Argon User Guide

Document Revision 3.1

February 18, 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INITIAL SETUP AND FILE SAVING/OPENING ................................................................................. 2

2 SAFETY CRITERIA DERIVATION PROCESS.................................................................................... 2

2.1 STEP A – DETERMINE PROBABILITY OF COINCIDENCE........................................................................... 2
2.1.1 Fault Assumptions ....................................................................................................................... 2
2.1.2 Access Assumptions ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 STEP B – DETERMINE PROBABILITY OF FIBRILLATION........................................................................... 5
2.2.1 Contact Scenarios ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.2.2 Footwear Type ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2.3 Soil Resistivity ............................................................................................................................. 8
2.2.4 Surface Layers ............................................................................................................................. 8
2.2.5 Applied Voltage ........................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 STEP C – EVALUATE TARGET RISK RANGE ......................................................................................... 10
2.3.1 Individual Calculation ............................................................................................................... 10
2.3.2 Societal Calculation ................................................................................................................... 11
2.4 STEP D – MITIGATE RISK AND REPEAT PROCESS AS NECESSARY ......................................................... 11
3 STANDARD CURVES ........................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 IMPORTED DESIGN CURVES ................................................................................................................ 13
3.1.1 Imported File Formats ............................................................................................................... 13
4 CURVE FITTING ................................................................................................................................... 15

5 BATCH PROCESSING .......................................................................................................................... 16

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1 Initial Setup and File Saving/Opening
It is important to ensure Argon is configured for the correct contact profile before the design process
begins. To do this, the Argon Settings dialog box is required. This can be accessed from the Tools option
on the menu bar. For standard designs relating to consistent exposure throughout the year, the Uniform
– Time Independent button should be selected.
For designs relating to specific clumped gatherings throughout the year (such as football matches,
concerts etc), the Gathering – Time Dependent button should be selected (refer to Section 2.1.2).
For designs relating to non-uniform (time dependent) contacts or fault frequencies, the Generalised –
Time Dependent button should be selected. Additional help on the use of this feature is available within
the program once the Enter/View Coincidence button is selected.
Argon assessment files may be saved and reopened using the file menu. Assessment files are saved
with a *.rba extension.

2 Safety Criteria Derivation Process

The following section outline the four steps required to carry out the safety criteria derivation process.

2.1 Step A – Determine Probability of Coincidence

2.1.1 Fault Assumptions

Fault frequency/year This field can be input by the designer to correspond to the average fault rates of
the utility. Typical fault rates and clearing times are:
Table 1 – Typical overhead line fault rates

System Voltage Overhead Line Fault Rate

( phase to phase ) ( faults/100km year )
LV 20-150
11kV-33kV 5-10 shielded, 10-40 unshielded
66kV 2-5
100kV-132kV 1-4
220kV-275kV <1.0
330kV <0.5
400kV <0.5
500kV <0.5

Note 1: The higher outage rates occur in northern Note 2: The lower outage rates occur in southern
Australia where there is more frequent high Australia and New Zealand where there is
wind and lightning storms. less frequent high wind and lower lightning
activity.

Table 2 – Typical primary protection clearing times

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 System Voltage Primary Protection
( phase to phase ) Clearing Time
LV 2sec
11kV-33kV 1sec
66kV 0.5sec
100kV-250kV 220msec
251kV-275kV 120msec
330kV 120msec
400kV 120msec
500kV 100msec

Note: The primary protection clearing times for >100kV are based on National Electricity Code fault
clearing time requirements for remote end.
If we assume a fault radius of 1.5km with OHEW, the faults ‘seen’ per structure = 3/100 * fault rate/year.
For example:

Transmission Voltage Transmission Fault rates Faults/year (fn)

>=132kV 1.5/100km/year 0.045

22kV-66kV 5/100km/year 0.15

Fault Duration The user can dial-up a fault duration from 0.01sec to 10 sec. It is also possible
to manually enter the desired fault duration. This field has a maximum time resolution of 0.01 sec for
clearing times between 0.01 and 0.1 sec and a maximum resolution of 0.1 sec for clearing times between
0.1 and 10 sec. The default duration is set to 0.1 sec. This value is used for both the determination of the
probability of coincidence and the Probability of Fibrillation in Step B.

Coincidence Reduction
Reduction Method The default for this field is “None” and should remain as that for the initial iteration
of the assessment process. If, after the initial pass through of the process, the design is considered high
or unacceptable risk, the designer may choose to alter the coincidence profile for the scenario by
implementing one of the predefined Coincidence Reduction Factors (CRF) or adding a design specific
Reduction Factor. Assumptions used to define this factor should be documented in the free text field in
Step D.

2.1.2 Access Assumptions

The Access Assumptions are entered for a contact profile when designing for either individual compliance
(Individual) or compliance for situations where multiple people may be present (Societal). The relevant
design scenario is selectable from the Individual and Societal tabs in the Access Assumptions box.

Contact Scenario (UNIFORM – Time Independent) There are a number of predefined scenarios
that may be selected which automatically populate the required fields of Contacts/year and Contact
Duration. “Other” may be selected to input a user-defined access profile. The access assumptions may
be added to the adjacent text box for the user-defined profile. This information will be included in the
design report generated by the program.

Contact Scenario (GATHERING – Time Dependent) When the “Other” option is selected for the
contact scenario, there are a number of different fields that are required for Individual and Societal
calculations, related to the duration of the gathering and contacts/hour while the gathering is underway.
Note: The Contacts/year field when considering Individual probabilities refers to the number of
contacts that at least 95% of individuals can be expected to make over the period under consideration.

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The Contacts/year field when considering Societal probabilities refers to the number of contacts 50% of
individuals can be expected to make over the period under consideration.

Override Coincidence Calculations This button may be checked when a coincidence calculation has
been performed external to the calculator to allow the user to input the coincidence value only. Information
relating to the calculation of the probability of coincidence in this instance should be added by the designer
in the free text field when the report is being generated. It is only possible to override the coincidence
calculation when considering individual probabilities. It is not available for societal calculations.

Note: When the coincidence calculation has been overridden, it is not possible to generate a
voltage/time curve for the design. It is, however, possible to assess the input voltage and clearing time
against the target criteria (refer to risk slider bar).

Pcoinc This is the calculated probability of coincidence for an individual given the input parameters already
outlined (or in the case of the override button being selected, the value of coincidence probability input by
the user). The following simplified expression may be used to evaluate the individual probability of
coincidence:
f  p  (f + pd ) * T
PCoinc = n n d
365 * 24 * 60 * 60

where

fn = fault frequency/year
pn = number of presences/individual/year
fd = fault duration (seconds)
pd = presence duration (seconds)
T = Exposure duration (years) – assumed to be 1 year for all Argon calculations

Note: If the individual probability of coincidence is less than the target probability of fatality (1e-06),
then it is not necessary to enter fibrillation data in Step B as the design is compliant even if the
probability of fibrillation is 1. However, in order to generate a design curve, the fibrillation data must be
entered.

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2.2 Step B – Determine Probability of Fibrillation

2.2.1 Contact Scenarios

To determine the probability that the heart will go into fibrillation due to contact with an external voltage,
a number of input variables need to be specified. The program has been loaded with a number of
precalculated sets of fibrillation data corresponding to different series impedance situations. The
following table outlines the available datasets:
Current Footwear Body Soil Resistivity Surface
Path Impedance (ohm.m) Layer
Touch Voltage Standard Dry 5 None
Touch Voltage Standard Dry 50 None
Touch Voltage Standard Dry 100 None
Touch Voltage Standard Dry 200 None
Touch Voltage Standard Dry 500 None
Touch Voltage Standard Dry 1000 None
Touch Voltage Standard Dry 2000 None
Touch Voltage Standard Dry 5000 None
Touch Voltage Standard Dry 5 Asphalt
Touch Voltage Standard Dry 5 Concrete
Touch Voltage Standard Dry 50 Asphalt
Touch Voltage Standard Dry 50 Concrete
Touch Voltage Electrical Dry 5 None
Touch Voltage Electrical Dry 50 None
Touch Voltage Electrical Dry 100 None
Touch Voltage Electrical Dry 200 None
Touch Voltage Electrical Dry 500 None
Touch Voltage Electrical Dry 1000 None
Touch Voltage Electrical Dry 2000 None
Touch Voltage Electrical Dry 5000 None
Touch Voltage Electrical Dry 5 Asphalt
Touch Voltage Electrical Dry 5 Concrete
Touch Voltage Electrical Dry 50 Asphalt
Touch Voltage Electrical Dry 50 Concrete
Touch Voltage Safety Gumboot Dry 5 None
Touch Voltage Safety Gumboot Dry 50 None
Touch Voltage None Wet 5 None
Touch Voltage None Wet 5 Asphalt
Touch Voltage None Wet 5 Concrete
Touch Voltage None Wet 50 None
Touch Voltage None Wet 50 Asphalt
Touch Voltage None Wet 50 Concrete
Touch Voltage None Dry 5 None
Touch Voltage None Dry 5 Asphalt
Touch Voltage None Dry 5 Concrete
Touch Voltage None Dry 50 None
Touch Voltage None Dry 50 Asphalt
Touch Voltage None Dry 50 Concrete
Hand to Hand None Dry 0 None
Hand to Hand None Wet 0 None
Step Voltage Standard Dry 5 None
Step Voltage Standard Dry 50 None
Step Voltage Standard Dry 100 None
Step Voltage Standard Dry 200 None
Step Voltage Standard Dry 500 None
Step Voltage Standard Dry 1000 None
Step Voltage Standard Dry 2000 None
Step Voltage Standard Dry 5000 None

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 Current Footwear Body Soil Resistivity Surface
Path Impedance (ohm.m) Layer
Step Voltage Standard Dry 5 Asphalt
Step Voltage Standard Dry 5 Concrete
Step Voltage Standard Dry 50 Asphalt
Step Voltage Standard Dry 50 Concrete
Step Voltage Electrical Dry 5 None
Step Voltage Electrical Dry 50 None
Step Voltage Electrical Dry 100 None
Step Voltage Electrical Dry 200 None
Step Voltage Electrical Dry 500 None
Step Voltage Electrical Dry 1000 None
Step Voltage Electrical Dry 2000 None
Step Voltage Electrical Dry 5000 None
Step Voltage Electrical Dry 5 Asphalt
Step Voltage Electrical Dry 5 Concrete
Step Voltage Electrical Dry 50 Asphalt
Step Voltage Electrical Dry 50 Concrete
Step Voltage None Wet 5 None
Step Voltage None Wet 5 Asphalt
Step Voltage None Wet 5 Concrete
Step Voltage None Wet 50 None
Step Voltage None Wet 50 Asphalt
Step Voltage None Wet 50 Concrete
Step Voltage None Dry 5 None
Step Voltage None Dry 5 Asphalt
Step Voltage None Dry 5 Concrete
Step Voltage None Dry 50 None
Step Voltage None Dry 50 Asphalt
Step Voltage None Dry 50 Concrete

As various combinations of impedance are selected using the buttons and drop-down menus, other
options will appear/disappear based on the table above.

2.2.2 Footwear Type

There are four options available using this drop-down menu. If ‘Standard Footwear’ is selected, footwear
is included in the fault circuit as per the footwear impedances outlined in C(b)1 with additional flashover
voltages as shown in the following table:
Flashover Percent
Shoe Type Resistance
Voltage Population
Bare Feet 0 0 10
Dry New Leather 5000000 7000 4
Dry New Black Rubber 5000 5000 4
Dry New Elastomer 30000000 20000 4
Dry Used Leather 1000000 5000 16
Dry Used Black Rubber 1000 2500 16
Dry Used Elastomer 6000000 15000 16
Wet New Leather 10000 1000 3
Wet New Black Rubber 500 1000 2
Wet New Elastomer 1000000 8000 3
Wet Used Leather 5000 500 8
Wet Used Black Rubber 500 750 6
Wet Used Elastomer 50000 4000 8

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If ‘Electrical Footwear’ is selected, a combination of the following shoes are included in the impedance
for the shock circuit:
Flashover Percent
Shoe Type Resistance
Voltage Population
Dry used Black Rubber 1000 2500 35
Dry used Elastomer 6000000 15000 35
Wet used Black Rubber 500 750 15
Wet used Elastomer 50000 4000 15

If ‘No Footwear (Barefeet)’ is selected, no additional impedance for footwear is included in the
calculation.

If ‘Safety Gumboots’ is selected, gumboots are included in the fault circuit as per the impedances and
flashover voltages shown in the following table:

Shoe Type Resistance Flashover Voltage Percent Population

Gumboot 0.15-0.8M 150000 3500 2
Gumboot 0.8-1M 803000 5000 2
Gumboot 1-2M 1000000 4500 10
Gumboot 2-3M 2000000 5000 34
Gumboot 3-4M 3000000 7500 19
Gumboot 4-5M 4000000 2000 11
Gumboot 5-6M 5000000 14500 5
Gumboot 6-7M 6000000 4700 2
Gumboot 7-8M 7000000 1500 2
Gumboot 8-9M 8000000 13000 6
Gumboot 11-12M 11000000 17500 2
Bare Feet 0 0 5

The gumboot distribution is conservatively based on high voltage testing of 58 new and used
gumboots in 2014. Boots were immersed in and filled with water for the testing with the lowest
flashover voltage reported for each impedance grouping used. Bare feet (0 ohms, 0 flashover voltage)
corresponds to 5% of the gumboot population allowing for damaged boots which provide no additional
series impedance. Due to the tested sample size and condition of boots, there is a wide variation in
tested results as evidenced by the gumboot distribution.

Appropriate footwear can significantly reduce the current that can pass through a body. Under dry
conditions any enclosed leather or non-conductive rubber or plastic footwear in good condition is as
effective as electrical safety boots in reducing the risk. Without such footwear the risk is equivalent to
bare feet.
Appropriate gum boots are those which pass the following test to ensure that material from which they
are made is adequately insulating:
Fill the boot to approximately 90% of it’s height with salt water and place it in a container of salt
water that reaches the same water level. The resistance between electrodes inserted in the
water inside the boot and outside of the boot should be determined with a high voltage
resistance tester. The resistance should not be less than 1 mega ohm.
Gum boots should be maintained in good condition and replaced if any splits or cracks appear.

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2.2.3 Soil Resistivity
Surface soil resistivity has a significant effect on the current that can pass through a body. The effect of
soil resistivity is linear with the effect on the body and results can be interpolated linearly between two
resistivities to provide the effect at the required resistivity when undertaking Argon based analysis.

2.2.4 Surface Layers

Surface layer materials exhibit a wide range of electrical properties both initially and over time, and any
design requiring their use for safety reasons should take care to ensure the installation matches the
required specification initially and on an ongoing basis. The options available are listed in the following
sections

2.2.4.1 Crushed Rock

Crushed Rock is only considered effective when installed within a secured area. It commonly serves
multiple roles, including series resistance, vehicle driveway and walkway, and weed control layer.
Therefore, its specification must consider electrical properties and trafficability. It is insufficient to
leave the specification open as quarries may provide material that has too large a range of gravel
size (i.e. too many fines (poor electrical quality), and too large size (poor trafficability)), and poor
electrical resistivity performance. A typical specification would include figures such as:
• Installed depth: At least 100mm.
• Gravel size: 30 – 50 mm
• Electrical properties: 3000 Ω-m
Prior to accepting delivery of the full consignment of material some utilities carry out a brief testing
process [see ENA EG-0].

2.2.4.2 Asphalt
Asphalt may also be used to limit body current flow and allow trafficability of vehicles and people.
Unfortunately asphalt exhibits highly variable electrical properties as shown in HV testing research
[see ENA EG-0]. Therefore care must be taken in the specification of asphalt for body current limiting
purposes. Key aspects to be considered include:
• Preparation: Use of compacted road base (and possibly plastic underlay for weed control)
• Material: Well compacted hot mix at least 50mm thickness compacted (as cold mix electrical
properties compromised in wet condition).
• Electrical Properties: As it is difficult to type test a batch of hot asphalt, conservative values
of resistance and voltage withstand are often used.
• Asphalt Resistivity – 10,000 Ω-m
• Asphalt Voltage withstand – 3kV

2.2.4.3 Concrete Slab

Concrete slabs which are covered so that they are not subject to water (e.g. rain or shower) have an
effective resistivity in the order of 3,000 Ω-m. Concrete slabs which are exposed to the weather do
not provide an effective resistance barrier but do provide a level, usually dry surface. Touch voltage
control may be achieved by bonding external accessible metalwork to the concrete reinforcement to
create an equipotential grid.

2.2.5 Applied Voltage

The designer may input a touch, step or hand-hand voltage as determined by either calculation or
measurement in order to determine risk-based compliance. The fault duration will be as entered in Step
A for the coincidence calculation (unless the coincidence override was used, in which case the fault
duration must be entered at this point in Step B).

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Once the necessary information has been entered, the probability of fibrillation is calculated and
displayed.

2.2.5.1 Auto Set Voltage

The Auto Set Voltage button can be used to determine the maximum Applied Voltage which gives a
compliant design for the current set of input variables. The design curve will be updated to reflect
the determined Applied Voltage. If subsequent changes are made to any of the input variables, the
button must be pressed again to redetermine the resulting maximum compliant Applied Voltage.
For Individual Pfatality, use of this feature will set the Applied Voltage to the maximum possible value
where the probability of fatality is less than or equal to 1E-6.
For Societal Pfatality, use of Auto Set Voltage will set the Applied Voltage to the maximum possible
value where the Worst Case Risk Zone remains in the Negligible region.

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2.3 Step C – Evaluate Target Risk Range

2.3.1 Individual Calculation

The probability of fatality for an individual is calculated using the following expression and positioned on
the Risk slider bar.

Pfatality = Pcoinc* Pfibrillation

Risk Slider Bar If the probability of fatality is less than 1e-6, the risk is considered negligible
and the design should be accepted. If the probability of fatality is greater than 1e-4, the risk is considered
intolerable and coincidence or voltage reducing mitigation should be employed to lower the risk. For the
intermediate risk zone between these two bounds, the designer can use the ALARP (As Low As
Reasonably Practical) principle to determine risk acceptance.

Design Curve A voltage/time design curve is generated for the combination of input variables
irrespective of whether the design is compliant. Once the design risk is accepted, the design curve may
be used to determine compliance for other scenarios with the same contact profile and fault frequency
(irrespective of clearing time).

Note: If the risk level has been accepted, the design curve can be generated for probabilities of fatality
greater than 1e-6. However, the design curve does not get updated for an individual probability of
fatality of less than 1e-6 as any probability less than this will automatically be compliant with the
voltage being below the upper limit specified by the curve.

Clicking on the ‘View Design Curve’ control or double clicking on the Design Curve opens the chart in a
separate window. The chart data can then be exported to a .csv file to allow the curve to be opened in
a spreadsheet. The .csv file includes both the line / voltage coordinates and the scenario input values.

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 2.3.2 Societal Calculation

When the Exposed Population Size is greater than 1 (set in Access Assumptions Societal), an F-N curve
can be used to demonstrate compliance. The F-N curve has predefined zones according to the
Intolerable, ALARP, and Negligible risk levels. Calculations of the frequency of N or more fatalities for
values of N up to the Exposed Population Size are plotted on the F-N curve to demonstrate compliance
across the whole range of N.
View Design Curve A design curve can be generated for the societal case which corresponds to
the highest voltage at each clearing time where all points on the F-N curve are in the Negligible risk
region. Note that this curve does not correspond to a specific probability of fatality and cannot be
generated to correspond to designs which exist for some part in the ALARP or Intolerable region.
Double clicking on the Design Curve opens the chart in a separate window. The chart data can then be
exported to a .csv file to allow the curve to be opened in a spreadsheet. The .csv file includes both the
line / voltage coordinates and the scenario input values.

2.4 Step D – Mitigate Risk and Repeat Process as necessary

Generate Report Once the risk for the design has been accepted, the design report can be
produced. The program will automatically generate the design report with some prompting for required
information. The report can then be saved as a PDF file.

Refer to ENA EG-0 (Power System Earthing Guide) for additional information.

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3 Standard Curves

It is now possible to view a collection of standard design curves within Argon. There are four categories
of design curves that can be displayed and these are listed as follows.
• EG-0 Standard Curves
• IEEE80 Standard Curves
• IEC60479 Standard Curves
• Imported Curves (see section 3.1 for more information)

These design curves can be superimposed onto the current Argon design curve for comparison.
Alternatively they can be viewed by accessing the main menu entry View → Standard Curves as shown
in the following screen shot.

The Standard Curve viewing utility is then presented to the user. Note that the IEEE80 and the IEC60479
curves can be viewed by clicking on the Other Standard Curves button as highlighted in the following
screenshot.

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3.1 Imported Design Curves
In addition to EG-0, IEEE80 and IEC60479 design curves, the Standard Design Curves viewing utility
allows for “user designed” curve data to be imported into Argon. There are two types of curve data files
that can be imported into Argon and these are listed as follows
• Argon *.rba files
• *.csv files

3.1.1 Imported File Formats

This section describes the supported file formats for importing curve data into Argon

3.1.1.1 RBA File

Argon supports given scenarios to be saved as *.rba files. These files can be used as import files into the
Standard Curve utility.

3.1.1.2 CSV File

The file format required for successful import of a *.csv file into the standard design curve utility is
described as follows.

1. File shall be a comma delimited file (*.csv)

2. The only filename requirements are that the extension is “.csv” and that standard valid characters are used
in the filename (as per standard Windows operating environment).
3. The first row of the file must be as follows
[Argon Group Level 1],[]
4. The second row of the file must be similar to the following text
[Argon Standard Curve],[Data Descriptor]
where Data Descriptor is the text to identify / describe this curve when displayed in Argon.
5. Valid Curve data will be of the form
T1, V1 @ T1
T2, V1 @ T2
…
Tx, V1 @ Tx
where T1 is the first clearing time (e.g. 0.1), V1 @ T1 is the voltage at T1 for the data set represented by
Data Descriptor, … and so on.
6. Curve data values must be valid floating point numbers for the file to be successfully parsed.
7. Commas are supported in data descriptors but have to be “contained” within double quotes in order to be
considered valid.
e.g. [Argon Standard Curve], [“Special Curve 2, Soil Res 1000”]

Note this is only an issue when editing in a text editor. This is not required when working within
Microsoft Excel as the software manages this when the file is saved as “csv” format.

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Sample Data File Follows …. test.csv

[Argon Group Level 1],[]

[Argon Standard Curve],[Curve D1]
0.1, 650.5, 920.1
0.2, 648.5, 904.4
…
4.9, 78.32, 120.4
5.0, 77.2, 119.6

The “selection controls” for the above sample (once imported) may be visualised in the User Interface similar to
the following …

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4 Curve Fitting

Argon design curves can now be curve fitted to a rational form expression (ratio of 2 polynomials). The
curve fitting utility is available in the Argon Design Curve window.
Clicking on the Curve Fitting button as highlighted in the following screen shot, will show the Enable
Rational Curve Fit checkbox.

Enabling this utility will present the user with Argon’s best estimate at a suitable curve fit. The best results
are displayed in the bottom right hand side of the screen once all combinations have been evaluated.
The maximum number of terms to be used for the numerator and denominator expressions defaults to 7
but can be set to any value from 3 to 20.
A given curve fit expression is displayed in the Curve Expression text box on the bottom left hand side of
the screen. The x-variable name identified in this expression defaults to “A1” but can be modified as
required in order to enable easy integration into 3 rd party applications (e.g. Microsoft Excel).
Note: Although a given curve fit result may be identified as the best result, it is always necessary to carry
out a visual check on how best it corresponds to the original design curve.

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5 Batch Processing

The Batch Processing module provides for multiple single studies to be grouped into a single
determination. This grouping allows for an overall risk value to be identified. Argon batch assessment files
may be saved and reopened using the file menu in the Batch Processing module. Batch files are saved
with a *.rbb extension. Reporting and template utilities are also supported in this module.
The Batch Processing module can be accessed using the application menu entry Tools→Batch
Processing.

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