Fall Semester 2024-25
Tutorial 1 (Module 2)
Course Code: BMAT101L Course Title: Calculus
1 Continuity of Functions of Two Variables
Exercise 1.1. Examine the continuity of the following functions at (0, 0):
( 4 2
2𝑥 −3𝑦
4 2, (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0, 0)
(a) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 +3𝑦
0, (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0, 0)
( 𝑥𝑦
, 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑦 ≠ 0
(b) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = |𝑥𝑦|
1, otherwise
( sin 𝑥 2 +𝑦2
( )
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
, 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑦 ≠ 0
(c) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) =
1, otherwise
Ans.
(a) Along the path 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 2 , 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) approaches to (2 − 3𝑚 2 )/(2 + 3𝑚 2 ) as (𝑥, 𝑦) →
(0, 0). Thus 𝑓 approaches different numbers along different paths, passing through
the origin (0, 0). Therefore, the limit lim (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) does not exist. Therefore, 𝑓
is discontinuous at (0, 0).
(b) If 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 or 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 < 0, we see that 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) → 1, whereas if 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 > 0 or
𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 < 0, 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) → −1 as (𝑥, 𝑦) → (0, 0). Thus lim (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) does not exist,
and hence is discontinuous at (0, 0).
(c) 𝑓 is continuous at the origin.
2 The Total Derivative
d𝑓
Exercise 2.1. Use the chain rule of partial differentiation, find the total derivative d𝑡 at a
given point 𝑡:
𝑥𝑦
(a) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
, where 𝑥 = sin 𝑡, 𝑦 = cos 𝑡
(b) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧2 , where 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑡
Ans.
(a) cos 2𝑡
(b) 𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑒 4𝑡 = 2𝑡 2 cosh 2𝑡 − 𝑒 4𝑡
3 Jacobians
𝑢,𝑣
Exercise 3.1. Show that the Jacobian 𝐽 is zero in each of the following cases so that 𝑢
𝑥,𝑦
and 𝑣 are functionally dependant. Also, find the functional relation between them:
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥𝑦
(a) 𝑢 = 𝑥+𝑦 , 𝑣= (𝑥+𝑦) 2
√︁ √
(b) 𝑢 = sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑥 1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 1 − 𝑥 2
Ans.
(a) 𝑢 2 + 4𝑣 = 1
(b) 𝑣 = sin 𝑢
Exercise 3.2. Find the Jacobian 𝐽 𝑥,𝑦,𝑧
𝑟,𝑠,𝑡 in each of the following cases and examine whether
𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 are functionally dependant. If they are functionally dependant, find the functional
relation among them:
(a) 𝑥 = 𝑟 + 𝑠 + 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑟 + 𝑠, 𝑧 = 𝑡
(b) 𝑥 = 𝑟 2 − 𝑠2 , 𝑦 = 𝑠2 − 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑟 2 − 𝑡 2
(c) 𝑥 = 2𝑟 − 3𝑠 + 𝑡, 𝑦 = 4𝑟 2 + 9𝑠2 + 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 2𝑟𝑡 − 6𝑟 𝑠 − 3𝑠𝑡
Ans.
(a) 𝐽 = 0 and 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are functionally dependant with 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑧
(b) 𝐽 = 0 and 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are functionally dependant with 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0
(c) 𝐽 = 0 and 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are functionally dependant with 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 𝑥 2
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