Uav Lab Manual-1

UAV Laboratory
manual
By
Aeronest Cilca Pvt.ltd
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CONTENTS
Sl. No Experiments Page. No
Introduction 1–4
Safety Procedures 5–6
1 Study of Thrust-to-Weight Ratio of a Drone for Suitable 7–9

application using Moment stage
2 Estimation the Thrust of Motor for Different Propellers by 10 – 13
Thrust Stage
3 Part A: 14 – 15
Investigating the Effect of Voltage Variation on Thrust and Air
Velocity
Part - B 16 – 17
Investigating the Effect of Ampere Variation on Thrust and Air
Velocity
4 Variation of Motor RPM and Thrust Analysis during Rolling and 18 – 20

Pitching Movements in a Drone
5 Motor RPM and Thrust Analysis during Upward and Yawing 21 – 23

Movement of Drone
6 Estimation of drones endurance / performance with different 24 – 27

batteries
7 Smoke flow visualization 28 – 30
8 Study of flight dynamics and task performance through drone 31 – 33
simulator experimentation
9 Part (a): Pre flight-checks 34 – 39

Part (b): Post flight-checks
10 Study of drone flight dynamics through manual flying 40 – 42

11 Study of drone flight dynamics through autonomous flying 43 – 45
12 Evaluating accuracy and effectiveness of drone payload dropping 46 – 48
13 Study of varied flight modes for drone operation 49 – 51
14 Analysis of flight logs to evaluate drone performance and flight 52 - 54
characteristics
Safety Precautions To Be Followed During Experiment

UAV laboratory Manual
INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction to Drones and Their Various Types:

Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have gained immense popularity in
recent years due to their wide range of applications and capabilities. You will explore what are
the various types of drones available, each with its unique characteristics and advantages.
1. Drone : A drone is an aircraft that operates without a human pilot on board. Instead, it
can be controlled remotely by a human operator or autonomously through pre-
programmed instructions.
2. Discuss the various types of drones:
a. Single-Rotor Helicopters:
• Single-rotor helicopters, often referred to as traditional RC helicopters, have a

large main rotor and a tail rotor for stabilization. They provide more complex
control and maneuverability options but require significant piloting skills.
Single-rotor helicopters are commonly used in professional photography,
aerobatics, or specialized applications that demand precise control and
maneuverability.
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b. Multirotor Drones:
• Quadcopter: A multirotor drone with four propellers arranged in a square pattern,

offering stability and maneuverability for applications like aerial photography and
recreational flying.
• Hexacopter: A drone equipped with six propellers arranged in a hexagonal pattern,

providing increased lifting capacity and redundancy compared to quadcopters.
Hexacopters are commonly used for professional filmmaking, industrial inspections,
and search and rescue operations.
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• Octocopter: A multirotor drone with eight propellers arranged in an octagonal pattern,

offering even greater stability, lifting capacity, and redundancy. Octocopters are
suitable for heavy-duty applications such as aerial cinematography with high-end
cameras, industrial inspections of large structures, and payload delivery.
• Tricopter: A drone featuring three propellers, typically with two motors facing forward
and one motor facing backward. Tricopters provide agile flight characteristics and are
favored by hobbyists and drone enthusiasts for acrobatic flying and experimentation.
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• Y6 Configuration: A hybrid design that combines the stability of a hexacopter with

the maneuverability of a tricopter. It features a total of six propellers arranged in a "Y"
shape, with three propellers facing upward and three propellers facing downward. The
Y6 configuration provides a good balance between stability and agility for various
applications.
• X8 Configuration: Another hybrid design that combines the redundancy of an

octocopter with the improved efficiency of a quadcopter. It consists of a total of eight
propellers arranged in an "X" pattern, with four propellers facing upward and four
propellers facing downward. X8 drones offer increased lifting capacity, redundancy,
and longer flight times.
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• X4 Configuration: A quadcopter design with tilted motors for forward flight. By tilting
the motors, the drone can achieve higher speeds and better aerodynamic performance
in a forward motion.
c. Fixed-Wing Drones:
• Fixed-wing drones resemble traditional airplanes and feature wings that

generate lift as the drone moves through the air. They can cover longer distances
and stay airborne for extended periods, making them suitable for applications
like aerial mapping, surveying, or long-range surveillance.
• Fixed-wing drones require a runway for takeoff and landing, and they typically
operate in a forward motion. They are more efficient in terms of power
consumption, allowing for extended flight times compared to multirotor drones.
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d. Hybrid Drones (VTOL):
• Hybrid drones combine the advantages of both fixed-wing and multirotor

designs. They can take off and land vertically like a multirotor but transition to
a fixed-wing configuration for efficient forward flight. Hybrid drones offer
flexibility and versatility, making them useful for tasks like long-range
inspections or aerial monitoring.
Each type of drone has its own advantages and limitations, making them suitable for specific
applications. Understanding the characteristics and capabilities of each type allows operators
to select the appropriate drone for their desired tasks, ensuring optimal performance and
successful mission outcomes.
3. Components of a Drone:
• Explain the main components of a drone: Provide a detailed description of the
essential components that make up a drone, including:
1. Frame: The structural body of the drone that houses all other
components.
2. Motors: Electric motors that generate the thrust necessary for flight.
3. Propellers: Blades attached to the motors that create the lift and
propulsion.
4. Flight Controller: The electronic brain of the drone that processes sensor
data and sends commands to control the drone's stability, movement,
and navigation.
5. Power Distribution Board (PDB): Distributes power from the battery to
various components of the drone.
6. Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs): Control the speed of the motors
and translate the signals from the flight controller to adjust the propeller
speeds.
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7. Battery: Provides the electrical power to drive the motors and other
electronic components.
8. Sensors: Various sensors (e.g., gyroscopes, accelerometers, compass,
GPS) that provide data to the flight controller for stabilization,
orientation, altitude control, and navigation.
9. Optional Features: Drones may have, such as cameras, gimbals, obstacle
avoidance systems, or specialized sensors for specific applications.
4. Drone Terminology and Common Abbreviations:
• Provide a glossary of common terms: Compile a list of key terms and their
definitions to familiarize users with the specific terminology used in the drone
industry. Include terms such as UAV, GPS, FPV (First Person View), LOS
(Line of Sight), GPS (Global Positioning System), IMU (Inertial Measurement
Unit), and others. Explain their meanings and how they relate to drone
operations.
• Explain common abbreviations: Highlight common abbreviations used in the
drone industry, such as UAV, ESC, PDB, GPS, LOS, and FPV. Clarify what
each abbreviation stands for and its relevance to drone technology.
5. Overview of Drone Flight Dynamics and Control:
Drone flight dynamics and control refer to the principles and techniques involved in controlling
the movement and behavior of a drone during flight. Understanding these dynamics is crucial
for achieving stable and controlled flight, as well as executing specific maneuvers and tasks.
Here's an overview of drone flight dynamics and control:
• Flight Axes: Drones typically operate in three axes: roll, pitch, and yaw. Roll refers to
the rotation around the longitudinal axis (side-to-side movement), pitch refers to the
rotation around the lateral axis (front-to-back movement), and yaw refers to the rotation
around the vertical axis (left-to-right movement).
• Stability: Maintaining stability is essential for safe drone flight. Drones can have either
manual or automated stabilization systems that use sensors (such as accelerometers,
gyroscopes, and magnetometers) to measure the drone's orientation and make
adjustments to keep it stable.
• Control Inputs: Drone control inputs are provided by the pilot or an automated flight
control system. The primary control inputs include throttle (to control altitude), pitch
(to control forward or backward movement), roll (to control side-to-side movement),
and yaw (to control rotation).
• Flight Control Systems: Drones use flight control systems that consist of a flight
controller (onboard computer) and various sensors and actuators. The flight controller
receives input from the pilot or autonomous algorithms, processes the information, and
adjusts the motor speeds or control surfaces to achieve the desired flight response.
• PID Control: Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control is a commonly used
control algorithm in drones. It uses feedback from sensors to adjust control inputs based
on the difference between desired and actual drone behavior. PID control helps
maintain stability and respond to disturbances.
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• Maneuverability: Drones can perform various maneuvers, such as hovering, forward

flight, banking turns, and flips. These maneuvers require precise control of the drone's
attitude and thrust output.
• Autonomous Flight: Drones can also be programmed to fly autonomously using
waypoints or predefined flight paths. Autonomous flight involves using GPS or other
positioning systems, along with sensor data, to navigate and execute tasks without
direct pilot control.
• Flight Modes: Drones often have different flight modes, such as manual mode,
stabilized mode, altitude hold mode, and GPS-assisted mode. Each mode provides
specific flight characteristics and control options.
• Safety Considerations: Understanding flight dynamics and control is crucial for
ensuring the safe operation of drones. Factors like wind conditions, payload
distribution, and battery life need to be considered to maintain stable flight and prevent
accidents.
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SAFETY PROCEDURES
1. General Safety Guidelines for Operating Drones in the Lab:

• Familiarize yourself with the lab's safety policies and guidelines specific to
drone operations.
• Always operate drones within designated flight areas and follow local
regulations and airspace restrictions.
• Conduct a thorough pre-flight check before each flight, ensuring that all
components are in proper working order.
• Maintain visual line-of-sight with the drone during flight operations.
• Avoid flying drones over people, vehicles, or sensitive areas unless explicitly
permitted and authorized.
• Be aware of weather conditions and avoid flying in high winds, rain, or adverse
weather that may affect the drone's stability.
• Keep a safe distance from other drones or aircraft to prevent collisions.
• Respect the privacy of others and avoid capturing images or videos without
proper consent.
2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Requirements:
• Wear safety glasses or goggles to protect your eyes from debris or potential
propeller strikes.
• Use gloves to protect your hands when handling drones, batteries, or other
equipment.
• Consider wearing appropriate footwear to protect your feet in case of accidental
landing or propeller contact.
• Depending on the lab's specific requirements, additional PPE such as a helmet
or high-visibility vest may be necessary in certain situations.
3. Emergency Procedures and Contact Information:
• Establish clear emergency procedures for drone-related incidents, accidents, or
malfunctions.
• Designate specific emergency contacts and ensure that all lab members are
aware of the contact information.
• Include information on how to handle emergencies such as drone crashes,
battery fires, or injuries caused by propellers.
• Keep a first aid kit readily available in the lab and ensure that lab members are
trained in basic first aid procedures.
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• Regularly review and practice emergency procedures to ensure preparedness in

case of an actual emergency.
4. Fire Safety Precautions:
• Store and handle lithium-polymer (LiPo) batteries properly, following
manufacturer guidelines for charging, storage, and transportation.
• Use only undamaged batteries in your drones and do not overcharge them.
• Keep a fire extinguisher nearby, specifically suitable for extinguishing lithium
battery fires.
• Establish a designated area for charging batteries, away from flammable
materials or liquids.
• In case of a battery fire, do not use water to extinguish it. Instead, use a fire
extinguisher specifically designed for lithium battery fires or a Class D fire
extinguisher if available.
• Regularly inspect and maintain charging equipment and cables to prevent short
circuits or electrical hazards.
These safety procedures are general guidelines, and it is essential to adapt them to the specific
requirements of your lab and local regulations. Prioritize safety at all times, and encourage all
lab members to be vigilant and responsible when operating drones.
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EXPERIMENT NO.- 01
STUDY OF THRUST-TO-WEIGHT RATIO OF A DRONE FOR
SUITABLE APPLICATION USING MOMENT STAGE
Aim: Estimation of thrust to weight ratio of a drone for suitable application using the
instrument.
Equipment’s: Moment Stage and Drone.
Theory:
The thrust-to-weight ratio is a fundamental concept in drone operation that relates to the power
and performance of a drone. It represents the ratio between the thrust generated by the drone's
motors and the weight of the drone itself, including any additional payload.
A higher thrust-to-weight ratio indicates that the drone can generate more thrust relative to its
weight, resulting in improved acceleration, maneuverability, and overall performance. It allows
the drone to overcome the force of gravity more effectively and perform agile movements such
as quick ascents, descents, and rapid changes in direction.
Understanding the thrust-to-weight ratio is crucial for optimizing flight characteristics and
determining the suitability of a drone for specific applications. It helps drone operators assess
the drone's ability to carry payloads, handle different weather conditions, and perform tasks
that require high maneuverability or endurance.
Application Ideal Thrust-to-Weight Ratio Range
Photography and Videography 2:1 to 4:1
Racing 5:1 to 8:1
Industrial and Payload 3:1 to 6:1
Agricultural 3:1 to 5:1
Search and Rescue 2:1 to 4:1
TWR = Thrust / Weight

Where:
• Thrust is the total force generated by the drone's propulsion system, typically measured
in Newtons (N).
• Weight is the total weight of the drone, including its components and any payload it
carries, measured in Newtons (N) or kilograms (kg).
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PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the TM stage and perform a pre-flight check on the drone according to the lab's
pre-flight checklist.
2. Confirm that the drone's batteries are fully charged, and the flight controller is
calibrated correctly.
3. Using a weight scale, measure the weight of the drone itself without any additional
payload.
4. Position the drone in Tm stage and ensure it is securely placed and balanced.
5. Power on the drone and stabilize it at a 50% of throttle.
6. Measure the thrust generated by the drone using the TM stage.
7. Calculate the thrust-to-weight ratio using the measured values: TWR = Thrust / Weight.
8. Repeat the measurements multiple times for accuracy and consistency with different
drones.
9. Analyze the thrust-to-weight ratio and assess the drone's performance based on ideal
ranges for the specific application.
10. Summarize the findings and conclusions based on the measured thrust-to-weight ratio
and performance assessment.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Measurement Thrust (N) Weight (N) Thrust-to-Weight Ratio (TWR)
CALCULATION:
TWR = Thrust / Weight
Result:
The estimated thrust-to-weight ratio (TWR) of the drone suggests it is suitable for the intended
application, demonstrating sufficient thrust relative to its weight for optimal performance and
maneuverability.
Viva questions
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1. How does the thrust-to-weight ratio affect a drone's ability to climb and accelerate?
2. Discuss the potential trade-offs between a higher thrust-to-weight ratio and a longer
flight time.
3. What are some potential factors that could affect the accuracy of the measured thrust
and weight values?
4. How might different weight distributions or payload placements impact the thrust-to-
weight ratio and flight performance?
5. Can you explain how changes in the thrust-to-weight ratio might affect a drone's ability
to maintain stable flight in windy conditions?
6. Discuss the potential implications of a low thrust-to-weight ratio on a drone's ability to
carry a heavy payload.
7. Explain how the knowledge gained from this experiment can help in optimizing a
drone's performance for specific applications.
8. What safety precautions should be taken when increasing the weight or altering the
thrust-to-weight ratio?
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EXPERIMENT NO.- 02
ESTIMATION THE THRUST OF MOTOR FOR DIFFERENT
PROPELLERS USING THRUST STAGE
Aim: Estimate the thrust generated by a motor with different propellers using a thrust stand.
Equipment’s: Motor with appropriate specifications, Thrust stage, Different propellers
(varying in size), Motor controller, Power supply, Tools for propeller and motor installation
Theory:
Propeller size and RPM play important roles in generating thrust. A larger propeller typically
has a larger surface area, allowing it to interact with more air. This increased surface area
enables the propeller to displace a greater volume of air, resulting in a higher potential for
generating thrust. On the other hand, the RPM of the propeller determines the speed at which
the blades rotate. Higher RPMs mean that the blades cover a larger distance in a given time,
moving or accelerating more air.
As the propeller accelerates the air, it imparts a force on the air particles, resulting in the
production of thrust. Generally, larger propellers and higher RPMs contribute to increased
thrust by moving more air and accelerating it at a higher velocity. However, it is important to
consider factors such as the motor's power output and torque, propeller and drone design
limitations, and overall safety when determining the optimal propeller size and RPM for
achieving the desired thrust output and drone performance.
Thrust = (π/4) * (Diameter^2) * (RPM^2) * Thrust Coefficient (CT)

Where:
• Thrust: The thrust generated by the propeller, typically measured in Newtons (N) or
pounds (lbs).
• Diameter: The diameter of the propeller, usually measured in meters (m) or inches (in).
• RPM: The revolutions per minute of the propeller.
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• Thrust Coefficient: 4.392*10-8
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up a well-ventilated area for the experiment and ensure the thrust stage is securely
positioned and levelled.
2. Select a motor with appropriate specifications for the experiment.
3. Choose different propellers with varying sizes, to test their impact on motor
performance.
4. Mount the motor securely on the thrust stage and install the first propeller onto the
motor shaft.
5. Calibrate the thrust stage according to guidelines to ensure accurate thrust
measurements.
6. Connect the motor controller to the power supply and the motor, gradually increasing
the throttle to the desired level for the test.
7. Start recording thrust data.
8. Activate the motor to a specified throttle setting and maintain it for a consistent duration
(e.g., 5 seconds).
9. Record the thrust reading displayed on the thrust stage screen.
10. Repeat steps for each propeller, making sure to replace the propeller before each test
and maintaining consistent throttle settings and recording duration.
11. Plot the graph RPM v/s Thrust
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TABULAR COLUMN:
Motor No Propeller Propeller Throttle RPM Thrust

Specification Size Setting Reading (N)
25%
50%
75%
25%
50%
75%
CALCULATION:
Thrust = (π/4) * (Diameter^2) * (RPM^2) * Thrust Coefficient (CT)
Result:
The experiment demonstrated a direct relationship between RPM and thrust, as increasing the
RPM led to a proportional increase in thrust.
The graph below illustrates this relationship for the tested propellers:
The graph clearly indicates that higher RPM values resulted in higher thrust output.
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Viva Questions
1. How does a thrust stand Equipment assist in determining motor thrust accurately?
2. Explain the importance of properly balancing and tightening propellers during the
experiment.
3. What factors can contribute to variations in thrust values produced by different
propellers?
4. Discuss the potential implications of propeller design on drone performance based on
the experiment results.
5. How can accurate estimation of motor thrust contribute to optimizing drone efficiency
and performance?
6. Describe the safety precautions that should be followed when handling propellers and
operating the motor.
7. How would you ensure consistent motor speed throughout the experiment, and why is
it important?
8. What challenges or limitations did you encounter during the experiment, and how did
you address them?
9. How would you present and report the findings of this experiment, including the data
and conclusions?
10. What further research or experiments could be conducted to expand the understanding
of propeller performance?
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EXPERIMENT NO.- 03
Part - A
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF VOLTAGE VARIATION ON
THRUST AND AIR VELOCITY
Aim: To determine the relationship between voltage, thrust, and air velocity produced by a
single drone motor by varying the voltage while keeping the amperage constant.
Equipment’s: Thrust stage, BLDC Motor, Propeller.
Theory:
Voltage plays a crucial role in the performance of the motor as it represents the electrical
potential difference supplied to the motor. Increasing the voltage results in a higher rotational
speed of the motor, leading to an increase in the RPM (revolutions per minute). This higher
RPM, in turn, leads to an increase in thrust generation by the motor.
Thrust is the force produced by the motor that propels the drone. As the voltage increases, the
motor spins faster, causing the propeller to exert a greater force on the surrounding air.
Consequently, the thrust produced by the motor increases, allowing the drone to generate more
propulsion.
Additionally, the increased rotational speed of the motor due to higher voltage results in a
greater expulsion or acceleration of air by the propeller. This, in turn, leads to higher air
velocity. The air velocity represents the speed at which the air is moved or accelerated by the
rotating propeller, contributing to the overall performance and maneuverability of the drone.
By varying the voltage while keeping the amperage constant in this experiment, we aim to
explore how changes in voltage affect the thrust and air velocity generated by the drone motor.
Through data collection and analysis, we can gain insights into the relationship between
voltage, thrust, and air velocity, providing valuable information for optimizing the performance
and flight characteristics of the drone.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up a well-ventilated area for the experiment to ensure accurate air velocity
measurements.
2. Connect the single drone motor to the power supply and ensure the amperage is kept
constant.
3. Position the drone motor in a Thrust stage, ensuring proper mounting and alignment.
4. Connect an anemometer or air velocity measurement device to accurately measure the
air velocity produced by the motor.
5. Start to note down data for thrust and air velocity measurements.
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6. Set the initial voltage to a predetermined value (e.g., 6V) while keeping the amperage
constant.
7. Allow the motor to stabilize at each voltage level before recording the thrust and air
velocity measurements.
8. Increase the voltage by a predetermined increment (e.g., 2V) and repeat the stabilization
and recording process.
9. Repeat Step 8 until the desired range of voltages is covered or until the maximum
voltage for the drone motor is reached.
10. Plot the graph voltage v/s velocity of air.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl.No Propeller Ampere Voltage RPM Thrust
Size
Result:
These findings provide insights for optimizing the motor's operation and enhancing the drone's
thrust and flight capabilities.
Voltage (V)
Velocity (m/s)
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Part - B
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF AMPERE VARIATION ON
THRUST AND AIR VELOCITY
Aim: To determine the relationship between amperage, thrust, and air velocity generated by a
single drone motor. By varying the amperage at a constant voltage.
Equipment’s: Thrust stage, BLDC Motor, Propeller.
Theory:
Amperage, which represents the flow of electrical current, plays a crucial role in determining
the motor's power output. By increasing the amperage, more current flows through the motor
windings, resulting in a higher power output. This, in turn, leads to an increase in the rotational
speed of the motor and subsequently generates greater thrust and air velocity.
As the amperage increases, the motor's power output grows, allowing it to produce more thrust.
The relationship between amperage and thrust is generally linear, meaning that higher
amperage values correspond to higher thrust values. This relationship highlights the direct
impact of amperage on the motor's ability to generate force and propel the drone.
Additionally, the amperage's influence extends to the air velocity produced by the motor's
propeller. As the amperage increases, the rotational speed of the propeller rises, resulting in an
increase in air velocity. However, the relationship between amperage and air velocity is
typically nonlinear, with diminishing returns as amperage continues to increase.
Understanding the interplay between amperage, thrust, and air velocity is crucial for optimizing
the performance of the drone motor. It aids in selecting suitable amperage values to achieve
the desired thrust and air velocity for specific flight requirements. By varying the amperage at
a constant voltage in this experiment, we can gain valuable insights into the motor's
performance characteristics and how changes in electrical current impact its thrust generation
and the resulting air velocity.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up a well-ventilated area for the experiment and ensure safety precautions are
followed.
2. Connect the single drone motor to the power supply, ensuring proper wiring and
connections.
3. Position the drone motor in a Thrust stage, ensuring proper mounting and alignment.
4. Set up an anemometer or air velocity measurement device to measure the air velocity
generated by the drone motor.
5. Start with a specific amperage value and record the corresponding readings on the
ammeter and voltmeter.
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6. Measure and record the thrust generated by the drone motor using the thrust measuring
equipment.
7. Measure and record the air velocity using the anemometer or air velocity measurement
device.
8. Repeat steps 5-7 for different amperage settings, ensuring consistent voltage and
recording the corresponding thrust and air velocity readings.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl.No Propeller Voltage Ampere RPM Thrust
Size
Result:
These findings provide insights for optimizing the motor's operation and enhancing the drone's
thrust and flight capabilities.
Viva
1. What is the objective of Experiment 3?
2. Explain the significance of measuring voltage and current during the experiment.
3. How does variation in voltage affect the thrust produced by the drone motor?
4. How does variation in ampere affect the thrust produced by the drone motor?
5. Discuss any observed trends or patterns in the data and their implications for motor
performance.
6. How does voltage and ampere variation impact the air velocity generated by the drone
motor?
7. What safety precautions should be followed when conducting the experiment with
varying voltage and ampere levels?
8. How would you present and report the findings of this experiment, including the data
and conclusions?
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EXPERIMENT NO.- 04
MOTOR RPM AND THRUST ANALYSIS DURING ROLLING AND
PITCHING ANGLES OF A DRONE
Aim: To investigate the RPM (rotations per minute) and thrust characteristics of each motor
in a drone during rolling and pitching movements.
Equipment’s: Moment stage, Drone, Radio Controller.
Theory:
Understanding the relationship between motor RPM, thrust, and the drone's rolling and pitching
movements. Motor RPM represents the rotational speed of the drone's motors, typically
measured in rotations per minute (RPM). During normal flight, the motor RPM is influenced
by the throttle input and the load on the motor. However, when the drone performs rolling or
pitching movements, the motor RPM can fluctuate due to changes in the motor's load and the
aerodynamic forces acting on the drone.
Thrust, on the other hand, is the force generated by the motors that allows the drone to ascend,
descend, and maneuver. The amount of thrust produced by each motor is affected by factors
such as the motor RPM, propeller design, and other variables. As the drone executes rolling
and pitching movements, the distribution of thrust among the motors can alter as the drone tilts
and changes its orientation.
Rolling movement involves the drone rotating along its longitudinal axis, causing it to tilt
sideways. Pitching movement, on the other hand, entails the drone rotating along its lateral
axis, resulting in forward or backward tilting. These movements introduce variations in the
aerodynamic forces acting on the drone, which in turn impact the load and thrust requirements
on each motor.
By analyzing the motor RPM and thrust characteristics during rolling and pitching movements
in Experiment 4, valuable insights can be gained regarding how the motors respond to changes
in load and aerodynamic forces. This analysis helps evaluate their capacity to maintain stable
RPM and generate adequate thrust to ensure stable flight and maneuverability. The collected
data provides valuable information about motor performance under dynamic flight conditions,
contributing to the optimization of motor control and stability during various flight maneuvers.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up a safe and open area for the experiment, ensuring compliance with local
regulations and guidelines for drone flight.
2. Prepare the drone for flight in TM stage, ensuring it is in good working condition and
properly calibrated.
3. Measure the speed of each motor using tachometer or RPM measuring device.
4. Position the TM stage to measure the thrust generated by each motor.
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5. After Pre-flight check power on the drone and perform necessary pre-flight checks to
ensure its readiness.
6. Execute controlled rolling movements by applying lateral rotations to the drone.
7. Note and record the RPM readings displayed on the tachometer or RPM measuring
device for each motor during the rolling movements.
8. Measure and record the thrust generated by each motor using the TM stage, during the
rolling movements.
9. Repeat steps 6-8 for controlled pitching movements, applying forward or backward
rotations to the drone.
10. Analyze the collected data to observe the relationship between motor RPM and thrust
during rolling and pitching movements.
11. Draw conclusions based on the data analysis, evaluating each motor's ability to
maintain stable RPM and generate thrust during dynamic flight maneuvers.
TABULAR COLUMN:
1.Rolling Moment
Rolling Motor RPM Thrust
Angle Number
2.Pitching Moment
Pitching Motor RPM Thrust
Angle Number
Result:
The analysis of motor RPM and thrust during rolling and pitching movements revealed a
consistent relationship between the two parameters. The motors maintained stable RPM while
generating sufficient thrust, indicating their effectiveness in supporting dynamic flight
maneuvers.
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Viva
1. How does analyzing motor RPM and thrust during rolling and pitching movements
contribute to understanding drone performance?
2. What role does the RPM sensor or tachometer play in this experiment?
3. Explain the implications of the findings on drone maneuverability and performance.
4. How can optimizing motor RPM contribute to achieving desired flight characteristics?
5. What safety precautions should be followed during the experiment to ensure safe flight
operations?
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EXPERIMENT NO.- 05
MOTOR RPM AND THRUST ANALYSIS DURING UPWARD AND
YAWING MOMENTS IN A DRONE
Aim: To investigate the RPM (rotations per minute) and thrust characteristics of each motor
in a drone during Upward and yawing movements.
Equipment’s: Moment stage, Drone, Radio Controller.
Theory:
The theory behind Experiment centers around investigating the relationship between RPM
(rotations per minute) and thrust during upward and yawing movements of a drone. RPM
represents the rotational speed of the drone's motors, indicating how many complete rotations
they make in one minute. This parameter directly impacts the power output of the motors and
consequently influences the thrust they generate.
Higher RPM values typically signify faster motor rotation, which can result in increased thrust
production. The rotational speed of the motors is crucial during upward movement, as they
need to generate enough thrust to overcome the force of gravity and lift the drone off the
ground. Additionally, during yawing movement, the motors produce thrust imbalances across
the drone's vertical axis, enabling it to rotate around its center point.
The relationship between RPM and thrust is influenced by several factors, including motor
design, propeller efficiency, and the voltage input. Generally, increasing the RPM leads to
higher thrust output as it augments the speed at which the propellers rotate and move air.
However, the specific relationship between RPM and thrust may vary depending on the motor
and propeller configuration.
In Experiment 5, the aim is to analyze the RPM and thrust values of each motor during upward
and yawing movements of the drone. By examining these measurements, valuable insights can
be gained regarding the performance of the motors during these flight scenarios. The analysis
provides a deeper understanding of how RPM impacts thrust generation and allows for the
evaluation of motor efficiency and effectiveness during specific drone movements.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the TM stage and ensure the safety.

2. Later power on the drone and ensure all components are functioning properly.
3. Connect a tachometer or RPM measurement device to each motor, ensuring proper
alignment for accurate RPM readings.
4. Place the drone in TM stage to measure the thrust generated by each motor.
5. Set up a device to collect data and note down RPM and thrust data during the
experiment.
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6. Take baseline measurements of RPM and thrust with the drone in a stationary position.
7. Initiate an upward movement of the drone and record the RPM and thrust values for
each motor during this ascent.
8. Allow the drone to stabilize in the upward position and record the RPM and thrust
values for each motor during this stable phase.
9. Initiate a yawing movement of the drone, rotating it around its vertical axis, and record
the RPM and thrust values for each motor during this yawing motion.
10. Allow the drone to stabilize after yawing and record the RPM and thrust values for each
motor during this stable phase.
11. Analyze the recorded data to observe any variations in RPM and thrust among the
motors during upward and yawing movements.
12. Compare the RPM and thrust values for each motor during different flight scenarios,
noting any trends or patterns observed.
TABULAR COLUMN:
1.Upward Moment
Angle Motor RPM Thrust
Number
Roll -
Pitch -
Yaw -
2.Yawing Moment
yawing Motor RPM Thrust
Angle Number
Result:
The analysis of RPM and thrust during upward and yawing movements of the drone revealed
valuable insights into motor performance. The recorded data demonstrated variations in RPM
and thrust among the motors during different flight scenarios.
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Viva
1. How does analyzing motor RPM and thrust during upward and yawing movements
contribute to understanding drone performance?
2. Explain the role of the RPM sensor or tachometer in this experiment.
3. Discuss any observed patterns or trends in the motor RPM and thrust values during
upward and yawing movements.
4. How does the relationship between motor RPM and thrust differ between upward and
yawing movements?
5. Explain the implications of the findings on drone maneuverability and performance.
6. How can optimizing motor RPM contribute to achieving desired flight characteristics?
7. What safety precautions should be followed during the experiment to ensure safe flight
operations?
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EXPERIMENT NO.- 06
ESTIMATION OF DRONES ENDURANCE / PERFORMANCE WITH
DIFFERENT BATTERIES
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to estimate drone endurance and analyze factors that may
affect its performance.
Equipment’s: Drone, Stopwatch or Timer, TM stage
Theory: The flight time of a drone is influenced by various factors that affect its energy
consumption and overall performance. Understanding these factors is crucial for estimating
flight time accurately. The key factors that impact flight time include battery capacity, drone
weight, flight speed, weather conditions, and payload.
1. Battery Capacity: The battery capacity determines the amount of energy available for
the drone's motors, propellers, and other electronic components. Drones are typically
equipped with lithium-polymer (LiPo) batteries, which provide high energy density and
lightweight characteristics. The battery capacity is usually measured in milliampere-
hours (mAh) and represents the amount of current the battery can deliver over a specific
duration. As the drone operates, it draws power from the battery to keep the motors
running and maintain flight.
2. Drone Weight: The weight of the drone plays a significant role in flight time. A heavier
drone requires more energy to stay airborne compared to a lighter one. The additional
weight increases the power consumption of the motors and propellers, shortening the
flight time. When estimating flight time, it is important to consider the weight of the
drone and its components, including the battery, frame, payload, and any additional
equipment.
3. Flight Speed: The flight speed of a drone affects its energy consumption. Higher speeds
require more power to maintain stability and overcome air resistance. As the drone
moves faster through the air, the motors need to exert more force to propel the drone
forward, resulting in increased energy consumption. Therefore, flying at higher speeds
can reduce the overall flight time of a drone.
4. Weather Conditions: Wind conditions have a significant impact on flight time. Flying
against strong headwinds requires the drone to exert more power to maintain its position
or move forward, resulting in increased energy consumption and reduced flight time.
Conversely, flying with tailwinds can provide a boost to the drone's speed and
efficiency, potentially increasing flight time. Therefore, wind conditions must be
considered when estimating flight time, as stronger winds can significantly affect the
drone's energy consumption.
5. Payload: The presence of a payload, such as a camera or additional equipment, affects
flight time. Adding a payload increases the overall weight of the drone, resulting in
higher energy consumption and reduced flight time. The specific characteristics of the
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payload, such as its weight and power requirements, should be taken into account when
estimating flight time.
To estimate the flight time of a drone, these factors need to be considered collectively. By
monitoring the time, it takes for the battery to deplete during flight, it is possible to estimate
the flight time based on the drone's energy consumption rate. However, it is important to note
that flight time estimates may vary due to factors like battery efficiency, flight conditions, and
the complexity of maneuvers performed during flight.
PROCEDURE
1) Set up a safe flying area and perform a pre-flight check on the drone according to the
lab's pre-flight checklist.
2) Confirm that the drone's batteries are fully charged, and the flight controller is
calibrated correctly.
3) Position the drone in TM stage and ensure it is securely placed and balanced.
4) Power on the drone and stabilize it at a 50% of throttle.
5) Observe the drone's performance, stability, and any deviations from the intended flight.
6) Cease the stopwatch or timer when the drone's battery reaches a critical level, resulting
in automatic disarming.
7) Compute the flight time utilizing the provided formulas, and conduct the experiment
multiple times to collect data for analysis.
8) Evaluate the flight time data, taking into account factors such as drone weight, flight
speed, wind conditions, and payload.
9) Determine the average flight time and identify any observed variations or patterns.
TABULAR COLUMN
SL Average Current Theoretical Flight Practical Flight Error%
NO Draw (ACD) time (T) time (T)
CALCULATIONS
1) Average Current Draw,
ACD = (TFW) x (P/V)
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Once the average current calculated, divide the battery’s total available capacity ( C) by that
current, and we will have the flight time in hours.
2) Flight Time,
T = (C x BDM) / ACD
When mAh as a Capacity unit and Kg as unit of weight then time will be in Hours, convert it
to Minutes.
3) Error Percentage
Theoretical Flight time (T)

× 100
Practical Flight time (T)
Where;
Total Flight Weight (TFW)
Average Current Draw (ACD
Power to Weight ratio (P)
Battery Pack Voltage (V)
Battery Capacity (C)
Battery Discharge Margin (BDM)
Result: The experiment estimated the flight time of the drone and error percentage of practical
flight time and theoretical flight time is calculated.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the significance of estimating flight time for drones?
2. How does flight time estimation contribute to the planning and operation of drone
missions?
3. What are the factors that affect the flight time of a drone?
4. What are the key parameters used in the formula for estimating flight time?
5. How does the weight of the drone and its payload impact the flight time?
6. What role does the battery capacity play in the estimation of flight time?
7. How can the average current draw be calculated to estimate the flight time?
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8. How does the drone's power and voltage affect the flight time estimation?
9. What are some limitations or challenges in accurately estimating the flight time for
drones?
10. How can the findings from the flight time estimation experiment be applied to real-
world drone operations and mission planning?
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EXPERIMENT NO: - 07
SMOKE FLOW VISUALIZATION
Aim: To perform smoke flow visualization on a drone propeller and capture the observed
flow patterns at different speeds.
Equipment: Drone, TM stage

Theory: Flow visualization of a drone, is an experimental technique used to study and analyse
the flow patterns around the drone's body or over its surfaces. This is accomplished by
introducing substances such as dye, smoke, or pigment into the flow region of interest. These
substances act as tracers and enable the visualization of the flow behavior.
One of the main advantages of flow visualization methods, including smoke flow visualization,
is their ability to provide a qualitative understanding of the flow characteristics without the
need for complex data reduction or analysis techniques. By visually observing the smoke flow
patterns, researchers can gain insights into the aerodynamic behavior of the drone.
In smoke flow visualization specifically for drones, streams of vapor or smoke are injected into
the flow around the drone. The injected vapor follows filament lines, which are the lines formed
by fluid particles passing through the injection point. In steady flow conditions, these filament
lines align with streamlines, which are lines that are tangent to the velocity vector at every point
in the flow. Consequently, smoke flow visualization can reveal the entire flow pattern around
the drone, including vortices, regions of separation, and areas of recirculation.
By applying smoke flow visualization to a drone, researchers can gain a visual representation
of the flow behavior and understand how the airflow interacts with the drone's structure. This
information is valuable for studying aerodynamic phenomena, optimizing the drone's design
for improved performance, and validating computational simulations or theoretical models.
Overall, smoke flow visualization provides an effective means of studying the flow patterns
around a drone, helping researchers gain insights into its aerodynamic behavior and facilitating
the development of more efficient and maneuverable drone designs.
PROCEDURE:
1. Securely mount the drone model, along with its support structure, in the designated area
for flow visualization experiments.
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2. Ensure that all components of the experimental setup, including the tunnel, are securely
fastened and there are no loose parts that could interfere with the flow.
3. Allow the smoke into the chamber.
4. Observe and analyse the flow pattern around the drone model at different speeds,
corresponding to different rpm. Note the location of stagnation points, flow separation
regions, the formation of eddies, and the shedding of vortices.
5. Tabulate the observed flow pattern at different Rpm with a neat sketch with inference.
6. Gradually disarm the drone.
Result: The experiment yielded various flow patterns at different speeds during smoke flow
visualization on the drone.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of smoke flow visualization in the context of drone experiments?
2. How does smoke flow visualization help in understanding the flow patterns around a
drone?
3. What are the different methods or techniques used for smoke flow visualization?
4. How does the injection of smoke or vapor help in visualizing the flow patterns?
5. What are some key factors that can affect the accuracy and reliability of smoke flow
visualization results?
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6. How can smoke flow visualization be used to analyze the aerodynamic characteristics
of a drone?
7. What are some challenges or limitations associated with smoke flow visualization
experiments?
8. How can the observed flow patterns in smoke flow visualization experiments be
interpreted and analyzed?
9. What are some potential applications or benefits of studying smoke flow visualization
in drone experiments?
10. How can the findings from smoke flow visualization experiments contribute to the
improvement of drone design, performance, and safety?
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EXPERIMENT NO: - 08
STUDY OF FLIGHT DYNAMICS AND TASK PERFORMANCE
THROUGH DRONE SIMULATOR EXPERIMENTATION
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to utilize a drone simulator to study flight dynamics,
evaluate task performance, and gain practical experience in a controlled and simulated
environment
Equipment: Simulator software, Radio Transmitter.
Theory: The drone simulator experiment revolves around the use of a computer-based
simulation to replicate the flight dynamics and characteristics of a real drone. This allows
participants to explore and understand the principles of flight, evaluate task performance, and
gain practical experience in a controlled and safe environment. The drone simulator utilizes
advanced algorithms and physics models to recreate realistic flight dynamics. These models
take into account factors such as aerodynamics, wind effects, gravity, and control inputs to
accurately mimic the behavior of a real drone. By simulating these flight dynamics, participants
can gain insights into how various parameters and environmental conditions affect the drone's
performance. They can manipulate flight parameters, including throttle, pitch, roll, and yaw, to
observe their effects on the drone's stability, maneuverability, and responsiveness.
The simulator also allows participants to engage in task-based scenarios, such as obstacle
avoidance, search and rescue missions, or aerial photography. These tasks provide practical
challenges that require participants to apply their piloting skills, decision-making abilities, and
situational awareness to accomplish the objectives effectively and efficiently. By practicing in
the simulator, participants can develop and refine their flight control techniques, enhance their
ability to handle different flight situations, and improve their task performance. The simulator
provides a risk-free environment where participants can make mistakes, learn from them, and
iterate their strategies to optimize their performance.
The simulator offers a range of performance metrics and data logging capabilities, allowing
participants to analyze and evaluate their flight performance. Metrics such as completion time,
task success rate, accuracy, and efficiency can be measured and recorded, enabling participants
to track their progress, identify areas for improvement, and set goals for future simulations or
real-world flights. The drone simulator experiment provides a valuable platform for training,
skill development, and experimentation in a controlled and cost-effective manner. It allows
participants to gain practical experience in various flight scenarios, assess their capabilities,
35
and enhance their overall understanding of drone operations. The insights gained from the
simulator can be applied to real-world drone flying, ensuring safe and efficient flight practices.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the remote controller & calibrate to the computer for realistic
flight control.
2. Launch the simulator and configure the settings as per the recommended
specifications.
3. Familiarize yourself with the simulator interface, controls, and available

features by following the tutorial or user manual.
4. Understand the simulator's flight physics and settings, environmental

conditions, and flight mode options.
5. Start with basic flight maneuvers, such as take-off, landing, hovering, and
controlling altitude.
6. Practice controlling the drone's pitch, roll, and yaw movements to

understand the impact on flight dynamics.
7. Experiment with different flight modes and adjust the drone's parameters
to observe their effect on stability and maneuverability.
8. Execute the assigned tasks, focusing on accuracy, efficiency, and

adherence to the given instructions.
9. Measure and record key performance metrics, including completion time,

task success rate, and any specific requirements or constraints.
10. Analyze the recorded data and performance metrics to evaluate your
performance in each task.
Results: The experiment demonstrated that utilizing a drone simulator provides valuable
insights into flight dynamics, enables evaluation of task performance, and enhances practical
experience in a controlled and simulated environment.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
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1. What is the purpose of the experiment on studying flight dynamics and task
performance through drone simulator experimentation?
2. How does a drone simulator provide a controlled and simulated environment for
studying flight dynamics?
3. What are some key parameters and metrics that can be measured and analyzed during
drone simulator experimentation?
4. How does the simulator replicate real-world flight conditions and dynamics?
5. What are some advantages of using a drone simulator for studying flight dynamics
compared to real-world flight testing?
6. How can the simulator be used to evaluate task performance and assess the
effectiveness of different flight maneuvers?
7. What are some considerations and limitations when interpreting the results obtained
from drone simulator experimentation?
8. How can the data collected during the simulator experiment be analyzed to gain insights
into flight dynamics and task performance?
9. What are some potential applications or benefits of studying flight dynamics and task
performance through drone simulator experimentation?
10. How can the findings from the experiment contribute to the understanding and
improvement of drone flight operations and training?
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EXPERIMENT NO: - 09
PART (A)
PRE FLIGHT-CHECKS
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to emphasize the importance of pre-flight checks in
ensuring the safety and optimal performance of a drone before each flight.
Equipment: Drone, Radio Transmitter
Theory: The pre-flight checks in drone operations is centred on ensuring the safety and
optimal performance of the drone before each flight. These checks are essential to identify and
address any potential issues or malfunctions that may arise during flight, which could
compromise the safety of people, property, and the drone itself-flight checks cover various
aspects of the drone, including its hardware, software, battery, sensors, and control systems.
Each component plays a vital role in the proper functioning of the drone and contributes to its
overall flight performance. By thoroughly examining these components before take-off,
operators can detect any abnormalities or potential problems that may affect the drone's ability
to fly or navigate.
The pre-flight checks begin with a visual inspection of the physical condition of the drone. This
involves examining the frame, propellers, landing gear, and any attached payloads for any signs
of damage, wear, or loose parts. It is crucial to ensure that the drone is structurally sound and
that all components are securely attached. Next, the battery is checked to ensure it is adequately
charged. A low battery can lead to a sudden loss of power during flight, which can result in a
crash or an emergency landing. It is important to verify that the battery is properly connected
and in good condition. The electronic connections and wiring of the drone are inspected to
confirm that they are secure and intact. Loose connections or damaged wiring can lead to signal
loss or unreliable communication between the drone and the remote controller.
Calibrating the drone's sensors, such as the compass and gyroscope, is a critical step to ensure
accurate flight control and navigation. This calibration process helps the drone establish its
orientation and stability in the surrounding environment. The remote controller is checked to
ensure it is properly connected and functioning correctly. The control sticks, switches, and
buttons are tested to verify their responsiveness and functionality. Software and firmware
updates are checked for and applied if necessary. Keeping the drone's software up to date helps
ensure compatibility with the latest features and improvements, as well as addressing any
38
known bugs or vulnerabilities. The GPS signal strength is verified, as GPS plays a crucial role
in providing accurate positioning information to the drone. Adequate GPS signal acquisition is
important for flight stability, accurate navigation, and the functioning of features such as return-
to-home. Finally, the emergency failsafe features are tested, such as return-to-home or low
battery warnings. These features are designed to mitigate risks and provide safety measures in
case of unexpected events during flight. Following a systematic pre-flight check procedure not
only enhances flight safety but also contributes to the overall reliability and performance of the
drone. Regularly conducting these checks helps maintain the drone in optimal condition,
prolong its lifespan, and build confidence in its operation. By emphasizing the importance of
pre-flight checks, drone operators can establish a safety-oriented mindset and promote
responsible and conscientious drone operations.
PROCEDURE:
1. Before each flight, ensure that the drone is placed on a stable without battery and level
surface to prevent accidental movement during the pre-flight checks.
2. Follow the pre-flight checklist systematically, going through each item one by one to
ensure a comprehensive inspection.
3. Inspect the physical condition of the drone, including the frame, propellers, landing
gear, and any attached payloads, checking for any signs of damage, wear, or loose
components.
4. Check the battery status and ensure it is adequately charged, as low battery levels can
lead to unexpected power loss during flight.
5. Verify that all electronic connections and wiring are securely connected and properly
fastened, minimizing the risk of signal loss or connectivity issues.
6. Calibrate the drone's sensors, such as the compass and gyroscope, according to the
manufacturer's instructions, to ensure accurate flight control and navigation.
7. Confirm that the remote controller is properly connected to the drone and functioning
correctly, with responsive control inputs and reliable communication.
8. Check for any available software or firmware updates and apply them if necessary, as
updates often include improvements, bug fixes, and enhanced performance.
39
9. Verify the GPS signal strength and ensure that the drone has acquired a sufficient
number of satellites for accurate positioning and navigation.
10. Double-check that emergency failsafe features, such as return-to-home or low battery
warnings, are enabled and functioning properly to provide additional safety measures
during flight.
11. Once all the pre-flight checks are completed, mark the checklist as passed or note any
identified issues that need to be addressed before flying, ensuring that all necessary
precautions have been taken for a safe and successful flight.
CHECK LIST:
Drone Components Check
Frame []
Propellers []
Motors []
ESCs (Electronic Speed Controllers) []
Flight Controller []
GPS Module []
Battery []
Power Distribution Board (PDB) []
Antennas []
Camera/Gimbal []
Landing Gear/Legs []
Sensors (Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Compass, etc.) []
LED Lights []
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Drone Components Check
Wiring and Connectors []
Transmitter/Controller []
Receiver []
Results: The experiment demonstrated that conducting pre-flight checks is crucial for
ensuring the safety and optimal performance of a drone before each flight.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of conducting pre-flight checks before operating a drone?
2. Why is it important to follow a pre-flight checklist specific to the drone model being
used?
3. What are some key components or aspects that should be inspected during pre-flight
checks?
4. How does checking the battery status contribute to the safety and success of a drone
flight?
5. Why is it important to ensure all electronic connections and wiring are secure before
flying a drone?
6. How does calibrating the drone's sensors, such as the compass and gyroscope, affect its
performance?
7. What role does the remote controller play in pre-flight checks, and why is it important
to verify its proper connection?
8. How can software or firmware updates impact the pre-flight check process and flight
performance?
9. Why is it necessary to confirm the GPS signal strength and the drone's ability to acquire
satellites before flying?
10. What are some emergency failsafe features that should be checked during pre-flight
checks, and why are they important for safe drone operations?
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EXPERIMENT NO.- 09
PART (B)
POST FLIGHT-CHECKS
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to emphasize the importance of post-flight checks in
assessing the condition of a drone after each flight, identifying any potential issues, and
ensuring readiness for subsequent flights.
Equipment: Drone, Radio Transmitter
Theory: Post-flight checks play a critical role in assessing the condition of a drone after a
flight. These checks are essential to identify and address any potential damage, wear, or
malfunctions that may have occurred during the flight. By conducting thorough post-flight
checks, operators can ensure the drone's continued airworthiness and readiness for future
flights. During the post-flight checks, operators carefully inspect the physical condition of the
drone, including its frame, propellers, landing gear, and any attached payloads. The aim is to
detect any signs of damage such as cracks, bends, or dents, as well as wear and tear on
components that may require maintenance or replacement. Identifying and addressing these
issues promptly ensures that the drone remains in optimal working condition and reduces the
risk of in-flight failures or accidents.
Furthermore, post-flight checks involve examining the battery to ensure it is disconnected from
the drone and in a safe state. Operators look for any swelling, leaks, or other indications of
damage that may affect the battery's performance or safety. Addressing battery-related issues
is crucial as it ensures reliable power supply for future flights and minimizes the risk of battery
failure during operation. Electronic connections and wiring are also inspected during post-
flight checks to ensure they are secure and undamaged. Loose connections or damaged wiring
can compromise the drone's functionality and may lead to issues such as loss of control or
signal interruption. By verifying the integrity of these connections, operators can mitigate the
risk of electrical problems and ensure reliable communication between the drone and its
components. Reviewing flight logs and captured data from sensors or onboard recording
devices is another important aspect of post-flight checks. This analysis allows operators to
assess the drone's performance during the flight, detect any anomalies or irregularities, and
gain insights into areas for improvement or troubleshooting. By analysing flight data, operators
can identify patterns, optimize flight parameters, and enhance the overall performance of the
drone. The results of conducting thorough post-flight checks ensure the continued
42
airworthiness of the drone and its readiness for future flights. By addressing any identified
issues, performing necessary maintenance tasks, and taking corrective actions, operators can
maximize the drone's reliability, minimize the risk of malfunctions or accidents, and ensure
safe and efficient operations.
PROCEDURE:
1. Obtain the post-flight checklist specific to the drone model being used.
2. After each flight, land the drone in a safe area and power it off.
3. Begin the post-flight checks by systematically going through each item on the checklist.
4. Inspect the physical condition of the drone, including the frame, propellers, landing
gear, and any attached payloads, checking for any signs of damage, loose components,
or wear.
5. Examine the battery, ensuring it is disconnected from the drone and in a safe state.
Check for any swelling, leaks, or signs of damage.
6. Inspect the electronic connections and wiring, ensuring they are secure and undamaged.
7. Review the flight logs and data captured during the flight, if available, to assess any
anomalies or irregularities.
8. Verify the storage condition of the drone, ensuring it is stored in a suitable environment,
protected from extreme temperatures, moisture, and other potentially damaging factors.
9. Record any identified issues, maintenance requirements, or recommendations for future

flights.
Results: The experiment underscored the significance of post-flight checks in evaluating

the drone's condition, identifying possible issues, and ensuring its preparedness for future
flights.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why is it important to conduct post-flight checks after operating a drone?
2. What are the key components or aspects that should be inspected during post-flight
checks?
3. How does inspecting the physical condition of the drone contribute to its maintenance
and airworthiness?
43
4. Why is it necessary to examine the battery and ensure it is disconnected and in a safe
state after flight?
5. What are the reasons for inspecting electronic connections and wiring during post-flight
checks?
6. How can reviewing flight logs and captured data help in assessing the performance and
behavior of the drone?
7. What considerations should be made when storing the drone after flight, and why is it
important?
8. How do post-flight checks contribute to the overall safety and reliability of drone
operations?
9. What are some potential issues or anomalies that could be identified during post-flight
checks, and how can they be addressed?
10. How can the findings from post-flight checks be used to improve future drone
operations and maintenance practices
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EXPERIMENT NO.- 10
STUDY OF DRONE FLIGHT DYNAMICS THROUGH MANUAL
FLYING
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to practice and improve manual flying skills, enhance
piloting techniques, and gain a better understanding of drone control through hands-on
experience.
Equipment: Drone, Radio Transmitter, Ground Station.

Theory: Manual flying in the context of drone operation involves direct control of the drone's
movement using a remote controller. It requires the pilot to manipulate the control sticks to
maneuvers the drone in different directions, control its altitude, and perform various flight
maneuvers. Understanding the theory of drone flight dynamics is crucial for successful manual
flying.
1. Flight Controls: The remote controller consists of control sticks that are responsible for
pitch, roll, yaw, and throttle control. Pitch refers to the forward and backward
movement of the drone, roll represents its sideways movement, yaw corresponds to its
rotation, and throttle controls the drone's altitude.
2. Flight Dynamics: The flight dynamics of a drone involve the interaction between
various forces acting on it during flight. Lift, generated by the propellers, counteracts
the force of gravity, allowing the drone to stay airborne. Control surfaces such as the
ailerons, elevators, and rudder enable the pilot to control the drone's movement in
different axes.
3. Control Inputs: Manipulating the control sticks on the remote controller produces
corresponding control inputs that govern the drone's behavior. Adjusting the throttle
controls the speed of the propellers and, consequently, the drone's altitude. Moving the
pitch and roll control sticks results in changes in the drone's orientation and movement
in the respective directions. Rotating the yaw control stick rotates the drone around its
vertical axis.
4. Flight Maneuvers: Manual flying allows for the execution of various flight maneuvers
to enhance piloting skills. These maneuvers include takeoff and landing, hovering,
straight flight, banking turns, ascending and descending, figure-eight patterns, and
45
controlled landings. Each maneuver requires precise control inputs and coordinated
actions to achieve desired flight characteristics.
5. Flight Characteristics: During manual flying, pilots observe and analyze the flight
characteristics of the drone, including stability, responsiveness, agility, and
maneuverability. Understanding these characteristics helps pilots anticipate and
respond to changes in flight conditions, enabling smoother and controlled flights.
6. Safety Considerations: Safety is of utmost importance during manual flying. Pilots

should maintain a safe distance from people, objects, and aircraft, and operate within
legal and regulatory guidelines. They should also be aware of environmental factors
such as wind speed and weather conditions that can affect flight performance.
PROCEDURE:
1. Conduct a pre-flight check on the drone following the guidelines to ensure it is in

proper working condition.
2. A protected flying zone is set up within an enclosed area, enabling manual flying
experiments under a safety net.
3. Power on the drone and the remote controller, ensuring they are properly paired.
4. Familiarize yourself with the control sticks on the remote controller, understanding
their functions for throttle, pitch, roll, and yaw control.
5. Start with basic maneuvers such as take-off, hovering, and landing to get comfortable
with the controls and responsiveness of the drone.
6. Practice flying in different directions, maintaining a steady altitude and controlling the
drone's orientation.
7. Gradually increase the complexity of flight maneuvers, experiment with different flight
modes if available on the drone, such as manual acro mode, to explore the capabilities
and limitations of the drone.
8. Practice emergency procedures, such as recovering from unexpected maneuvers or

dealing with signal loss scenarios.
9. Observe and analyze the flight characteristics of the drone during manual flying, noting
any challenges, limitations, or areas requiring improvement.
46
10. Take note of the flight duration, battery consumption, and overall flight performance
during the manual flying session.
Results: The experiment yielded significant improvement in manual flying skills, enhanced
piloting techniques, and a comprehensive understanding of drone control through hands-on
experience.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of the experiment on studying drone flight dynamics through
manual flying?
2. How does manual flying differ from autonomous flying in terms of drone control?
3. What are some key factors that can influence drone flight dynamics during manual
flying?
4. How does the pilot's control inputs affect the flight behavior and maneuverability of the
drone?
5. What are some challenges or considerations when it comes to achieving stable and
precise flight during manual flying?
6. How can the pilot adjust the flight characteristics of the drone during manual flying to
optimize performance?
7. How does wind conditions or external factors impact the flight dynamics of the drone
during manual flying?
8. What are some safety measures and best practices that should be followed during
manual flying experiments?
9. How can the data collected during manual flying be analysed to evaluate drone flight
dynamics?
10. What are some potential insights or findings that can be gained from studying drone
flight dynamics through manual flying?
47
EXPERIMENT NO.- 11
STUDY OF DRONE FLIGHT DYNAMICS THROUGH AUTONOMOUS
FLYING
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to explore and analyze the autonomous flying capabilities
of a drone, understand the underlying principles of autonomous flight, and evaluate its
performance in executing predefined tasks or missions.
Theory: Autonomous flying is a cutting-edge technology that enables drones to perform flight
operations and tasks without direct human control. It relies on sophisticated flight control
systems, sensors, and algorithms to navigate, make decisions, and execute predefined missions
or flight paths. The theory behind autonomous flying encompasses several key concepts.
Firstly, autonomous drones are equipped with advanced flight control systems that incorporate
GPS, gyroscopes, accelerometers, and other sensors. These systems collect and analyze data
on the drone's position, orientation, and motion, allowing for precise control and navigation.
Secondly, mission planning and execution are crucial for autonomous flight. Operators use
mission planning software to define flight paths, waypoints, and tasks. These instructions are
then programmed into the drone, which autonomously follows the predefined missions,
carrying out actions such as waypoint navigation, object tracking, or payload delivery.Sensor
fusion and data processing play a vital role in autonomous flight. Drones integrate data from
various sensors, including GPS, cameras, lidar, and more, to build a comprehensive
understanding of the surrounding environment. This allows the drone to perceive obstacles,
detect landmarks, and make informed decisions during flight.
Flight path algorithms are essential for autonomous flight. These algorithms enable the drone
to calculate optimal flight paths and trajectories based on mission objectives and environmental
conditions. Factors such as obstacle avoidance, wind conditions, energy efficiency, and
mission-specific requirements are considered to ensure safe and efficient autonomous flight.
Safety measures and fail-safes are incorporated into autonomous drones to mitigate risks.
Features like geofencing limit the drone's flight within designated boundaries, while return-to-
home functions and emergency landing procedures are in place to address signal loss or critical
situations, ensuring the protection of people, property, and the drone itself.
48
Real-time decision-making is a key aspect of autonomous flight. Drones continuously analyze

sensor data, compare it with mission objectives and environmental conditions, and make real-
time decisions to adjust their flight path or actions. This adaptive capability allows the drone
to respond to changing circumstances and ensure mission success. Monitoring and telemetry
provide operators with real-time data on the drone's position, status, and performance. This
information allows for remote tracking and monitoring of autonomous missions, enabling
operators to detect anomalies and intervene if necessary.
PROCEDURE:
2. Prepare the mission planning software and define the autonomous flight paths or tasks
based on the experimental objectives.
3. Establish communication between the ground control station and the drone.
4. Upload the predefined flight plan or task to the drone's flight control system.
5. Power on the drone and perform necessary calibrations, including GPS and sensor
calibration, as per the manufacturer's instructions.
6. Wait until the GPS module detect minimum satellites (18+ satellites).
7. Initiate the autonomous flight mode or engage the predefined mission on the ground
control station.
8. Observe and monitor the drone's behavior during autonomous flight, ensuring it follows
the predefined flight path or executes the designated tasks accurately.
9. Evaluate the drone's performance in terms of its ability to maintain stable flight,
navigate obstacles, and execute commands autonomously.
10. Assess the accuracy and effectiveness of the drone's autonomous operations, such as
waypoint navigation, object tracking, or payload delivery, based on the predefined
mission objectives.
49
11. Record and analyze the flight data and any observed deviations or issues during
autonomous flight.
12. Repeat the experiment with different autonomous flight plans or tasks to evaluate the
drone's consistency and adaptability in performing various missions.
13. Take note of any challenges, limitations, or areas requiring improvement in the drone's
autonomous capabilities.
Results: The results of the experiment involve the assessment of the drone's autonomous flying
capabilities and performance.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of the experiment on studying drone flight dynamics through
autonomous flying?
2. How does autonomous flying differ from manual flying in terms of drone control?
3. What are some key components and systems involved in enabling autonomous flight?
4. How does sensor fusion contribute to autonomous flight and understanding drone flight
dynamics?
5. What are some of the challenges or considerations when it comes to achieving accurate
and safe autonomous flight?
6. How can mission planning and execution affect the flight dynamics of a drone during
autonomous flying?
7. How does real-time decision-making play a role in autonomous flight and adapting to
changing circumstances?
8. What are some safety measures and fail-safes that are implemented in autonomous
flying systems?
9. How can monitoring and telemetry data be utilized in analyzing drone flight dynamics
during autonomous flying?
10. What are some potential benefits or applications of studying drone flight dynamics
through autonomous flying?
50
EXPERIMENT NO.- 12
EVALUATING ACCURACY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF DRONE
PAYLOAD DROPPING
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to study the payload dropping capability of a drone,
understand the principles behind payload release mechanisms, and evaluate the accuracy and
effectiveness of payload delivery.
Equipment: Drone, Radio Transmitter, Ground Station, Payload.
Theory:
Payload dropping in drone operations involves the deliberate release of objects or packages
from the drone while it is in flight. This capability enables various applications such as aerial
delivery, payload transport, or scientific data collection. The theory behind payload dropping
encompasses the principles of payload release mechanisms and their activation by the pilot.
The drone is equipped with a dedicated release mechanism designed to securely hold and
release payloads. This mechanism can take various forms, including mechanical clamps,
magnetic attachments, or electromechanical systems. The release mechanism ensures the
payload remains securely attached to the drone during flight until the pilot activates the release
command. The pilot can activate the payload release mechanism using the remote controller.
This may involve using a dedicated switch, button, or control input that triggers the release
mechanism. The activation method may vary depending on the drone model and its specific
design.
The accuracy of payload delivery depends on several factors, including the stability of the
drone during the release, the positioning of the release mechanism, and the control input
provided by the pilot. Precise control over the drone's flight path and timing of the release are
critical in achieving accurate payload delivery. During payload dropping, the pilot needs to
consider the flight dynamics of the drone to ensure successful payload release. Factors such as
wind conditions, drone stability, and maneuverability play a significant role in the accuracy
and effectiveness of payload delivery. Pilots must account for these factors and adjust their
piloting techniques accordingly. The payload's weight and compatibility with the drone's
payload capacity should be considered to ensure safe and efficient operation. Exceeding the
drone's weight limits or attaching incompatible payloads can affect flight stability and pose a
risk to both the drone and the surrounding environment. By understanding these principles,
51
pilots can effectively utilize the payload release mechanisms, ensure accurate delivery, and
maintain safe and controlled operations.
PROCEDURE:
1. Conduct a pre-flight check on the drone following the guidelines to ensure it is in proper
working condition.
2. Select a suitable open area for the experiment, ensuring safety and compliance with
local regulations.
3. Attach the payload to the designated release mechanism on the drone securely.
5. Familiarize yourself with the controls for piloting the drone and activating the payload
release mechanism.
6. Take off and hover the drone at a safe altitude and position.
7. Fly the drone to the desired target area for payload delivery, ensuring a clear and
unobstructed path.
8. Activate the payload release mechanism using the remote controller when the drone
reaches the designated release point.
9. Observe the accuracy and effectiveness of the payload drop, including the position,
timing, and stability of the release.
10. Repeat the experiment multiple times, adjusting the flight path, altitude, and release
technique to evaluate different scenarios.
11. Record and analyze the results, considering factors such as payload accuracy,
consistency, and overall delivery performance.
12. Take note of any challenges or limitations encountered during the payload dropping
experiment and identify potential improvements or modifications.
Results: The results of the experiment provide insights into the payload dropping capability
of the drone.
52
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of the experiment on evaluating the accuracy and effectiveness of
drone payload dropping?
2. What are some practical applications of drone payload dropping?
3. What are the key factors that contribute to the accuracy of payload delivery during
drone operations?
4. How is the payload release mechanism activated in a drone?
5. What are some challenges or considerations when it comes to achieving accurate
payload delivery during drone operations?
6. How can flight control systems and sensors contribute to the accuracy and
effectiveness of payload dropping?
7. How can the flight behavior of the drone affect the accuracy of payload delivery?
8. What are some safety measures or fail-safes that should be considered during drone
payload dropping?
9. How can the data from the experiment be analyzed to evaluate the accuracy and
effectiveness of payload dropping?
10. What are some potential improvements or adjustments that can be made based on the
results of the experiment to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of drone payload
dropping?
53
EXPERIMENT NO.- 13
STUDY OF VARIED FLIGHT MODES FOR DRONE OPERATION
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to explore and analyze different flight modes available in
drones, understand their functionalities, and evaluate their impact on flight performance and
maneuverability.
Theory: Drones often come equipped with various flight modes that offer different
functionalities and performance characteristics. Understanding the theory behind these flight
modes helps in leveraging their capabilities effectively.
1. Manual Mode: In manual mode, the pilot has complete control over the drone's
movement, including throttle, pitch, roll, and yaw. It offers the highest level of control
but requires skilled piloting to ensure stable flight.
2. GPS Mode: GPS mode utilizes the Global Positioning System to stabilize the drone's
position and maintain a fixed location when the controls are released. It is particularly
useful for aerial photography, videography, and capturing smooth footage.
3. Altitude Hold Mode: Altitude hold mode uses barometric pressure sensors to maintain
a steady altitude automatically. It allows the pilot to focus on maneuvering the drone
horizontally without worrying about altitude control.
4. Sport Mode: Sport mode is designed for high-performance flying, enabling faster
acceleration, higher maximum speeds, and more agile maneuverability. It is ideal for
aerial acrobatics, racing, and dynamic flight maneuvers.
5. Return-to-Home (RTH) Mode: RTH mode automatically brings the drone back to its
take-off location using GPS coordinates. It is useful in situations such as signal loss,
low battery, or when the pilot initiates the return.
PROCEDURE:
2. Choose an open and safe flying area, away from obstacles and people, to perform the
experiment.
3. Put on the necessary safety equipment, such as goggles and gloves, to protect yourself
during the flight.
5. Familiarize yourself with the control sticks on the remote controller and the method to
switch between flight modes.
54
6. Begin the flight in manual mode and practice maneuvering the drone using the full
control range.
7. Switch to GPS mode and observe how the drone maintains its position and stability
when the controls are released.
8. Engage altitude hold mode and explore its functionality by focusing on horizontal
movements while the drone maintains a fixed altitude.
9. Activate sport mode and experience the increased speed, agility, and responsiveness
of the drone.
10. Test the return-to-home (RTH) mode by initiating the command and observing how
the drone autonomously returns to its take off location.
11. Observe and analyze the drone's behavior, stability, maneuverability, and response
time in each flight mode.
12. Take note of the differences in flight performance, speed, agility, and ease of control
between the different flight modes.
Results: This experiment revealed the distinct characteristics and functionalities of different
flight modes.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the objective of studying varied flight modes for drone operation?
2. What are the different flight modes commonly available in drones and their respective
functionalities?
3. How do different flight modes affect the performance and behavior of a drone?
4. What are the key parameters or characteristics that can be observed and analyzed
when studying varied flight modes?
5. How can the selection of an appropriate flight mode enhance the capabilities and
efficiency of drone operations?
6. What are some safety considerations or limitations associated with specific flight
modes?
7. How can the study of varied flight modes contribute to improving the stability,
maneuverability, or specific tasks performed by drones?
8. What are the challenges or trade-offs when switching between different flight modes
during a mission?
55
9. How can the data collected during the experiment be analyzed to assess the
advantages and limitations of different flight modes?
10. How can the findings from the study of varied flight modes be applied to optimize
drone operations and enhance mission success?
56
EXPERIMENT NO.- 14
ANALYSIS OF FLIGHT LOGS TO EVALUATE DRONE
PERFORMANCE AND FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to study and analyze flight logs to evaluate the
performance, flight characteristics, and operational parameters of a drone during various
flight scenarios.
Equipment: Drone data storage, Software, Flight controller & Ground Station
Theory: Flight logs play a crucial role in the analysis and evaluation of drone performance
and flight characteristics. They provide a comprehensive record of various parameters and
data collected during the drone's flight, enabling researchers to gain insights into its behavior,
identify areas for improvement, and assess its overall performance. The theory behind the
analysis of flight logs encompasses several key aspects:
1. Flight Data Recording: Flight logs are generated by the drone's onboard flight control
system, which continuously collects data from various sensors and components during
the flight. These sensors may include GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers,
and battery voltage sensors. The flight control system records and logs these data points
at regular intervals, creating a detailed timeline of the drone's flight.
2. Parameters and Metrics: Flight logs contain a wide range of parameters and metrics that
describe the drone's performance and flight characteristics. These parameters include
altitude, speed, position, heading, battery voltage, motor RPM, control inputs, and flight
duration. By analysing these parameters, researchers can gain insights into the drone's
altitude changes, speed variations, flight stability, responsiveness to control inputs, and
other flight characteristics.
3. Flight Behavior Analysis: The analysis of flight logs allows researchers to evaluate the
drone's flight behavior and performance during different flight scenarios. By studying
the logged data, researchers can observe patterns, trends, and anomalies in the flight
behavior. They can assess the drone's ability to maintain stable altitude, follow a desired
flight path, respond to control inputs accurately, and execute maneuvers effectively.
This analysis provides valuable information for understanding the drone's capabilities
and limitations in various flight conditions.
4. Performance Evaluation: Flight logs serve as a basis for evaluating the drone's
performance in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and reliability. Researchers can
57
assess performance metrics such as flight duration, distance travelled, average speed,
and battery consumption. These metrics help gauge the drone's endurance, energy
efficiency, and overall performance in different flight scenarios. By comparing
performance across multiple flights or benchmarking against manufacturer
specifications, researchers can identify areas for improvement and optimization.
5. Anomaly Detection and Troubleshooting: Flight logs play a critical role in identifying
anomalies or abnormal flight behavior that may require further investigation or
troubleshooting. Researchers can analyze the logged data to detect any sudden altitude
drops, unexpected control inputs, irregular motor RPM, or abnormal battery drain. This
analysis helps pinpoint potential issues or malfunctions and facilitates the process of
diagnosing and resolving them. By correlating logged data with specific events or flight
conditions, researchers can troubleshoot and optimize the drone's performance.
6. Validation and Compliance: Flight logs provide evidence for validating the drone's
performance against regulatory requirements, operational standards, or manufacturer
specifications. By analysing the logged data, researchers can ensure that the drone
operates within the defined parameters and complies with safety regulations. This
validation process contributes to the overall reliability, safety, and compliance of the
drone's operations.
PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that the drone's logging feature is enabled and configured correctly to record the
desired flight data.
2. Conduct multiple flight sessions, varying flight scenarios and modes, such as hover,
forward flight, maneuvers, and autonomous flights.
3. Ensure compliance with legal and safe operating conditions during the flights,
following applicable regulations and guidelines.
4. Transfer the recorded flight log files to a computer or designated analysis tool for
further processing.
5. Utilize flight log analysis software or tools to extract and interpret relevant data from
the log files.
6. Analyze key parameters including altitude, speed, battery voltage, and control inputs to
gain insights into the drone's behavior.
7. Identify patterns, trends, or discrepancies in the flight data that may indicate areas for
improvement or potential issues.
58
8. Evaluate flight performance based on metrics such as flight duration, distance travelled,
average speed, and battery consumption.
9. Assess flight characteristics, stability, responsiveness, and maneuverability based on
the recorded data.
10. Detect and troubleshoot anomalies or abnormal flight behavior, correlating log data
with specific events or flight conditions to pinpoint potential causes.
Results: The results of the experiment involve the analysis of flight logs to evaluate drone
performance and flight characteristics.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of studying flight logs in drone experiments?
2. How are flight logs recorded and accessed in a drone?
3. What type of data can be extracted from flight logs?
4. How can flight logs help in evaluating the performance of a drone during different flight
scenarios?
5. What are some key parameters that can be analyzed from flight logs?
6. How can anomalies or abnormal flight behavior be identified using flight logs?
7. How can flight logs be used for troubleshooting and diagnosing issues with a drone?
8. What are some performance metrics that can be derived from flight logs?
9. How can flight logs help in optimizing and improving the performance of a drone?
10. How important is it to ensure compliance with legal and safety regulations when
analyzing flight logs?
59
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED DURING EXPERIMENT
1. Adhere to local regulations and obtain necessary permissions.

2. Conduct experiments in open areas away from people and restricted airspace.
3. Perform pre-flight checks to ensure the drone and equipment are in good condition.
4. Calibrate and configure the drone according to manufacturer's instructions.
5. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as safety glasses or goggles.
6. Maintain a safe distance from rotating propellers.
7. Handle drone batteries carefully and follow manufacturer's guidelines.
8. Establish emergency procedures and know how to respond to unexpected events.
9. Seek assistance from experienced operators if needed.
60

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UAV Laboratory

1 Study of Thrust-to-Weight Ratio of a Drone for Suitable 7–9

4 Variation of Motor RPM and Thrust Analysis during Rolling and 18 – 20

5 Motor RPM and Thrust Analysis during Upward and Yawing 21 – 23

6 Estimation of drones endurance / performance with different 24 – 27

9 Part (a): Pre flight-checks 34 – 39

10 Study of drone flight dynamics through manual flying 40 – 42

Safety Precautions To Be Followed During Experiment

1. Introduction to Drones and Their Various Types:

• Single-rotor helicopters, often referred to as traditional RC helicopters, have a

• Quadcopter: A multirotor drone with four propellers arranged in a square pattern,

• Hexacopter: A drone equipped with six propellers arranged in a hexagonal pattern,

• Octocopter: A multirotor drone with eight propellers arranged in an octagonal pattern,

• Y6 Configuration: A hybrid design that combines the stability of a hexacopter with

• X8 Configuration: Another hybrid design that combines the redundancy of an

• Fixed-wing drones resemble traditional airplanes and feature wings that

d. Hybrid Drones (VTOL):

• Hybrid drones combine the advantages of both fixed-wing and multirotor

• Maneuverability: Drones can perform various maneuvers, such as hovering, forward

1. General Safety Guidelines for Operating Drones in the Lab:

• Regularly review and practice emergency procedures to ensure preparedness in

Application Ideal Thrust-to-Weight Ratio Range

Photography and Videography 2:1 to 4:1

Racing 5:1 to 8:1

Industrial and Payload 3:1 to 6:1

Agricultural 3:1 to 5:1

Search and Rescue 2:1 to 4:1

TWR = Thrust / Weight

Measurement Thrust (N) Weight (N) Thrust-to-Weight Ratio (TWR)

Thrust = (π/4) * (Diameter^2) * (RPM^2) * Thrust Coefficient (CT)

• Thrust Coefficient: 4.392*10-8

Motor No Propeller Propeller Throttle RPM Thrust

Thrust = (π/4) * (Diameter^2) * (RPM^2) * Thrust Coefficient (CT)

1. Set up the TM stage and ensure the safety.

ACD = (TFW) x (P/V)

Theoretical Flight time (T)

flight time and theoretical flight time is calculated.

Equipment: Drone, TM stage

3. Allow the smoke into the chamber.

6. Gradually disarm the drone.

3. Familiarize yourself with the simulator interface, controls, and available

4. Understand the simulator's flight physics and settings, environmental

6. Practice controlling the drone's pitch, roll, and yaw movements to

8. Execute the assigned tasks, focusing on accuracy, efficiency, and

9. Measure and record key performance metrics, including completion time,

Equipment: Drone, Radio Transmitter

Drone Components Check

ESCs (Electronic Speed Controllers) []

Power Distribution Board (PDB) []

Sensors (Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Compass, etc.) []

Drone Components Check

Wiring and Connectors []

Equipment: Drone, Radio Transmitter

9. Record any identified issues, maintenance requirements, or recommendations for future

Results: The experiment underscored the significance of post-flight checks in evaluating

Equipment: Drone, Radio Transmitter, Ground Station.

6. Safety Considerations: Safety is of utmost importance during manual flying. Pilots