E-ISSN: 2583-1755

VOLUME-3, ISSUE-8

APRIL 2024

International Year of Camelids

A Monthly Peer Reviewed Magazine for Agriculture and Allied Sciences

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Editor-in-Chief Associate Editor

Dr. Vijay Bharti Dr. Umesh Singh

Professor (Agronomy) Assistant Professor (GPB)
Water Management Research Centre DKS College of Agriculture and
Sher-e-Kashmir Universityof Agri. Research Station, Alesur
Sciences and Technology of Jammu Bhatapara, Chhattisgarh
(U.T. of J&K)

International Editor

Dr. Bisheswar Prasad Yadav

Director
Directorate of Agricultural Research
Province-2, Parwanipur, Bara
Nepal

Editorial Board

Dr. R. K. Singh Dr. A. V. Dahiphale

Professor Agronomist
Department of Agronomy Central Experimental Station
Institute of Agricultural Sciences Wakawali, Dapoli
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Ratnagiri, Maharastra
Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Awani Kumar Singh Dr. R. P. Sharma

Principal Scientist (Horticulture) Senior Scientist-Soil Science
Centre for Protected Cultivation Division of Soil Resource Studies
Technology (CPCT) ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey
Indian Agricultural Research Institute and Land Use Planning
New Delhi Amrawati Road, Nagpur (MH)

Dr. Sandeep Kumar Dr. Sunil Kumar Verma

Scientist (Seed Production) Assistant Professor
University Seed Farm, Ladhowal Department of Agronomy
Punjab Agricultural University Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Ludhiana Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Alok Kumar Dr. O. P. Garhwal

Senior Horticulture Officer Associate Professor (Horticulture)
National Horticulture Board Rajasthan Agri. Research Institute
Gurugram, Haryana Durgapura, Jaipur
(SKN Agri. University, Jobner)
Dr. Prafulla Pralhadrao G. Dr. Aniruddh Pratap Singh
Associate Professor (Seed Pd. Officer) Assistant Professor-cum-Jr.
AICRP-NSP-Breeder Seed Production Scientist
Unit, Central Demonstration Farm Olericulture and Floriculture
Dr. PDKV, Wani Rambhapur Nalanda College of Horticulture
Akola, Maharastra Noorsarai, Bihar

Dr. Anuradha Saha Dr. Vikram Kumar

Chief Scientist (Agronomy) Scientist-B
AICRP (Rice) Central Silk Board, MESSO
Division of Plant Breeding & Genetics P-3 Seed Station, Rompara
Sher-e-Kashmir Universityof Agri. Resubelpara, North Garo Hills
Sciences and Technology of Jammu Meghalaya

Dr. Pravin Kumar Upadhyay Dr. Vinay Pratap Singh

Scientist Assistant Professor
Division of Agronomy Department of Plant Physiology
ICAR- Indian Agricultural College of Agriculture, Ganj Basoda
Research Institute, New Delhi JNKVV, Jabalpur

Dr. A. L. Jat Dr. Shruti Godara

Assistant Research Scientist Scientist-B, Biotechnology
Division of Agronomy Forest Research Institute (FRI)
Oilseed Research Station, SDAU Dehradun
Sardarkrushinagar, Palanpur
Gujarat

Dr. Devi Lal Bagadi Dr. Kumari Sunita

Plant Physiologist Assistant Professor
AICRP on Arid Zone Fruits Department of Botany
SKN College of Agriculture Dean Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur
Jobner (Rajasthan) University, Gorakhpur (U.P.)

Dr. Mukul Kumar Dr. Manish Kumar Singh

Assistant Professor-cum-Jr Scientist Assistant Professor
Department of Biochemistry & Crop Department of Vegetable Science
Physiology, M. B.A.C., Agwanpur College of Horticulture,
Bihar Agricultural University Banda University of Agriculture and
Sabour Technology, Banda (U. P.)

Dr. Kamlesh Meena Dr. Manoj Kumar Sharma

Subject Matter Specialist Assistant Professor
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (ICAR-IIVR) Department of Plant Physiology
Deoria, Uttar Pradesh SKN College of Agriculture
Jobner (Rajasthan)
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Dr. B. L. Dudwal
Agricultural Economist Assistant Professor
Department of Economics
SKN Agriculture
and Sociology
University
College of Basic Sciences & Humanities
Punjab Agricultural University Jobner, Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Dr. Swarnali Duary Dr. Chenesh Patel

Assistant Professor (Agronomy) Department of Entomology
MS Swaminathan School of GB Pant University of
Agriculture Agriculture and Technology
Centurion University, Gajapati Pantnagar, Uttarakhand
Odisha

Dr. Vinod Bhateshwar Dr. Amit Kumar

Assistant Professor (LPM) Assistant Professor (Entomology)
Department of Agriculture GLA University, Mathure
Vivekananda Global University Uttar Pradesh
Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Dr. Monalisa Sahoo Dr. Vikash Kumar

Assistant Professor (Agronomy) Assistant Professor (Agronomy)
MS Swaminathan School of GLA University, Mathure
Agriculture Uttar Pradesh
Centurion University, Gajapati
Odisha

Gaurav Singh Vishen Mr. Rahul Mishra

Assistant Professor (Horticulture) Scientist
National PG College, Barhalganj ICAR-IISS, Bhopal
Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh

Dr. Arjun Lal Ola Dr. Vijaykumar

Assistant Professor (Vegetable Science) Assistant Professor
Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Livestock Research and
Agricultural University, Jhansi Information Centre (Deoni)
Karnataka Veterinary, Animal
and Fisheries University, Bidar

Mr. Avinash Kumar Ms. Kawaljeet Kaur

Research Scholar Assistant Professor (Soil Science)
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central CT Group of Intuitions
Agricultural University, Pusa Jalandhar, Punjab
Bihar
 Dr. Rajeev Kumar Srivastava Dr. Madhuri Arya
Assoc. Professor-cum-Sr. Scientist Assistant Professor - cum - Scientist
Agronomy, Dr. RPCAU, Pusa PBG, Dr. RPCAU, Pusa, Dholi,
Samastipur, Bihar Muzaffarpur, Bihar

Rahul Kumar Dr. Gauri Jairath

Executive Officer Scientist, Livestock Products Tech.
Quality Council of India ICAR-IVRI, Regional Station
Ministry of Commerce and Industry Palampur, Himachal Pradesh

Dr. Sarvan Kumar Khokhar Sudhir Mishra

Assistant Professor and Head Assistant Professor
Department of Agriculture National P.G. College, Barhalganj
Guru Nanak College, Budhlada Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
Mansa, Punjab

Dr. Sanchit Thakur Dr. Dharminder

Assistant Professor (PBG) Associate Professor (Agronomy)
MS Swaminathan School of PG College of Agriculture,
Agriculture Dr. RPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur,
Shoolini University, Solan (H.P.) Bihar

Founder and Managing Editor Co-founder

Dr. Kartikeya Choudhary Dr. Anoop Kumar Devedee

Assistant Professor (Agronomy) Assistant Professor
MS Swaminathan School of Division of Agronomy
Agriculture Dean Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur
Shoolini University, Solan (H.P.) University, Gorakhpur, U.P.

Content Editors

Dr. Mehjabeen Ms. Aparnna V.P.

Department of Soil Science & Department of Dairy Science and
Agricultural Chemistry Food Technology
Bihar Agricultural University Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

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 Reviewers

Dr. Ranjeet Singh Bochalya Mrs. Manju Netwal

Division of Agronomy Department of Horticulture
SKUAST-Jammu SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner
Dr. Deepak Katkani Mr. Om Prakash Jitarwal
Mahyco Department of Horticulture
CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana
Mr. Peeyush Kumar Jayaswal Mr. Aakash
Research Scholar Research Scholar
Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU
Mr. Gaurav Prakash Mr. Shankar Bijarnia
Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry Research Scholar
Agriculture University, Kota SKRAU, Bikaner
Dr. Shivam Kumar Singh Mr. Nitin Yadav
Department of Horticulture Research Scholar
PG College, Ghazipur Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU
Mr. Rajkumar Jakhar Mr. Kartik Madankar
Research Scholar Research Scholar
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU
Mr. Mahendra Kumar Mr. Ayush Bahuguna
Research Scholar Assistant Development Officer
JNKVV, Jabalpur Department of Horti. and Food Processing, Dehradun
Mr. Deepak Kumar Yadav Mr. Bhagchand Yadav
Agriculture Technical Assistant, Mirzapur (U.P.) Department of Horticulture
SKRAU, Bikaner
Mr. Nanu Ram Sharma Ms. Skikha Jain
Department of Entomology Research Scholar, Division of Fruit Science
SKRAU, Bikaner Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Mr. Dodiya Ravi Kumar Dhirubhai Mr. Suresh Kumar Fagodia
Department of Entomology Research Scholar, Department of Soil Science and
Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat Agricultural Chemistry, SKNAU, Jobner
Mr. Kanik Kumar Bansal Mr. Vijay Kumar
Research Scholar, Division of Agronomy Research Scholar, Division of Agronomy
SKUAST-Jammu SKUAST-Jammu
Shesh Narayan Kumawat Pravallika Sree Rayanoothala
AICRP-Weed Management, Division of Agronomy Department of Plant Pathology (Agriculture and Allied
SKUAST-Jammu Sciences), CV Raman Global University, Bubaneswar,
Odisha
Mr. Veerendra Kumar Patel Mr. Vishal Yadav
Research Scholar, Department of Soil Science Research Scholar, Department of Extension Education
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya University, ANDUA&T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh
Chitrakoot, Satna, Madhya Pradesh
Anushi Ganesh Ram
Research Scholar, Department of Horticulture (Fruit Research Scholar, Department of Horticulture,
Science), CSAUAT, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh RVSKVV, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh

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 Volume 3, Issue 8, April 2024

Monthly
ISSN: 2583-1755

The Agriculture
Magazine
A Monthly Peer Reviewed Magazine for Agriculture and Allied Sciences

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 Published by:
The Agriculture Publication

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E-ISSN: 2583-1755 Volume-3, Issue-8, April 2024

© Author
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ISSN: 2583-1755
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April, 2024
Publication Schedule : Monthly
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The Managing Editor
Dr. Kartikeya Choudhary
The Agriculture Magazine

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 The Agriculture Magazine
Volume 3, Issue 8, April 2024

CONTENTS
SI. No. bcbxcbbb
Titles & Authors Page No.
Millet’s Role in Ensuring Nutritional and Food Security
1. 1-4
Saniga N. S. and B. Boraiah
A Farmer’s Story about Organic Farming and Compassionate Animals
2. 5
Shivangana Mankotia
A Success Story: Farmer who Influences Young Generations
3. 6
Sahil Singh Chauhan
Iron Chlorosis in Groundnut
4. Raja Ram Choudhary, Narendra Kumar, Kiran Kumar Reddy, Lalit Kumar Rolaniya, Amit 7-8
Bhadu and Rajendra Prasad Jat
Alternative Use of Crop Residue under Conservation Agriculture
5. 9-11
Bharti Parmar
Role of Farmers Producer Organizations in Transfer of Farm Technology: Some
6. Challenges 12-17
Shareya, D. D. Sharma and Shibani
From Bean to Brew: Exploring the World’s Favourite Stimulant: Coffee
7. Ayesha Siddiqua, Mohankumar G. P., Shalini R. M., Gouthami Shivaswamy and Arshad 18-23
Khayum
Phytobiomes: An Overview
8. 24-27
Chetna Mahajan, Anup Gadekar and Darshana Patra
Different Species of Honey Bee
9. 28-29
Suresh Kumar Jat, Anchal Sharma, Ashok Choudhary and Lekha
Bio-Stimulants for Crop Production
10. 30-32
P. Shanmugapriya
Decorative Cut Foliage Fillers and their Suitability
11. 33-35
M. Kumaresan
Unlocking Nature’s Secret: How Humic Acid Enhances Plant Growth and Development
12. 36-41
Shaziya K. L., Hanumanta D. Lamani, Nandini R., Rachana B. O. and Sinchana M. A.
Life Skills Education for Adolescents
13. 42-44
Shipra Nagar
Bioherbicides: Sustainable Eco-Friendly Weed Management Approach
14. 45-48
Babu C. V., Ganavi B. N. and Ramesh B. N.
Driving Innovation Adoption: Understanding Perceived Attributes and their Impact
15. 49-52
Yaksh Patel
Green Harvest, Golden Future: Underutilized Vegetables for Nutrition and Income in
16. Uttarakhand’s Hills 53-55
Chandni, Arun Kishor and Rashmi E. R.
Nano Particles in Pest Management
17. 56-58
Shruti Biradar, Sharanappa C. H. and Munmun Mitra
Policy Issues in Agricultural Marketing
18. 59-62
Antima Meghwal and Sanju Meena
Speed Breeding for Crop Improvement and Food Security: An Overview
19. 63-66
Sunita, Mukesh Kumar, Narendra Kumar, Ashok Kumar and Udayabhan Nishad
Insecticide Resistance Monitoring in Rice Brown Plant Hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)
20. (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) 67-70
Satyabrata Sarangi, S. D. Mohapatra and G. P. Pandi G.

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 The Agriculture Magazine
Volume 3, Issue 8, April 2024

CONTENTS
SI. No. Titles & Authors Page No.
Trichopterans: A Potent Biological Indicator and Forensic Agent
21. 71-73
Devaraj R. and Sala Srivarsha
22.
Unveiling the Future of Agriculture: Mushroom Farming Technology 74-75
Yash Pateriya, N. R. Meena, Aman Verma and Anurag Dixit
Strengthening Agricultural Resilience: Addressing Biohazards to Ensure Food Security
23. Swastik Parhi, Bibhuti Bhusan Barik, Manish Mukesh Rout, Janmejaya Guru, Sohan 76-81
Pattanaik, Kunal Sahoo and Jyoti Prakash Sahoo
Growing Futures: Opportunities in Women-Led Agriculture
24. Anwesha Das, Binisha Das, Aishwariya Nayak, Bishnupriya Raul, Devismeta Behera, 82-87
Tanisha Sahoo, Jyoti Prakash Sahoo and Debashis Dash
25.
Novel Practices for Sustainable Agriculture 88-90
Vishakha Najan, Kartik Jadhav and Rajendra Gethe
26.
Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) for Improving Water Use Efficiency 91-93
Kartik Jadhav, Vishakha Najan and Narendra Kashid
27.
Healthy Eating Diet is Important for Childrens 94-95
Shivani Singh and Seema Sonkar
28.
Molecular and Fuctional Diversity in Soil Microorganisms 96-100
Najan V. R., Shinde C. S. and Patil K. B.
29.
From Agriculture to Affluence: The Motivating Story of Jaspal Singh’s Poultry Farm 101-103
Sakshi Guleria
30.
From Fields to the Wealth: The Motivational Adventure of Bariya Dairy Farm 104-105
Amarvir Singh Mann and Gurshaminder Singh
31.
Dragon Fruit: A Game Changer 106-107
Vipin Malik
32.
Grewal’s Success: It’s Journey from 0-100 108-110
Aditya Sagwal and Gurshaminder Singh
33.
Cover Crops: Vital Role in Promoting Sustainability and Soil Health 111-115
Dushyant, S. P. Singh, Adesh Singh, D. S. Sahu and Bhim Singh
34.
Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites as a Defence Tool against Insect Pest 116-119
Devaraj R. and Sala Srivarsha
Public-Private Partnership (PPPs) in Agriculture Sector: Fostering Growth and
35.
Innovation 120-124
Vyomendra Kumar Singh, Madri, Krishan Pal, Abhay Saini, Kuldeep Kumar Bhargav,
Shubham Gupta and Mahendra Pratap Singh
36.
Hormones Responsible for Growth and Aging in Human 125-126
Ayushi Mishra, Divya Kaushik and Sumedha Chaudhary
37.
Gender and Nutrition Based Extension in Agriculture 127-128
Shivani Singh, Ayushi Mishra and Seema Sonkar
Climate Change and Nematode Dynamics: Unravelling the Impact on Agricultural
38. Systems 129-133
Mansi Machal
39.
Breaking Down Osteoporosis: Unraveling the Silent Threat to Bone Health 134-136
Shivani Singh, Ayushi Singh and Divya Kaushik
40.
The Crucial Impact of the Environment on Children’s Development 137-138
Sumedha Chaudhary, Ayushi Singh and Divya Kaushik

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 The Agriculture Magazine
Volume 3, Issue 8, April 2024

CONTENTS
SI. No. Titles & Authors Page No.

41.
Lettuce Planting and Production Data Provide Farmers with Higher Returns 139-142
Alka Choudhary and Mukesh Jakhar
42.
The Important Role of Organic Agriculture in the Development of Human Life 143-146
Alka Choudhary and Mukesh Jakhar
43.
Nutrition and Health Benefits of Aloe Vera 147-150
Alka Choudhary and Mukesh Jakhar
44.
Drip Irrigation and Mulching affect on Vegetable Crops 151-154
Alka Choudhary and Mukesh Jakhar
45.
Strawberry Planting and Production Data bring More Returns to Farmers 155-156
Alka Choudhary and Jhabar Mal Tetarwal
Training and Pruning Systems for Garden Plants that Encourage Good Crop
46. Production 157-159
Alka Choudhary and Jhabar Mal Tetarwal
47.
Climate Change and Its Adverse Effect on Indian Agriculture 160-164
Aakash Deep, Abhishek Kalia, Yash Gautam and Kannan Kr. Verma
48.
Modern Production Technology of Opium Poppy 165-169
Vaqar Malik, P. K. S. Gurjar and R. K. Jaiswal
49.
Biological Control of Plant Diseases 170-173
Dinesh Chand
50.
Biological Management of Plant Diseases using Microbial Biocontrol Agents 174-177
Dinesh Chand
51.
Integrated Disease Management 178-184
Dinesh Chand
52.
Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Vegetable Production 185-188
Radhe Shayam Jat
53.
Role of Vegetables in Human Nutrition 189-192
Radhe Shayam Jat
54.
Use of Artificial Intelligence in Horticultural Crops 193-196
Vaqar Mailk, R. K. Jaiswal and I. S. Naruka
55.
Use of Medicinal Plants in Covid Pandemic 197-200
Vaqar Mailk, P. K. S. Gurjar and R. K. Jaiswal
56.
Weed Management in Onion 201-203
Radhe Shayam Jat
57.
Beyond the Beehive: Discovering the Versatility of Honey and Honey based Products 204-209
Syed Imran, C. N. Nidhi, Kotesh Y. Chavhan and Awanindra Kumar Tiwari
Harvesting Innovation: Exploring the Impact of Drone Technology in Modern
58. Agriculture 210-215
R. Reshma, Aishwarya A., Preeti Y. H. and Awanindra Kumar Tiwari
59.
Journey of a Small Scale Farmer to Prosperity in Dairy Farming 216
Akshit Thakur and Gurshaminder Singh
Rooftop Gardening: The Future of Urban Agriculture
60. Satyaprakash Rout, Debadurlabha Sahoo, Soubhagya Ranjan Khuntia, Aprna Singh, Ashish 217-223
Dalei, Bhagyadhar Sahoo and Jyoti Prakash Sahoo

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 The Agriculture Magazine
Volume 3, Issue 8, April 2024

CONTENTS
SI. No. Titles & Authors Page No.

61.
Role of Antitranspirants in Dryland Agriculture 224-228
Sandeep S. N., P. S. Fathima, P. Vidyashree B. S., Kavyashree C. and Girish K. S.
62.
Uncovering the History: Experiencing Agricultural Revolution Theories 229-231
Lakshmi Muralikrishna and Sandeep G. P.
63.
Nanotechnology’s Giant Impact on Agriculture 232-237
Prastuti Bhattacharyya and Shivam Singh
64.
Orchid Breeding: A Review 238-241
H. H. Chaudhary, M. P. Ahir and Shailesh Chaudhary
65.
Role of Nutrients in Plant Disease and Pest Management 242-245
Tanya Rathore
66.
AI Applications in Biotechnology: Transforming the Future of Science 246-247
Saroj Rani
67.
Growth Monitoring and Its Importance during Pre-School Years 248-251
Shipra Nagar
Deciphering the Complexity of Peach Leaf Curl: Causes, Environmental Influences and
68. Effective Management 252-255
Rashmi E. R., Arun Kishore and Chandni
69.
Harnessing Rooftop Gardens for Sustainable Growth: A Boon for the Indian Economy 256-259
Piyali Dutta and Arunima Konar
70.
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Calyx: Importance and It’s Health Benefits 260-263
Shilpa D. Deshmukh
71.
Value Addition in Flower Crops and Beyond 264-265
Jeevan U. and Poornima R.
72.
Handsome Crafts Prepared from Skeleton Leaf of Peepal Tree (Ficus religiosa) 266-267
N. N. Reddy, U. Jeevan and Anil Kumar G. S.
73.
Silk beyond Fashion: The Surprising Uses of Silkworm Silk in Medicine and Industry 268-271
Shruti Biradar, Robin and Diksha Devi
74.
Significance of Pollination and Honeybees in Cucurbits 272-276
Anup Gadekar, Shankar Narwade and Elika Pavan Venkata Kumar
75.
Fruit Harvesting Method for Potential use of Automatic Fruit Harvesting Systems 277-279
Dixit Mistry, Chetak Bishnoi and Dileep V.
76.
Molluscs as an Agricultural Pest 280-283
Mangayarkarsi S., Logeshvararaj B. and Hariharan S.
77.
Uzy Fly: Foes of Silkworm 284-287
Hariharan S.
78.
Rice Yellow Stem Borer: An Overview 288-291
Manda Anil Mhatre, Vinda Manjramkar and Surendra Prasad
79.
Soil Compaction due to Tillage Machinery and It’s Management 292-294
Veerendra Singh, Jashandeep Singh and Charu Sharma
80.
Canning of Fruits and Vegetables 295-296
Monica T. and C. Venkatesh

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 The Agriculture Magazine
Volume 3, Issue 8, April 2024

CONTENTS
SI. No. Titles & Authors Page No.

81.
Manila Tamarind 297-298
A. Pavithra and C. Venkatesh
Navigating Challenges and Maximizing Success: Strategies for Cultivating Summer
82. Vegetables 299-301
Shrikant G. Wankhade and Rutuja N. Deshmukh
Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 for Precision Insect Management: Innovations and
83. Applications 302-304
Ramesha N. M. and Nirjharnee Nandeha
84.
Precision Farming Unveiled: Innovations and Techniques for Success 305-308
Pragya Pandey
85.
A Useful Strategy to Genome and Genomics using Bioinformatics 309-310
Saroj Rani
86.
Role of Mulching in Vegetable Crops 311-313
Suman Poonia, Aastik Jha, Hardesh Shivhare and Niharika Singh
Enhancing Sustainable Crop Production through the Integration of Flower Strips and
87. Herbal Living Mulch in Farming System Design 314-316
Premlal Sahu
88.
The Role of Renewable Energy in Transitioning to a Low-Carbon Future 317-319
Premlal Sahu
89.
Food Fortification Strategy to Combat Micronutrient Deficiencies 320-323
Raju C. A., Divya C. and Sujay Singh
90.
Value Added Products of Lavender 324-326
R. Ramya and C. Venkatesh
91.
Free Living Nematodes: The Untapped Bio-Energy 327-330
Rupak Jena, Navin Kumar Giri, Simly Das, Manaswini Mahapatra and S. D. Mohapatra
92.
Effect of UV Light on Flower Development and Fruit Ripening 331-335
Shweta, Ashish Kumar and Vivek Bhanwala
93.
Artificial Intelligence Based Agriculture 336-340
Suneel Kumar, Umesh Kumar, Shubham Singh and Abhishek Kumar Singh
94.
Graft Incompatibility in Fruit Crops 341-342
Harendra
95.
Value Addition in Under-Exploited Fruits of Karonda 343-345
C. Venkatesh and M. Sathish
96.
Impact of Organic Farming on Farmers and Its Management 346-349
Shivani, Deepak Kumar, Aditya Rathi, Aryan Choudhary and Aman Kumar
97.
Pollination in Horticultural Crops 350-352
Harendra
98.
Rootstock in Fruit Crops 353-356
Harendra
99.
Farmer Who Influences from Young Generations: A Success Story 357
Ankit Dhawan and Gurshaminder Singh
Harvesting Harmony: The Success of an Organic Farmer’s Journey in Cultivation and
100. Compassionate Animal Care 358
Sparsh Kargeti and Gurshaminder Singh

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 The Agriculture Magazine
Volume 3, Issue 8, April 2024

CONTENTS
SI. No. Titles & Authors Page No.

101.
Advanced Technology of Waxing to Improve the Shelf Life of Fruits and Vegetables 359-361
R. Gokularanjani, R. B. Harini and C. Venkatesh
102.
Exploring the Impact of Agricultural Subsidies and Support Programs 362-367
Shaurya Sharma, S. P. Singh and Sudhakar Dwivedi
Visit Traversed by B.Sc. (Hons.) Horticulture Students (Batch 2022) of Adhiparasakthi
103.
Horticultural College of Variegated Research Stations at Tamil Nadu through Study 368-372
Tour Programme (HOR 201)
Mathesh, Uma Saravanan, Rajaselvam, Asha and Sarankumar Chandran
104.
Importance of Sulphur in Crop Production 373-376
Britan Rahman and Ipsita Ojah
105.
From Petals to Pigments: The Rich Heritage of Dye-Yielding Plants 377-383
Manchyala Divya, Basana Gouda S., Spoorti Rajole, Swathi Patil and Ayesha Siddiqua
106.
The Vital Role of Seedlings in Nurseries: Nurturing the Future of Agriculture 384-387
Himanshu Raghuwanshi, Rudra Sohani, Suhana Puri Goswami and Upasna Mishra
107.
Protein: Structure and Function 388-391
Oksana Mandal, Kaveri Vishwas Sable and Lenin Kumar Bompalli
108.
Brassinosteroids: A Novel Molecule foe Enhancing Shelf Life of Fruit and Vegetables 392-395
Oksana Mandal, Riya Thakur and Ambika Bhandari
109.
Biofertilizer: An Overview 396-398
Urja Solanki, Ajay Baldaniya and Shivdas R. Aher
Blooming Resilience: Navigating COVID-19’s Impact through the Lens of Floral
110. Resilience 399-402
Seema Anil Thakre
Effect of Nitrogen and Organic Manures on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cape
111. Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.): A Review 403-408
Pradeep Kumar and Vijay Bahadur
112.
Dragon Fruit Peel: An Emerging Horticulture Waste for Valorization 409-412
Archa Nair, Pushpa Chethan Kumar, Ranjitha K. and Karunakaran G.
113.
Circadian Disruption: How Light Pollution Alters Insect Behaviour and Ecology? 413-416
Dharani Priya N.
114.
Vertical Farming: Addressing the Future Need for Food 417-420
Shipra Singh Parmar and Divya Pandey
115.
Revolutionizing Agriculture: The Indispensable Role of Remote Sensing 421-422
Roji Chutia
The Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Transforming
116. Contemporary Agriculture 423-426
Manash Jyoti Borah and Rishikanya Hazarika
117.
Prospects of Involving Grassroots Organizations in Agricultural Extension Program 427-430
Antima Meghwal and Sanju Meena
Innovative Post Harvest Technologies to Enhance the Shelf Life of Fruits and
118. Vegetables 431-433
E. Kanishka and M. Sathish
119.
Blueberry: Health Benefits and Value Added Products 434-435
Kalpanachavla C. and M. Sathish
120.
World Earth Day 2024: Exploring the Genesis and Theme Planet vs Plastics 436-439
Vaishnavi Abhang, Sudhanand Prasad Lal and Rajeev Kumar Srivastava

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121.
Precision Fertigation: A Contemporary Strategy for Sustainable Farming 440-444
Niyati Thakur, Shilpa, Atul Chaudhary and Ajit Sharma
122.
Production Technology of Oyster Mushroom 445-447
K. Suakshara, K. Sujatha, E. Srujana, Syed Nyamath, K. Sailaja and S. Dilip Kumar Reddy
123.
Organic Oasis: A Tale of Sustainable Farming in Tandamutur, Coimbatore 448-449
Nanditha Pavithran and Gurshaminder Singh
124.
Effective Ways to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emission in Agriculture 450-453
Nilabja Banerjee and Ashok S. Dambale
125.
Role of Farm Science Centres in Improving the Lot of Rural Women 454-456
S. Sharma and S. Thakur
126.
Agrivoltaics: Integrating Solar Energy and Agriculture for a Sustainable Future 457-458
Karthik D. R., Vasantha Kumari and Jakanoor B. Aivalli
127.
Climate Smart Agricultural Practices 459-461
S. Swetha
Mitigation Planning for Developing Linear Infrastructure in Sensitive Wildlife Habitat:
128. A Comprehensive Approach 462-464
Vishal Bhojyawal, Akansha Singh, Asmita Patel, Antima Yadav and Madhu Upadhyay
129.
Wheat Hybridization: Cultivating a New Era of Agricultural Innovation 465-467
Divij Kushwah, Upasna Mishra and Suhana Puri Goswami
130.
Abiotic Stress Conditions and the Impact of Reactive Oxygen Species on Plants 468-471
Manju Jat and Afjal Ahamad
131.
Transforming Agriculture: Implementing Farm Mechanization 472-475
Atul Chaudhary, Shilpa, Niyati Thakur and Ajit Sharma
132.
Hay and Silage: Preservative Method of Forage Resources for the Dry Season 476-479
Gangadhar M. Arkachari, Bhavya V. P., Manjula and Sindhu R. V.
133.
Silicon: Boost Yield Enhancement of Rice 480-483
Gangadhar M. Arkachari, Bhavya V. P., Manjula and Sindhu R. V.
134.
Role of Journalism: As a Whole 484-486
Mohit Kumar and Sakshi
135.
Drone Technology in Agriculture 487-489
Disha Tagore, Suhana Puri Goswami and Upasna Mishra
136.
Hydroponics in Agriculture 490-493
Misba Kachchhi, Upasna Mishra and Suhana Puri Goswami
137.
Soil Testing and Recommendations 494-496
Gangadhar M. Arkachari, Bhavya V. P., Manjula and Sindhu R. V.
138.
Management of Major Disease of Arecanut 497-498
Gangadhar M. Arkachari, Manjula, Sindhu R. V. and Bhavya V. P.
139.
Management of Major Disease of Black Pepper 499-500
Gangadhar M. Arkachari, Manjula, Sindhu R. V. and Bhavya V. P.
140.
Management of Major Disease of Coconut 501-503
Gangadhar M. Arkachari, Manjula, Sindhu R. V. and Bhavya V. P.

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141.
Tropical Evergreen Coffee 504-506
Amrutha P. S., Riswana T. and C. Ventatesh
142.
Soil Sampling: Techniques and Procedures 507-509
Neerja Patel, Mahender Singh, Nishith Gupta, K. S. Bhargav and A. K. Badaya
143.
Minute Pirate Bug: As a General Predator of Sucking Pests in Bitter Gourd 510-511
Gangadhar M. Arkachari, Manjula, Sindhu R. V. and Bhavya V. P.
144.
Management Practices to Tackle Melon Fruit Fly Infestation in Cucrubits 512-513
Gangadhar M. Arkachari, Manjula, Sindhu R. V. and Bhavya V. P.
145.
Emerging Role of Post Translational Modifications in Plant Pathology 514-517
Sharanabasav Huded, Aditi Anand and Sushma A. Rao
146.
Stress-Free Life for Healthy Living 518-521
Shipra Omar, Kavitha S. and Anushka Singh
147.
Different Species of White Grub and their Management 522-526
Nisha Choudhary
Economic Losses Due to Stored Grain Pests and their Advanced Management in Pulses
148. and Cereals 527-531
Satyabrata Sarangi
149.
Value Added Products of Banana 532-534
Madhumitha K., Parameswari M. and M. Sathish
150.
Hybrid Seed Production of Potato 535-537
Rupesh Kumar and Vijay Bahadur
151.
Disease and Post Harvest Management of Pomegranate 538-540
Anushvinayagam R., Selvakumar S. and C. Venkatesh
152.
Value Addition of Jackfruit 541-542
Harini M., Gopighaa J. S. and M. Sathish
153.
Natural Farming: Time to Go Back to Our Roots 543-547
Abhijit Ghosal
154.
Satvir Singh: A Tale of Transformation and Inspiration 548
Naman Sharma
155.
Bee Behaviour and Its Communication: A Review 549-551
Monu Kumar, Nivedita Kumari, Dileep Kumar Verma and Pratik Swain
Exploring the Health Benefits of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana): A Nutritional
156. Powerhouse 552-555
Anuradha Tigga, Vijay Bahadur and Annjoe V. Joseph
157.
Unraveling Death’s Secrets: The Vital Role of Forensic Entomology 556-558
Nikhil Reddy K. S.
158.
Nano Innovations in Aquaculture: Transforming Sustainability and Productivity 559-560
Rakhi Das
Enhancing Livestock Health through Soil Management: Strategies for Disease
159. Prevention and Sustainable Production 561-565
Shivangi Sharma and Esha Kanojia
Unveiling the Remarkable Health Benefits of Ginger: A Spice with Therapeutic
160. Potential 566-569
Puja Rani Sethy, Supra Subhadarsani and Jyoti Prakash Sahoo

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CONTENTS
SI. No. Titles & Authors Page No.

161.
Value Added Products of Litchi 570
Gobikaa G. M., Nantha Sashtika K. S. and M. Sathish
162.
Novel Technology of Drying 571-572
Laxmipriyaa M., Janani T. and C. Venkatesh
163.
Precision Breeding 573-575
Prabhas Kumar Shukla, Ramesh Pratap Singh, Ajay Tripathi and Amit Tiwari
164.
Unlocking the Potential: Future Super Fruits Set to Revolutionize Nutrition and Health 576-581
K. Priyanka, Lokesh R., Ayesha Siddiqua and Arshad Khayum
165.
Agriculture: Evolution or Devolution? 582-583
Himani Sharma, Safal Singh and Pankaj Singh
166.
Agro-Advisory Services 584-587
K. Shiva Prasad
167.
Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture: The Future of Farming 588-590
A. Kiran and D. Naresh
168.
Cucumber and its Packaging Methods for Shelf-Life Enhancement 591-593
Ankita Choudhary, Monika Sood and Julie D. Bandral
169.
Soil Erosion: Major Cause for Infertile Soil 594-596
Gangadhar M. Arkachari, Bhavya V. P., Majula and Sindhu R. V.
170.
Biodynamic Farming in India 597-601
Gangadhar M. Arkachari, Bhavya V. P., Majula and Sindhu R. V.
171.
Major Insect Pests of Ber and their Management in Semi Arid Region of Rajasthan 602-608
Purushotam Sharma, D. K. Bairwa, Neeraj Kumar Meena and Ratan Lal Sharma
172.
Impact of Heat Stress on Performance of Dairy Animals 609-611
Chinmaya Kumar Sahu and Ravi Kiran
173.
Automatic Detection on Storage Pests 612-614
Lekshmi P. S. and R. Saranya
174.
Effect of Ozone on Sexual Communication in Insects 615-617
R. Saranya and Lekshmi P. S.
175.
Green House: A New Dimension for Growing Off Season High Value Crop 618-623
Ipsita Maiti, Pravin Prakash and Data Ram Saini
176.
Nipah Virus Infection: Emerging Disease 624-626
Sharolin Rachel, A. Vamshi Kiran and Vankudothu Venkatesh
177.
Beyond the Pile: Dung Beetles as Stewards of Environmental Harmony 627-630
Hafsha R. and Dharani Priya N.
The Versatile Coconut Tree: A Bounty of Nutrients and Products for Health and
178. Sustainability 631-632
Sweadha S. and Sathish M.
179.
The Miracle Tree: Moringa 633-634
Nandhini J., Nisha M. and C. Venkatesh

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Protein: Structure and Function

Oksana Mandal, Kaveri Vishwas Sable and Lenin Kumar Bompalli

Introduction acid. The traditional hunter-gather diets eaten by our

Proteins are one of the most abundant organic pre-agricultural ancestors were higher in animal
molecules in living systems and have the most protein than contemporary diet (Konner and Eaton,
diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. 2010).
Proteins are highly complex macromolecules History
consisting of one or more long chains of amino acids Proteins were first described by the Dutch
linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins may be chemist Mulder and named by Swedish chemist
structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They Berzelius in 1838. Proteins were recognized as a
may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or distinct class of biological molecules in the 18th
they may be toxins or enzymes. Each cell in a living century by Antoine and others, distinguished by the
system may contain thousands of proteins, each with molecules ability to coagulate or flocculate under
a unique function. Their structures, like their treatments with heat or acid. At the time noted
functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino examples included Albumin from Egg whites, Blood
acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence (also serum albumin, Fibrin and Wheat gluten. Mulder
referred to as a “peptide”). Proteins are coded and carried out elemental analysis of common proteins
regulated by genes. These proteins, along with the and found that nearly all protein had same empirical
environment, cause an organism’s traits. Muscle formula, C400 H620N100O120P1S1.
mass. It is commonly found in animal products, Properties of Proteins
though Protein is a macro nutrient that is essential to  Proteins may be either tasteless (tyrosine), sweet
building is also present in other sources, such as nuts (glycine and alanine) or bitter (arginine).
& legumes. There are 20 different types of Amino  They have high melting point.
Acids that are combined to make a protein. These  They are soluble in polar solvents like Water and
amino acids are attached to each other by the peptide Ethanol but they are insoluble in nonpolar
bond, which forms between the carboxyl group of solvents such as Benzene and Ether.
first amino acid and amide group of second amino  The solubility in water is dependent on pH and

Oksana Mandal
Department of Plant Physiology, BCKV, Mohanpur, West Bengal
Kaveri Vishwas Sable
Department of Botany, Radhabai Kale Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Ahmednagar (SPUV, Pune), Maharashtra
Lenin Kumar Bompalli
Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Etcherla, Andhra Pradesh

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on salt concentration. arrangement of atoms in a protein. There are

 Water interacts with polar groups of proteins and thousands of proteins in each cell in a living system,
forms an aqueous membrane- hydration shell-at each with a unique function and structure. The
the surface of the protein. unique structures of proteins determine their
 The optical activity of proteins is due not only to functions. Understanding the structure of proteins is
asymmetry of amino acids but also to the important as it reveals the mechanism involved in
chirality resulting from the arrangement of the various cellular processes.
peptide chain. Basics of Protein Structure
Roles of proteins Amino acids are the fundamental building
 Protein acts as enzymes and hormones i.e., elements of proteins. These are organic compounds
Insulin, Glycogen. with a carboxyl group, an amino group, a core carbon
 It provides nutrients transport and making atom, and a characteristic side chain. Peptide bonds
antibodies i.e., Haemoglobin. hold these amino acids together to build lengthy
 It provides energy when carbohydrates and fat protein chains. In this chain, there are two ends: the
intake is inadequate. starting point is called the amino terminus (N-
 A class of protein known as fibrous proteins terminus), and the ending point is called the carboxyl
provide various part of our body with structure, terminus (C-terminus). Proteins are built from only
strength and elasticity. twenty amino acids, each with a distinct side chain.
 Various protein hormones regulate the growth of The side chains of amino acids vary in their
plants and animals besides controlling many characteristics. The peculiarities of the side chains
other physiological functions. significantly influence how the protein behaves. The
 The nucleoproteins serve as carrier of genetics protein prefers acidic or basic environments because
characters and hence govern inheritance of traits. some of its side chains have these properties.
Proteins act as a buffer system, helping our body Levels of Protein Structure: Proteins can be
maintain proper pH values of blood and other divided into four structural levels: primary, seco-
bodily fluids. ndary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, depending
 High-protein diets may influence energy balance on the level of their structure.
by increasing post-meal satiety and increasing Primary Structure of Protein
basal energy expenditures (Westerterp-Plantenga The linear sequence of amino acids conne-
et al., 2009). cted by peptide bonds is known as the primary
Structure of Proteins structure, and it represents the earliest level of
Protein structure is the three-dimensional protein structure. Peptide and disulfide bonding pres-

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erve the core structure. The precise sequence in the protein e.g. Myoglobin, Keratin etc.
which the genetic code is read from the relevant gene Quaternary Structure of Protein
determines the basic structure of a protein. The Quaternary structure is the fourth degree of
characteristics of specific amino acids in the primary structural organization seen in proteins with multiple
structure influence how the proteins fold at the polypeptide chains. In these proteins, every
secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels e.g. polypeptide chain is referred to as a subunit. The
Albumin, Histones etc. spatial arrangement of these subunits and their
Secondary Structure of Protein interactions are referred to as quaternary structure.
The precise spatial arrangement of a given The most basic type of quaternary structure consists
peptide sequence is known as the secondary structure of a dimer, which is made up of two identical
of a protein. It describes the particular arrangement subunits. More intricate quaternary structures are,
of amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain, where nevertheless, also typical. The quaternary structure is
they are grouped closely together. This arrangement formed from the interactions between the side chains
takes place in specific locations where the chain folds of two or more polypeptides and affects the overall
locally to create the protein's secondary structure. shape of the protein e.g. Hemoglobin etc.
The two most common secondary structures of
proteins are alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets e.g.
Collagen etc.
Tertiary Structure of Protein
The tertiary structure of a protein refers to the
three-dimensional arrangement of all atoms of a
protein formed after the polypeptide chain folds and
twists further. This arrangement is determined by the
interactions of side chains of the polypeptide Methods for studying protein structure
backbone. The tertiary structure of a protein is  X-ray crystallography: it is one of the
stabilized by five types of interactions: hydrophobic commonly used methods to determine protein
interaction, ionic interaction, hydrogen bond, structures. It involves crystallizing the protein
Vanderwaal’s interaction, and disulfide bond. A and exposing it to X-rays. The diffracted X-ray
protein may contain one or several unique domains pattern is analyzed to create an electron density
connected by loop regions. These domains usually map, which is then interpreted to locate each
contain 100-200 amino acid residues and contribute atom in the protein. This method provides
to both functional as well as structural properties of detailed atomic information about proteins and

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other molecules in the crystal. most abundant organic molecules in living systems
 NMR spectroscopy: An additional valuable and have the most diverse range of functions of all
technique for researching protein structures is macromolecules.
NMR spectroscopy. It entails putting pure References
proteins in a magnetic field and using radio Konner, M. and Eaton, S. B. (2010). Paleolithic
waves to probe them. A model of the protein's nutrition: twenty‐five years later. Nutrition in
structure is created using the information about Clinical Practice, 25(6): 594-602.
atom conformation that the ensuing resonances Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Nieuwenhuizen, A.,
provide. Unlike other techniques that call for Tome, D., Soenen, S. and Westerterp, K. R.
crystallization, NMR is useful for examining (2009). Dietary protein, weight loss, and
flexible proteins in solution. weight maintenance. Annual Review of
 Homology modeling: It is one such comput- Nutrition, 29: 21-41.
ational method used to predict the three-
dimensional structure of a protein. It relies on a
known protein structure (a template) that is
closely related to the protein being studied.

Conclusion
Proteins are nitrogenous organic compounds
of high molecular weight which play a vital or prime
role in living organisms. They are made up of 20
standard a-amino acids. They serve as body building
units, e.g., muscle proteins. Proteins are one of the
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