PHILOSOPHY goals, concerns, and ways of
According to Abella (2016), the doing things.
word Philosophy comes from the
Greek words: philos (love) and
Sophia (wisdom) which can be
literally translated to "love of BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
wisdom" According to Garcia, et.al.
people who engage in philosophy (2016), the following are the branches
or "lovers of wisdom" are called of philosophy:
philosophers LOGIC
Is the science of thinking that A branch of philosophy that
deals with the study of processes deals with the nature of thinking
governing thoughts and conduct. and reasoning using empirical
It is also the study that uses the support and information which
human reason to investigate the are reliable, valid and objective
ultimate causes, reasons, and It is the science of correct
principles which governs all thinking.
things. TWO TYPES OF LOGIC
The essence of philosophy- the DEDUCTIVE REASONING
search for answers to life's from a general truth to specific
questions. truth, from universal truth to
particular.
CHARACTERISTICS INDUCTIVE REASONING
Philosophy can be seen as a from a specific truth to general
framework, and can be treated as an truth, particular to universal.
examination of knowledge and as a
discipline. (Abella 2016) EPISTEMOLOGY – THEORY OF
FRAMEWORK KNOWLEDGE
is defined as a way of thinking A branch of philosophy that
about the world and is composed concerns with the definition of
of views and beliefs of a person. knowledge and related concepts
INTERNAL QUESTION such as the sources and criteria
dealing with our own correctness of knowledge.
and values. TWO CONTENDING SCHOOLS OF
EXTERNAL QUESTION THOUGHT
seek to question the very A. RATIONAL SCHOOL
frameworks upon which people o the main source of
base their own beliefs and views. knowledge is deductive
EXAMINATION OF A PARTICULAR reasoning based on self-
AREA OF KNOWLEDGE evident principles or
this means that the principle of actions.
philosophy can be used as an B. EMPIRICAL SCHOOL
examination of other disciplines o the source of knowledge is
or areas of knowledge. sense- perception.
DISCIPLINE ETHICS – MORAL PHILOSOPHY
philosophy in itself is a distinct It comes from the Greek word
area of knowledge. It has its own "ethos" which means character.
It is the science of correct doing.
It is the study of what is right First to proposed that matter is
and what is wrong in human composed of tiny particles called
behavior in the pursuit of beauty atoms.
and goodness of life. Devoted to study of the causes
of natural phenomena.
METAPHYSICS
It comes from the Greek words DIOGENES OF SINOPE
"meta" which means beyond Advocate of living a simple and
and "physikon" which means virtuous life.
nature. Influenced to the development of
It is a branch of philosophy schools of philosophy such as
which is concerned with the cynicism and stoicism.
nature of ultimate reality.
EPICURUS
AESTHETICS – PHILOSOPHY OF ART Believed that philosophy can
It comes from the Greek word able a man to live a life of
"aesthetikos" which means one happiness.
who is perceptive of things
through his sensations,
feelings, and intuitions. EPICUREANISM
It is concerned with the essence a school of philosophy which
of perception of beauty and believes that wisdom and simple
ugliness. living will result in a life free of
fear and pain
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
It refers to a body of knowledge SOCRATES
that looks up on the society, Foremost philosopher of ancient
politics and the people that times.
makes it whole. Made a great contribution to the
It is believed that society is field of ethics.
inseparable to politics. Inquiring minds achieve wisdom.
Believed that philosophy can
The following are the most notable able a man to live a life of virtue.
ancient Greek philosophers: Formulate the Socratic method
PYTHAGORAS
Formulate the Pythagorean
Theorem.
Devoted to the study of religion PLATO
and philosophy. Formulate the Theory of Forms,
student of Socrates.
HERACLITUS Proposed an ideal model of
Change is a permanent aspect of government and society which is
human condition. ruled by wisdom and reason.
Everything that exist is based on Known for his dialectic and
a higher order or plan. founder of academy.
DEMOCRITUS ARISTOTLE
Views are based on perception HOLISTIC THINKING
and our reality is based on what Refers to a perspective that
we can sense and perceive. considers large-scale patterns in
Formulate deductive reasoning. a system.
A holistic approach in thinking
WHY IS THERE A NEED TO encourages us not only to be
PHILOSOPHIZE? more critical but also to be more
PLATO considerate in dealing with
"Sense of wonder" others.
This perspective drives the need PARTIAL THINKING
of a philosopher, to question, Focuses on a specific aspect of
examine and to learn more. situation.
Partial view is an important
RENE DESCARTES component in analytical thinking,
"doubt" as an individual’s focus on
A critical and questioning certain areas or aspects of a
perspective is necessary to problem in order to understand
determine if indeed these ideas it.
or views are correct or true. According to Garcia, there are different
and possible ways that may help us
understand the dynamics of holistic
and partial view.
KARL JASPERS a. We may use the principles,
"experience" theories, and findings of science.
Believed that man is often b. We may use Marcelian way as
confronted by experiences which presented by the philosopher
challenges his ideas and Gabriel Marcel
frameworks c. We may use the difference
between the shadow and reality
Finally, the need to philosophize from Plato's master piece the
is driven by the "love for "Allegory of the cave.”
wisdom"
To love wisdom is to have an
insatiable desire for truth.
Socrates seeks to continue to
question, to probe, and discuss
in order to get to the bottom of
things.
"I KNOW WHAT I DO NOT
KNOW.” HOW DOES ONE ENGAGE IN
Socrates motto: "The REFLECTION?
unexamined life is not worth REFLECTION
living.” Requires a person to be willing to
Philosophy is a reflective and examine one's thoughts,
meditative activity and it is also feelings, actions and to learn
a method of mental exercise. more about one's life and
experiences.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Allows you an opportunity to
HOLISTIC AND PARTIAL THINKING? think more deeply about your
action, your motivations for
doing such action, and even its
possible consequences.
When we reflect, we can judge
whether our actions or decisions
are reasonable or not.
WHAT ARE THE PRACTICAL USES OF
PHILOSOPHY IN OUR LIVES?
1. Philosophy enables a person to
engage in critical analysis and
interpretation of concepts, definitions,
arguments, and problems.
2. Philosophy also improves problem-
solving and decision making
3. A philosopher is a good
communicator who can clearly and
adequately present his or her ideas.
4.Wisdom-is one intended product of
philosophizing, and this refer to a
person's ability to apply knowledge to
daily life particularly in making sound
choices and judgement.
5. Knowledge of philosophy can
contribute to self-development.
TIPS
In doing philosophy, a holistic
perspective on the subject is always
required. Failure to do so or only using
a partial point of view may lead to
illogical or incorrect conclusions.
The process of doing philosophy
should not be mistaken for the Filipino
activity of pamimilosopo or pedantry
where a person displays useless
knowledge or minute observances of
small details.
