÿv_© xi KvR

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 99

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

mvims‡ÿc
 †`kx we‡`kx D‡`v³v‡`i µgea©gvb AskMÖnb, miKv‡ii wewb‡qvMevÜe bxwZ I †Kv¤úvbx msMVb m¤ú‡K©
RbM‡bi BwZevPK g‡bvfve AZx‡Zi †h‡Kvb mg‡qi Zzjbvq eZ©gv‡b †hŠ_ g~jabx weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î AbyK~j
cwi‡ek weivR Ki‡e|
 †hŠ_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvbxi †bwZevPK w`KI Av‡Q| †Kv¤úvbxmg~‡ni Revew`wnZvi Afve, wmwKDwiwUR I
G·‡PÄ Kwgk‡bi wewfbœ AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM I gwbUwis Gi Afv‡e wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi
nZvkv weivR K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.13
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| ÷K GK‡P‡Ä wb‡¤œi †Kvb&wU µq weµq nq?
K) eÛ L) †kqvi
M) gy`ªv N) Gjwm
2| wmwWweGj Gi c~Y©iƒc †Kvb&wU?
K) †m›Uªvj wW‡cvwRUix Ae evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW L) †µwWU wW‡cvwRUix Ae evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW
M) †m›Uvj wW‡cvwRUix e¨vsK wjwg‡UW N) †µwWU wW‡cvwRU e¨vsK wjwg‡UW

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 100

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.14 mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji e¨emvq

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji e¨emvq Gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |

evwqs nvDR, gv‡PÛvBwRs, AvDU‡mvwm©s I WvUv Gw›Uª e¨emvq

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji e¨emvq
eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k e¨emvq evwY‡R¨ LyeB AMÖmigvb| Z_¨cÖhyw³i hy‡M cY¨ I †mevi †hfv‡e cwieZ©b
Avm‡Q, †mfv‡e gvby‡li Pvwn`v I Af¨v‡miI cwieZ©b NU‡Q LyeB `ªæZMwZ‡Z| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b †h
K‡qKwU e¨emvq D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ Zv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
evwqs nvDR
GB ai‡bi e¨emvq GKwU ga¨¯’ e¨emvqx cÖwZôvb| Giv GK †`k †_‡K cY¨ µq K‡i Avg`vwbKviK‡K Zv mieivn
K‡i _v‡K| mnRfv‡e ejv hvq evwqs nvDm cÖwZôvbmg~n we‡`kx Avg`vwbKvi‡Ki mv‡_ †`wk ißvwbKvi‡Ki
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| cÖvq †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, Drcv`bKvix Ges we‡`kx †µZv Avg`vwb-
ißvwb e¨emv‡qi AvbyôvwbKZv Ges bvbv iKg RwUjZv cwinvi Ki‡Z Pvb| evwqs nvDR G‡ÿ‡Î Ab¨Zg gva¨g
wn‡m‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
÷K G·‡PÄ
gyjab evRv‡ii GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DBs n‡jv ÷K G·‡PÄ| cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK †kqvi evRv‡ii †h †jb‡`b Zv
cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e ÷K G·‡P‡Äi gva¨‡gB n‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k XvKv ÷K G·‡PÄ (wWGmB) Ges PÆMÖvg
÷K G·‡PÄ (wmGmB) bvgK `yÕwU †kqvi evRvi i‡q‡Q|
÷K G·‡P‡Äi Kvh©vewj:
1. cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv‡K ZvwjKvfz³ Kiv;
2. ZvwjKvfz³ wmwKDwiwU‡Ri Rb¨ w¯Œ‡bi Dci ¯^qswµq †jb‡`‡bi e¨e¯’v mieivn Kiv;
3. †jb‡`‡bi wb®úwË Kiv;
4. evRvi cwiPvjbv, Z`viwK I wbqš¿Y Kiv;
5. ZvwjKvfz³ †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY;
6. wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i Rb¨ Awf‡hvM †mj MVb;
7. wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i Znwe‡ji myiÿv;
8. AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g ZvwjKvfz³ †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi g~j¨ ms‡e`bkxjmn Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ mieivn Kiv|
†kqvi evRvi ev ÷K G·‡PćK †K›`ª K‡i M‡o IVv †eªvKv‡iR nvDR ev wmwKDwiwU µq-weµ‡qi `vjvjx e¨emvq
eZ©gv‡b GKwU Ab¨Zg e¨emvq| evsjv‡`‡k 2006 mvj †_‡KB †kqvi evRv‡i AbjvBb †UªwWs ev B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK
†kqvi µq-weµq Kvh©µg ïiæ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq 64wU †Rjvq ÷K G·‡P‡Äi AbjvBb †bUIqv‡K©i
AvIZvq †kqvi µq-weµ‡qi cÖwZôvb ev †eªvKv‡iR nvDR M‡o D‡V‡Q| †kqvi evRv‡ii wewb‡qv‡M B”QzK †h †Kv‡bv
e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb Gme †eªvKv‡iR nvD‡R we.I. GKvD›U Ly‡j N‡i e‡m B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi ev †gvevBj
†dv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ †kqvi µq-weµq Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î †eªvKv‡iR nvDRmg~ n µq-weµq †kqv‡ii Dci Kwgkb

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

Ges MÖvnK‡`i wbKU †_‡K evwl©K wdm ev PvR© Av`vq K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K wewb‡qvMKvixiv †kqvi e¨emv‡qi
gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©b K‡i _v‡K| d‡j †`‡k eû wkwÿZ †eKvi hye‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb n‡q‡Q|
ÿz`ª FY
ÿz`ª F‡Yi gva¨‡g `vwi`ª `~ixKi‡Y evsjv‡`k c„w_exi GKwU †ivj g‡Wj wn‡m‡e f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| MÖvgxY e¨vsK,
eª¨vK, Avkv cÖf…wZmn cÖvq 600wU cÖwZôvb ÿz`ª FY`vb Kvh©µ‡g wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q| GmKj cÖwZôvb‡K †emiKvwi
mvnvh¨ cÖwZôvb ev NGO (Non Governmental Organization) ejv nq| evsjv‡`‡k 2006 mv‡j Òÿz`ª FY
wbqš¿Y KZ…©cÿ AvBb-2006Ó Gi gva¨‡g ÿz`ª FY wbqš¿Y KZ…©cÿ (MCRA) cÖwZôv Kiv nq| d‡j †`‡k ÿz`ª
FY`vbKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n (Micro Finance Institutions-MFI) MÖvgv‡j nZ`wi`ª gvbyl‡`i g‡a¨ ÿz`ª FY
weZiY K‡i Zv‡`i A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i P‡j‡Q|
gv‡P©ÛvBwRs
Drcvw`Z ev µqK…Z cY¨ m¤¢ve¨ †µZvi wbKU weµq Kivi †h †KŠkj I Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv nq †mUvB nj
gv‡P©ÛvBwRs| m¤¢ve¨ †µZvi wbKU cY¨ ev †mevi ¸Yv¸Y Zz‡j a‡i Zv‡K cY¨ µ‡q DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges µq msµvšÍ
hveZxq Kvh©µ‡g mwµq mnvqZv Kiv nq gv‡P©ÛvBwRs Gi gva¨‡g| eZ©gv‡b Ôgv‡P©ÛvBwRsÕ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¨emv‡qi
Ask bq, GUv wb‡RB GKUv ¯^vaxb †ckv ev e¨emvq|
AvDU‡mvwm©s
†Kv‡bv GKwU e¨emv‡qi KvR evB‡ii †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g K‡i †bqvi cÖwµqv‡K AvDU‡mvwm©s ejv
nq| Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î GB kãwU e¨eüZ n‡jI eZ©gv‡b Z_¨cÖhyw³i †ÿ‡Î eûj e¨eüZ GKwU kã GwU| †`‡k
†_‡KB Z_¨-cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ ˆewk¦K Kv‡Ri evRv‡i Ny‡i †eov‡bvi †ÿ‡Î cwiwPZ GKwU bvg eZ©gv‡b AbjvBb
AvDU‡mvwm©s| Z_¨-cÖhyw³wbf©i GB hy‡M Kv‡Ri cwiwa GLb wbR †`‡ki MwÐ †cwi‡q wek¦e¨vcx Db¥y³| AvDU‡mvwm©s
KvR cvIqvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK wewfbœ cÖwZôvb| cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †ckvRxwe Ges KvR`vZv cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨
†hvMv‡hvM NwU‡q †`q| A‡bK KvR Av‡Q †h¸‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i Kiv hvq bv| hw`I Kiv‡bv hvq Z‡e Zvi
LiP A‡bK †ewk c‡o Ges KLbI KLbI mgqI †ewk jv‡M| †mB cÖwZôvb¸‡jv ZLb IB KvR¸‡jv evB‡i †_‡K
Kwi‡q †bq| Avi GUv‡KB e‡j AvDU‡mvwm©s|

WvUv Gw›Uª e¨emvq

WvUv Gw›Uª Kx
Z_¨cÖhyw³i weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi WvUv Ges Z_¨ e¨e¯’vcbv µgea©gvb nv‡i evo‡Q| WvUv Gw›Uª
n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó ai‡bi WvUv GKwU ¯’vb/‡cÖvMÖvg †_‡K Ab¨ Av‡iKwU ¯’v‡b/ †cÖvMÖv‡g
cÖwZwjwc ˆZwi Kiv| WvUv¸‡jv n‡Z cv‡i nv‡Z †jLv †Kv‡bv Z_¨‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i UvBc Kiv A_ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii
†Kv‡bv GKwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi WvUv GKwU †¯úªWwkU dvB‡j msiÿY Kiv| Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii ïiæ †_‡KB WvUv Gw›Uªi
aviYv P‡j G‡m‡Q| eZ©vg‡b B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Kj¨v‡Y Z‡_¨i Av`vb-cÖ`vb we¯Í…Z n‡q‡Q, †mB mv‡_ †e‡o‡Q wewfbœ
ai‡bi WvUv‡K myweb¨¯Í K‡i Gi eûwea e¨envi| ZvB `ÿ WvUv Gw›Uª Acv‡iU‡ii i‡q‡Q e¨vcK Pvwn`v| G ai‡bi
KvR¸‡jv GKv ev `jMZfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv hvq Ges †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi Ges B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mvaviY e¨env‡ii
g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K| d‡j †h †KD GB ai‡bi KvR K‡i N‡i e‡mB ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv Avq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Kj †m›Uvi
Kj †m›Uvi aviYvwU A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q cwi¯‹vi bq| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib GUv †gvevBj †Kv¤úvwb‡Z PvKwi ev †dvb
Kj wiwmf Kiv RvZxq wKQz| Gi †ewk wKQz bq| wKš‘ Avmj ev¯ÍeZv n‡”Q, †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv memgqB Pvq Zv‡`i
Kv÷gvi mvwf©m 24 N›Uv Pvjy _vKzK| G Rb¨ Zviv wbf©i K‡i Kj †m›Uv‡ii Ici| AvšÍR©vwZK †Kv‡bv K¬v‡q›U‡K

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 102

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Zviv Kj †m›Uv‡ii gva¨‡g hy³ Ki‡Z Pvq Zv‡`i mvwf©m †bUIqv‡K©| hviv cy‡ivUvB cÖ vq wbf©i K‡i Kj †m›Uv‡ii
Ici|
Kzwiqvi mvwf©m
†gvNj Avg‡j msev` ev wPwV evn‡bi Rb¨ KeyZi ev cvqivB wQj cÖavb fimv| w`b e`‡j‡Q, nvj mg‡q wPwVB †nvK
wKsev cwienYB †nvK, Aí mg‡q cÖvc‡Ki wVKvbvq †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqvi Rb¨ Av‡Q Kzwiqvi mvwf©m| WvK e¨e¯’vi †P‡qI
mnR Ges `ªæZZg mg‡q Z_¨ I gvjvgvj Av`vb Kivi Rb¨ Kzwiqvi mvwf©‡mi Rywo †gjv fvi| Kzwiqvi mvwf©‡mi
gva¨‡g †QvULv‡Uv WKz‡g›U †_‡K ïiæ K‡i A‡bK IR‡bi †h †Kv‡bv cY¨ ev gvjvgvj c„w_exi GK cÖ všÍ †_‡K Ab¨
cÖv‡šÍ †cuŠQv‡bv hvq| PvR© wba©viY Kiv nq mvaviYZ c‡Y¨i MšÍe¨¯’‡ji `~iZ¡, IRb Ges KZÿY mg‡qi g‡a¨
†cuŠQv‡Z n‡e Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i|

mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji weKvkgvb Av‡iv K‡qKwU e¨emv‡qi bvg D‡jøL Kiæb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_© xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 mv¤úªwZK Kv‡j wewfbœ e¨emvq RbwcÖq n‡q‡Q| evwqs nvDR, ÷K GK‡PÄ, ÿz`ª FY, gv‡PÛvBwRs, AvDU
†mvwm©s, WvUv Gw›Uª e¨emvq, Kj †m›Uvi, Kzwiqvi mvwf©m BZ¨vw`|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.14
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| evsjv‡`‡ki †cvkvK wk‡íi mv‡_ wb‡¤œi †Kvb&wU mivmwi RwoZ?
K) Kj‡m›Uvi L) ÷K GK‡PÄ
M) AvDU †mvwm©s N) evwqs nvDR
2| cY¨ `ªe¨ GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’‡b ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii mv‡_ wb‡¤œi †Kvb&wUi cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© i‡q‡Q?
K) gv‡PÛvBwRs L) WvUv Gw›Uª e¨emvq
M) Kzwiqvi mvwf©m N) AvDU †mvwm©s

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 103

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ_g cÎ

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
1| bynvk, Zvbfxi I nvq`vi wZb eÜz mgg~jab w`‡q Pzw³e× n‡q GKwU cÖwZôvb M‡o Zz‡jb| Zviv Pzw³i gva¨‡g
wewfbœ `vjvb‡KvVv ˆZwii KvR K‡ib| Gfv‡e Kb÷ªvKkb KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q †ek AW©vi †c‡Z jvM‡jb| wKš‘
g~ja‡bi ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y †m¸wj Ki‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv| Ggb mgq bynv‡ki civg‡k© Zv‡`i Av‡iv `yB eÜz‡K
e¨emv‡q G‡b m¤úªmvi‡Yi cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡jb| Gi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvMRcÎ msMÖn K‡i wPišÍb
Aw¯ÍZ¡ wewkó e¨emvq msMV‡bi cwiYZ Ki‡jb|
K. cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Kx?
L. ¯§viKwjwc AwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb?
M. bynvk‡`i cÖwZwôZ cÖ_g e¨emvq msMVbwU †Kvb ai‡bi? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. Zv‡`i e¨emvq ai‡bi cwieZ©‡bi †hŠw³KZv we‡kølY Kiæb|
2| Rbve †gv¯ÍvwdRmn 17 Rb D‡`¨v³v 10 †KvwU UvKv cwi‡kvwaZ g~jab wb‡q ÔGwe G›UvcÖvBRÕ bvgK GKwU
e¨emvq cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡jb hvi Aby‡gvw`Z g~jab 50 †KvwU vKv| e¨emvq ïiæi cÖvq 2 eQi c‡i Rbve
gvnZve bvgK GKRb m`m¨ Zvi †kqvi mšÍv‡bi bv‡g n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z †P‡qI cv‡ib wb| Ab¨w`‡K Rbve
kvgxgmn 7 Rb D‡`¨v³v GKÎ n‡q GKwU msMVb M‡o Zz‡jb| cieZ©x‡Z †kqvi †Q‡o g~jab e„w× K‡ib|
PZz_© eQ‡i e¨emvq m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ cwi‡kvwaZ g~jab 100 †KvwU †_‡K 200 †KvwU UvKvq e„w×i cÖ‡qvRb
n‡j evwl©K mvaviY mfv ch©šÍ Zv‡`i A‡cÿv Ki‡Z nq|
K. cwi‡gj wbqgvewj Kx?
L. †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨Zv ej‡Z Kx eySvq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. Rbve †gv¯ÍvwdR‡`i e¨emvq msMVbwUi mv‡_ †Kvb e¨emvq msMV‡bi mv`„k¨ Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. †`‡ki Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó‡Z DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ msMVb `ywUi g‡a¨ †Kvb&wUi f~wgKv AZ¨waK e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.1 t 1. L 2. M 3. K 4. L 5. K 6. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.2 t 1. L 2. M 3. M 4. K 5. K 6. M 7. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.3 t 1. N 2. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.4 t 1. K 2. L 3. M 4. N 5. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.5 t 1. L 2. M 3. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.6 t 1. M 2. K 3. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.7 t 1. M 2. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.8 t 1. L 2. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.9 t 1. M 2. N 3. L 4. K 5. M 6. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.10 t 1. K 2. L 3. K 4. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.11 t 1. K 2. N 3. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.12 t 1. L 2. K 3. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.13 t 1. L 2. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.14 t 1. N 2. M

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 104