1

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

LOWER TAWAY, IPIL, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
alface01@yahoo.com

SCHOOL PRESIDENT: 0917-127-1826 / 0917-127-1902 DSA: 0935-119-0287

ACADEMIC DEAN: 0906-493-3454 REGISTRAR: 0935-342-0564

GUIDANCE COACH: 0949-751-0953 PROGRAM HEAD: 0955-665-1441

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

LEARNER’S MODULE
UNIT-FINAL COVERAGE

INSTRUCTOR CONTACT NO
LOUREY KAYE R. TREÑO, RCRIM 0915-886-9416

STUDENT’S NAME: ________________________________________

YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________________________
CONTACT NUMBER: _______________________________________
ADDRESS: ________________________________________________

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

2

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INC.

COLLEGE OF
CRIMINOLOG
Y

“Success is a ladder that cannot be climbed with your hands in your

pocket.” – Mark Caine

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

3

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

LOWER TAWAY, IPIL, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY

www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
alface01@yahoo.com

Program Description: In accordance with the pertinent provisions of RA no.7722,

otherwise known as Higher Education Act of 1997, “In pursuance of an outcome-
based quality assurance system as advocated under CMO No. 46, s. 2012 entitled
“Policy Standards to Enhance Quality Assurance in the Philippine Higher
Education through an Outcome-based typology-based QA.

The Field of Criminology is the study of crimes and the various agencies of
justice as they operate and react to crime, criminals and victims. It is therefore the
mission of Criminology program to provide the community with professionally
competent and morally upright graduates who can deliver efficient and effective
service in crime prevention, crime detection and investigation, law enforcement,
public safety, custody and rehabilitation of offenders, criminological research
among others. HEIs offering the Criminology programs are envisioned as
significant educational institutions actively and continually involved in producing
graduates who have the knowledge, skills, attitude and values in addressing the
problem of criminality in the country and the character and competency to meet the
challenges of globalization in the field of Criminology.

Program Goals;
Criminology Program Aims to:
 Encourage research and inquiry on the nature, causes, treatment or
punishment of criminal behavior and how criminal justice agencies
function and respond to crime, criminals and victims.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

4

 Prepare the students for careers in crime prevention, law

enforcement, scientific crime detection, correctional
administrations, public safety and allied fields.
 Foster the values of leadership, integrity, accountability and
responsibility while serving fellowmen, community and country.

Program Graduate Outcome;

Specific to the graduate of BS Criminology Program;
Graduates of BS Criminology program is equipped with relevant knowledge, skills,
attitude and values shall be able to;
 Conduct Criminological Research on crimes, crime causation, victim and
offenders to include deviant behavior;
 Internalized the concepts of human rights and victim welfare;
 Demonstrate competence and broad understanding in law enforcement
administration, public safety and criminal justice.
 Utilized criminalistics or forensic science in the investigation and detection of
crime.
 Apply the principle of Jurisprudence of criminal law, evidence and criminal
procedure;
 Ensure offender’s welfare and development for their re-integration to the
community.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

5

PRE-FACE

With globalization goes transnational like terrorism, drug trafficking, money

laundering, and human smuggling. Transnational crimes cross across borders and
the need for bilateral and international cooperation becomes imperative. It is also
essential to study trends in policing because the values and social arrangements
which used to unite people in pursuing common goals in the past. This state of
anomie (as Merton termed it) or “normlessness” brings about a new breed of crimes
which the police normally is not prepared to face. As we compare our own police
system with other models we would be able to gain insights into how to deal with
transnational or borderless crimes. Besides, best practices may be adopted from
other police models in order to make policing in this country more current and
effective.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

6

TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Based on new TOS)

UNIT MODULE COVERAGE

(Week 1) Aug 23-Aug 28
UNIT 1- GLOBALIZATION - - - - - 12
(Week 2) Aug 30-Sept 4
UNIT 2- FOUR TYPES OF SOCIETIES - - - 16
(Week 3) Sept 6-Sept 11
UNIT 2 FOUR TYPES OF SOCITIES - - - 17
(Week 4) Sept 13-Sept 18 UNIT EXAMINATION

PRE-LIM MODULE COVERAGE

(Week 5) Sept 20-Sept 25
UNIT 3 THEORIES IN POLICING - - - - 23
(Week 6) Sept 27-Oct 2
UNIT 4 ETYMOLOGY OF THE TERM POLICE - - 28
(Week 7) Oct 4-Oct 9
UNIT 4 TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM - - - 29
(Week 8) Oct 11-Oct 16 PRE-LIM EXAMINATION

MIDTERM MODULE COVERAGE

(Week 9) Oct 18-Oct 23
UNIT 5 THE ROLE OF INTERPOL - - - - 33
(Week 10) Oct 25-Oct 30
UNIT 6 SELECTED POLICE MODELS - - - - 39
(Week 11) Nov 1-Nov 6
UNIT 6 INTERNATIONAL POLICE SYSTEMS - - - 41
(Week 12) Nov 8-Nov 13 MIDTERM EXAMINATION
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
7

PRE-FINAL MODULE COVERAGE

(Week 13) Nov 15-Nov 20
UNIT 7 TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES - - - 47
(Week 14) Nov 22-Nov 27
UNIT 8 TERRORISM - - - - - - 51
(Week 15) Nov 29-Dec 4
UNIT 8 TERRORIST GROUPS - - - - - 52
(Week 16) Dec 6-Dec 11 PRE-FINAL EXAMINATION
FINAL MODULE COVERAGE
(Week 17) Dec 13-Dec 18
UNIT 9 DRUG TRAFFICKING - - - - - 59
MONEY LAUNDERING - - - - 61
(Week 18) Jan 3-Jan 8
UNIT 10-11 HUMAN TRAFFICKING - - - 65
CYBERCRIMES - - - - - 71
UNIT 12-13 EXTRADITION TREATY - - - 78
LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION - 85

(Week 19) Jan 10-Jan 15

FINAL EXAMINATION

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

8

COMPARATIVE MODEL IN POLICING

Module Topic

Module Description: This module examines the global comparison of community

policing model on police and community collaboration to solve and prevent crime
with a focus on police community relations. The course will explore the history,
current strategies, the impact of community on crime, disorder and fear of crime
that contribute to friction or cooperation between law enforcement and the
community.

CREDIT UNITS: 3 UNITS / 19 weeks

Course Objectives (Based on CMO)
At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:
 Compare different selected police models in the world, their similarities and
see differences;
 See the need for bilateral and international cooperation in addressing
transnational crimes like terrorism, drug trafficking, money laundering, etc;
 Understand that globalization brings about changes which disturb traditional
values and social arrangements;
 Adopt best practices from different police models of the world.
Course Objectives (Based on TOS)
At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:
 Outline the theories of comparative policing
 Explain and classify the modes of policing
 Recall and appraise multi-cultural policing

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

9

 Define and examine the Philippine policing, extradition treaty and

international agreement on law enforcement cooperation.

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

LOWER TAWAY, IPIL, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
alface01@yahoo.com

SCHOOL PRESIDENT: 0917-127-1826 / 0917-127-1902 DSA: 0935-119-0287

ACADEMIC DEAN: 0906-493-3454 REGISTRAR: 0935-342-0564

GUIDANCE COACH: 0949-751-0953 PROGRAM HEAD: 0955-665-1441

ORGANIZED CRIME
LEARNER’S MODULE
FOR UNIT TEST

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

10

INSTRUCTOR CONTACT NO
LOUREY KAYE R. TREÑO, RCRIM 0915-886-9416

PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 1

Multiple Choice
1. What kind of society has a civil law, specialized police forces and where
punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, and sometimes lenient?
A. urban–commercial society B. folk-communal society
C. urban-industrial society D. bureaucratic society

2. They let things go for a while without attention until things become too much,
and then hash, barbaric punishment is resorted to. This society is known as:
A. urban–commercial society B. urban-industrial society C.
bureaucratic society D. folk-communal society
3. Progress comes along with rising expectations. People at the bottom develop
unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast
enough. What theory describes this?
A. demographic theory B. deprivation theory
C. modernization theory D. anomie theory

4. It has codified laws but laws that prescribe good behavior, police become
specialized in how to handle property crimes. It is referred to as what?
A. urban-industrial society B. bureaucratic society
C. folk-communal society D. urban–commercial society
5. Crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in
urban areas such as slums. What theory best describes this?
A. modernization theory B. alertness to crime theory
C. economic theory D. opportunity theory

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

11

6. This society has little codification of law, no specialization among police?

A. urban-industrial society B. bureaucratic society
C. folk-communal society D. urban–commercial society

7. This kind of society has a system of laws where police tend to keep busy
handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by
civilization and overcrowding.
A. Folk-communal society B. Urban-commercial society
C. Urban-industrial society D. Bureaucratic society

8. This kind of society has little codification of law, no specialization among

police, and a system of punishment that just let things go for a while without
attention until things becomes too much, and then harsh, barbaric punishment is
resorted to.
A. Folk-communal society B. Urban-commercial society
C. Urban-industrial society D. Bureaucratic society
9. Which condition below produces a package of transnational flows of people,
production, investment, information, ideas and authority?
A. Manufacturing B. Globalization
C. Internationalization D. Transnational

10. Crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in

urban areas such as slums. What theory best describes this?
A. modernization theory B. alertness to crime theory
C. economic theory D. opportunity theory

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

12

UNIT 1
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:
At this Module the student will able to:
o Explain globalization.
o Discuss law enforcement.
o Determine the effect of globalization to law enforcement.

GLOBALIZATION
Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order
to develop the global
economy. Globalization refers to the integration of economics and s
ocieties all over the world. Globalization involves technological, economic,
political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication,
transportation, and infrastructure.
Every nation has its own law enforcement agency called the Police. One this is
common. The police symbolize the capacity of the state to intervene to common concern of
the state for the affairs of the citizenry. It is therefore timely to discuss the connection of
Globalization to policing.
Globalization has influenced everything, such as crime, criminal, and the
victim, the process of committing a crime, the trial method, reasons to prove a
claim, criminalization and decriminalization and criminal policy. Globalization has
created new challenges and sometimes has helped to settle the challenges.

LAW ENFORCEMENT
-refers to the manner in which authorities enforce the local and national laws
of the land. It is more related to matters involving police management and
administration or policing in general.
- is the activity of some members of government who act in an organized
manner to enforce the law by discovering, deterring, rehabilitating,
or punishing people who violate the rules and norms governing that society.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
13

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO POLICE SERVICE

According to Ellis (2007), globalization is a process that integrates into

communality national economies, politics, cultures, and societies of different
countries of the world. With globalization, a transfer of development from one
country to another has never been this quick and convenient. But corollary to this is
the mutation of crimes, the operation of which is not bounded by borders of any
country. These crimes which are categorized as transnational or borderless crimes
include terrorism, drug trafficking, money laundering and human smuggling
(Manwong & Delizo, 2006). This brings about enormous effects to the law
enforcement service worldwide calling for the restructuring of paradigms in the way
systems that must be reassessed and, if by necessity, realigned are:

1. Conventions on extradition;
2. Laws addressing transnational crimes;
3. Policies on international police cooperation; and
4. Trainings and logistics of the police.

THREATS ON LAW ENFORCEMENT

Some threats brought about by globalization are:
Increasing volume of human rights violations evident by genocide or mass
killing:
The underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanism on law
enforcement and security; conflict between nations; transnational criminal networks
for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT

While globalization brings the threats and many other threats to law
enforcement, opportunities like the following are carried:
Creation of International tribunals to deal with human rights problems.
Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
14

enforcement power of states; transnational professional network and cooperation

against transnational crimes; Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions
across transnational issues.

Learning Activities for unit 1

ESSAY:

1. How globalization create an impact in relation to Law enforcement? Defend

your answer.

2. What are the threats to law enforcement brought by globalization? Defend

your answer.

3. How Globalization is associated with crime? Defend your answer

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

15

PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 2

Multiple Choice
1. Which law system is distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less
right is granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to
little interpretation. What is referred to this description?
A. civil law system B. socialist system
C. islamic system D. common law system

2. Which system is characterized by procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain

people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state.
A. common law system B. civil law system
C. islamic system D. socialist system

3. Which system adopts an ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move

the state forward toward the perfectibility of state and mankind.
A. common law system B. civil law system
C. socialist system D. islamic system

4. This system is distinguished by a strong adversarial system where lawyers

interpret and judges are bound by precedent?
A. socialist system B. islamic systems
C. common law system D. civil law system

5. Which theory emphasizes that the problem as society is becoming too complex.
A. modernization theory B. alertness to crime theory
C. economic theory D. opportunity theory

6. What type of police system which is distinguished by a strong inquisitorial

system where less right is grated to the accused, and the written law is taken as
gospel and subject to little interpretation?
A. Common law system B. Civil law System
C. Socialist system D. Islamic system
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
16

7. What type of police system which is distinguished by procedures designed to

rehabilitate or retain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state?
A. Common law system B. Civil law System
C. Socialist system D. Islamic system

8. Are also known as Muslim or Arabic justice system?

a. Islamic System c. civil law
b. Common law d. socialist

9. These are also known as Anglo-American Justice, and exist in most English-
Speaking Countries.
a. Islamic System c. civil law
b. Common law d. socialist
10. Also known as Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice System?
a. Islamic System c. civil law
b. Common law d. socialist

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

17

UNIT 2

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:

At this Module the student will able to:
 Explain what is comparative
 Determine the different societal type of police system
 Discuss comparative in criminal justice

What are the 4 types of societies?

The following are the four types of societies in the world that comparativists study:

 Folk-communal societies are also called primitive societies. A folk-

communal society has little codification law, no specification among police,
and a system of punishment that just lets things go for a while without
attention until things become too much, and then harsh, barbaric punishment
is resorted to. Classic examples include the early Roman gentles, African and
Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan settlements in North America (with the
Salem “with trials”).
- Primitive and Barbaric, they let many problems go unpunished to avoid over
criminalization however, once temper boil over the situation becomes a large
issue.

 Urban-commercial societies, which rely on trade as the essence of their

market system. An urban-commercial society has civil law (some standards
and customs are written down), specialized police forces (some for religious
offenses, others for enforcing the King’s Law), and punishment is
inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient. Most of Continental Europe
developed along this path.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
18

- Enforce laws that prescribe good behavior and give incentives and
disincentives for behavior and police are specialized in property crimes
(theft).

 Urban-industrial societies, which produce most of the goods and services

they need without government interference. An urban-industrial society not
only has codified laws (statutes that prohibit) but laws that prescribes good
behavior, police become specialized on how to handle property crimes, and
the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives
and disincentives. England and the U.S. followed this positive legal path.
- Driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting a large
population with a high capacity for division of labor.

 Bureaucratic societies are modern post-industrial societies where the

emphasis is upon technique or the “technologizing” of everything, with the
government. A bureaucratic society has a system of laws (along with armies
of lawyers), police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and
terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by over criminalization
and overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only eight other nations fit the
bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon that only occurs
in a bureaucratic society.
- An organization that is complex with multilayered systems and process these
systems and procedures are designed to maintain uniformity and control
within an organization. A bureaucracy describes the established methods in a
large organization or government.

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

What is Comparative Police System?
It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of
nations. It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of
policing of various nations.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

19

What is the Comparative Criminal Justice?

It is subfield of the study of Criminal Justice that compares justice systems
worldwide. Such study can take a descriptive, historical, or political approach. It
studies the similarities and differences in structure, goals, punishment and emphasis
on rights as well as the history and political stature of different systems.
What are the 3 basic functions of criminal justice system?
 Policing
 Adjudication
 Corrections

What is the International Criminal Justice?

It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal procedure, or
justice (Erika Fairchild). Comparative criminal justice system attempts to build on
the knowledge of criminal justice in one country by investigating and evaluating, in
terms of another country, culture, or institution.

Comparative
 Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a
property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another.
 A police service is a public force empowered to enforce the law and to ensure
public and social order through the legitimized use of force.

System
 A combination of related elements that is functioning as a whole in order to
achieve a single goal or objective.

Comparative Police System

Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to
another in order to discover insights in the field of international policing.

Why Compare?
 Crime has become a global phenomenon.
 Transnational crimes crosses borders and the need for bilateral and
international cooperation become imperative.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

20

Learning Activities
ESSAY:

1. What is the difference between comparative policing and comparative

criminal justice? Defend your answer.

2. As a Criminology student, why is comparative justice system

important? Defend your answer.

3. What power does the International Criminal Justice have?

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

21

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

LOWER TAWAY, IPIL, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
alface01@yahoo.com

SCHOOL PRESIDENT: 0917-127-1826 / 0917-127-1902 DSA: 0935-119-0287

ACADEMIC DEAN: 0906-493-3454 REGISTRAR: 0935-342-0564

GUIDANCE COACH: 0949-751-0953 PROGRAM HEAD: 0955-665-1441

ORGANIZED CRIME
LEARNER’S MODULE
FOR PRELIM TEST

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

22

INSTRUCTOR CONTACT NO
LOUREY KAYE R. TREÑO, RCRIM 0915-886-9416
PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 3
1. The world’s largest forest area is found in,
A. Europe B. South America
C. North America D. Asia
2. What is the highest rank in Indonesia police force?
A. Police General B. Commissioner
C. Inspector General D. Commissioner General
3. What is the lowest rank in Hong Kong?
A. Police B. First Bhayangkara
C. Second Bhayangkara D. Police constable
4. What is the lowest rank in Indonesia police force?
A. Watch B. Second Bhayangkara
C. Constable D. Police constable
5. Which police organization applies the “iron fist, velvet glove” in the enforcement
of law?
A. Switzerland Police B. Japan Police
C. Ireland Police D. Egypt Police

6. What type of democratic policing does Japan have compare to U.S?

A. Fragmented B. Centralized
C. Integrated D. None of these
7. Which of the following country that both national and local governments share
control:
A. Great Britain B. France
C. Belgium D. Philippines
8. This is a country that has a single system of law administration of justice and
servants of the republic rather than local governments;
A. Philippines B. U.K
C. France D. United States
8. In the system of the Public Safety Commissions of Japan, The person who has
the jurisdiction over the National Public Safety Commissions is the?
A. Minister of state B. Prime Minister
C. Commissioner General D. Prefectural Governor
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
23

10. Conflicts are resolved by a tribunal council, and there are no jails and prisons.
This type of society is an excellent example of the folk-communal or informal
justice system.
A. Congo Police B. Egypt Police
C. Ireland Police D. Switzerland Police

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

24

UNIT 3
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:
At this Module the student will able to:
1. Identify the theories of comparative policing.
2. Discuss the variables that affect the policing system

THEORIES IN
POLICING SYSTEM

HOMERULE CONTINENTAL
THEORY THEORY

. Policemen are servants of Policemen are servant of

the community. higher authority.

Effectiveness of policemen
They just follow the wishes of
depends on the express
top official of the government.
wishes of the people.

The yardstick of the efficiency of

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim the police is determined by the LEA 3
0915-886-9416

CONTINENTAL/ number of arrest.

25

Uniformed policemen will go out to the field and patrol for the public to see them
which gives them the feeling of security and the elimination of opportunity to
commit crime on the part of the criminal.

THREE STYLES OF POLICING

Legalistic - It emphasizes on informal means of resolving disputes.

Watchman- It emphasizes the use of threats or actual arrests to solve disputes.

Service - It emphasizes on helping the community, as opposed to enforcing the law.

FORMS AND TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

Major forms of Government

 ANARCHY
(From the Greek: á vaƥxia anarchia, “without ruler”) may refer to any
of the following:
a) “No rulership or enforced authority.”
b) “Absence of government: a state of lawlessness due to the absence
or inefficiency of the supreme power: political disorder.”
c) “A social state in which there is no governing person or group of
persons, but each individual has absolute liberty (without the
implication of disorder).”
d) “Absence or non-recognition of authority and order in any given
sphere.
 Are those who advocate the absence of the state, arguing that
common sense would allow people to come together in
agreement to form a functional society allowing for the
participants to freely develop their own sense of morality, ethics
or principled behavior. The rise of anarchism as a philosophical
movement occurred in the mid-19th century, with its idea of freedom
as being based upon political and economic self-rule.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
26

 ARISTOCRACY
It is a form of government, in which a select few such as most
wise, strong or contributing citizen’s rule, often starting as a system
of cooption where a council of prominent citizens add leading
soldiers, merchants, land owners, priests, or lawyers to their number.
The term “Aristocracy” is derived from the Greek language
aristokratia, meaning the rule of the best.

 AUTOCRACY
An autocracy is a form of government in which the political power is
held by a single, self-appointed ruler. The term autocrat is derived from
the Greek word, αƲtokpatwp means “self-ruler”, or “he who rules by
one’s self”.

 MONARCHY
Also differs in that emphasizes the hereditary characteristics, though
some Slavic monarchs, specifically Russian Emperors traditionally
included the title “autocrat” as a part of their official styles.

 ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
Is a form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme
autocratic authority, principally not being restricted by written laws,
legislature, or unwritten customs. These are often hereditary
monarchies.

 CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
Is a form of government in which a nonelected monarch functions as
the head of state within the limits of a constitution. Political power in
a constitutional monarchy is shared between the monarch and an
organized government such as the British Parliament.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
27

 DICTATORSHIP
Is a government headed by a dictator. Originally a legitimate military
office in the Roman Republic, the dictator was given his powers by
the Senate. The Dictator had absolute power, but for a limited time.
The dictator generally controls the three powers: Legislative,
executive and Judicial.

 CORPORATOCRACY
Is a form of government where a corporation, a group of corporations,
or government entities with private components, control the direction and
governance of a country.

 OLIGARCHY
“Rule by the Few”. Especially despotic power exercised by a small and
privileged group for corrupt or selfish people. Oligarchies in which
members of the ruling group are wealthy or exercise their power through
their wealth are known as plutocracies.

 DEMOCRACY
The word democracy comes from the Greek words “demos”, meaning
people, and “kratos” meaning power; so democracy can be thought of as
“power of the people”. A way of governing which depends on the will of
the people. A democracy, at least in theory, is government on behalf of all
the people, according to their ‘will’.

 PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY
Owe their name to their founding principle, namely, that parliament is
sovereign. Thus parliamentary systems do not permit a separation of
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
28

power between parliament and government: they are all based on

legislative-executive power sharing.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES FOR UNIT 3

ESSAY:

1. Does transnational organized crime affect the society and also our economy?
Defend your answer.

2. What is the importance of policing system? Defend your answer.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

29

PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 4

1. This is a crime, consisting of an intentional act of political violence to create an

atmosphere of fear.
A. Terrorism B. Political crime
C. Hostage taking D. Transnational crime
2. Jemaah Islamiya means?
a. Islamic Leaders b. Religious Revolutionary c.Islamic
Congregation d. all of these
3. In what region of the world active the operations of Jemaah Islamiyah?
a. Northern Asia b. Southeast Asia c. Western Asia d.
Eastern Asia
4. Muslim militant group and political party based in Lebanon or shi’a?
a. Jemaah Islamiya b. Taliban c. Talaban d.
Hezbollah
5.Hassan Nasrallah is the leader or one in the following terrorist group?
a. AbuSayyaf b. Hezbollah c. Al Queda
d. Jemaah Islamiya
6.Party of God is also known as?
a. Taliban b. Al Queda c. Hezbollah d.
Jemaah Islamiya
7.Hezbollah means?
a. Al Queda b. Base c. Network d.
Party of God
8.It was considered as insurgency from the year 2004 up to the present?
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
30

a. Abu sayyaf b. Taliban c. Hezbolllah d. Al

Queda
9.It is also refers to students?
a. Taliban b. Abu Sayyaf c. Hezbollah d.
none of these
10.Of the following have an operations limited only in Afghanistan and Nortwest
Pakistan?
a. Taliban b. Al Queda c. Hezbollah d.
All of these

UNIT 4
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:
At this Module the student will able to:
1. Determine the types of police system.

ETYMOLOGY OF THE TERM POLICE

As discussed earlier, the term police originated from the Greek word politeia,
which means ‘civil organization’ and ‘the state’; the Romans slightly changed the
word to politia.
The French changed the word to police to call those people authorized to
implement the law. The English and the Americans borrowed the word from the
French and used it to describe a law enforcer.
Cop and constable are other common descriptions of a police officer. Cop is
a European term meaning to catch or seize.
Police- The governmental department charged with the regulation and
control of the affairs of a community, now chiefly the department established
to maintain order, enforce the law, and prevent and detect crime.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

31

TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM

1. Common Law Systems = usually exists in English speaking countries of the
world= there is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of
evidence in which the public trial is a main focal point= also known as “Anglo-
American Justice”
2. Civil Law Systems = distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less
right is granted to the accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to
little interpretation= also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic
Justice”
3. Socialist System = distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the
offender. = known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa and
Asia
4. Islamic System = based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law
or tribal traditions

In the Philippines, the

Police/ law enforcement is spearheaded by what agency/ies?
1. Philippine National Police (PNP)
2. National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
3. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

Learning Activities for unit 4

ESSAY:

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

32

1. As a Criminology student, what are the work of each

agencies mentioned above?
2. What is the Philippine National Police Mission and
explain its importance?

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

LOWER TAWAY, IPIL, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
alface01@yahoo.com

SCHOOL PRESIDENT: 0917-127-1826 / 0917-127-1902 DSA: 0935-119-0287

ACADEMIC DEAN: 0906-493-3454 REGISTRAR: 0935-342-0564

GUIDANCE COACH: 0949-751-0953 PROGRAM HEAD: 0955-665-1441

ORGANIZED CRIME
LEARNER’S MODULE
FOR MIDTERM TEST

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

33

INSTRUCTOR CONTACT NO
LOUREY KAYE R. TREÑO, RCRIM 0915-886-9416

PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 5

1. It also known as Human Security Act of 2007?
a. RA 6975 b. RA 9372 c. RA 9732
d. RA 8177
2. Human Security Act was approved on?
a. May 1, 2007 b. March 8, 2007 c. March 6, 2007 d.
March 10, 2007
3. Human Security Act was took effect on?
a. June 9, 2007 b. July 9, 2007 c. July 15, 2007 d. none of
these
4. It was defined as "the sale and distribution of illegal drugs including
cultivation and manufacture."
a. Prohibited Drugs b. Illegal Possession of drugs c. Drug
trafficking d. Drugs Abuse
5. It is considered as illegal in most countries throughout the world, it is
classified as prescription drug in some US states and in Canada?
a. Shabu b. Cannabis c. Alcohol d. Drugs
6. Prohibited in and around the Arabian Peninsula, Restricted in many countries,
especially of higher proof value?
a. Shabu b. Alcohol c. Cannabis d. THC
7. Legally sold to adults in most countries of the world, traded illegally in some
countries to evade heavy taxes imposed, and declared as illegal in the
Kingdom of Bhutan in December 2004?
a. Amphetamine b. Opium c. Shabu d. Tobacco

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

34

8. Is was considered as smuggled into the US and Europe via the Golden
Triangle (Burma, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam) and Afghanistan?
a. Codeine b. Heroin c. Ecstacy d. All of these
9. It was a country in the year 2010 cosidered as the top producer of Heroin
drugs?
a. Malaysia b. Japan c. Hongkong
d. Afghanistan
10. It is commonly known in street name “ crystal meth” or meth?
a. Methamphetamine b. amphetamine c. Cannabis d. None of
these

UNIT 5
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:
At this Module the student will able to:

 Discuss the history of INTERPOL

 Enumerate the different INTERPOL awareness program
 Discuss the bilateral agreements in international cooperation.
 Understand the use of social networking sites to INTERPOL

THE ROLE OF INTERPOL

 The largest international police organization in the
world, with National Central Bureaus in 187 member
countries. Now 194 countries. 188 (2010)

 Where is the head quarter located?

Lyon, France

International Criminal Police Organization, widely known as Interpol, "is an

organization facilitating international police cooperation. It was established as the
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
35

International Criminal Police Commission in 1923 and adopted its telegraphic

address as its common name in 1956." (Interpol, 2011) Its role to its member
countries comprising of 188, including the Philippines, is two-fold:

1. Facilitation of cross-border police co-operation, and

2. Support and assistance to all organizations, authorities and services whose
mission is to prevent or combat international crime.

Organizational Set-up
Article 5 of the Constitution of the Interpol provides the following details of its
structure (About Interpol, 2010):

1. General Assembly - INTERPOL'S supreme governing body, it meets annually

and comprises delegates appointed by each member country. The assembly takes all
important decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, finances,
activities and programmes.

2. Executive Committee - this 13-member committee is elected by the General

Assembly, and comprises the president, three vice-presidents and nine delegates
covering the four regions.

3. General Secretariat - located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat

Operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General.
Officials from more than 80 countries work side-by-side in any of the
Organization's four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The
Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in Argentina, Cameroon,
Cote d'lvoire, El Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special
Representatives at the United Nations in New York and at the European Union in
Brussels.

4. National Central Bureaus (NCB) - Each INTERPOL member country

maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers.
The NCB is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional
offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas
investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

36

5. Advisers - these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed
by the Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

6. Commission for the Control of INTERPOL'S Files (CCF) - this is an

independent body whose mandate is threefold: (1) to ensure that the processing of
personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations,
(2) to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter
involving the processing of personal information and (3) to process requests
concerning the information contained in INTERPOL'S files.
What are organization’s four official languages?
1. Arabic
2. English
3. French
4. Spanish
INTERPOL'S FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS
Interpol is guided by the following (INTERPOL'S four core functions, 2009):

1. Secure global police communication services- a.k.a, 1-24/7. It serves police of

member countries via secure communication.

2. Operational data services and databases for police - provides access to members
on different databases

3. Operational police support services - a 24/7 operation of Command and

Coordination Center, providing support law enforcement officials in the field.

4. Police training and development-equipping member countries in fighting

transnational crimes.

 The INTERPOL Notices System

 An Interpol notice or international notice is issued by Interpol to share
information between its members.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

37

The INTERPOL Notices System

 RED NOTICE
To seek the location and arrest of wanted persons with a view to
extradition or similar lawful action.

 BLUE NOTICE
To collect additional information about a person’s identity location or
activities in relation to a crime.

 GREEN NOTICE
To provide warnings and intelligence about person who have committed
criminal offenses and likely to repeat these crimes in other countries.

 INTERPOL-UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL SPECIAL

Notice- issued for groups and individuals who are the targets of UN
Security Council Sanctions Committees.

 YELLOW NOTICE

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

38

To help locate missing persons often minors or to help identity persons

who are unable to identify themselves.

 BLACK NOTICE
To seek information on unidentified bodies

 ORANGE NOTICE
To warn of an event, a person, an object or a process presenting a
serious and imminent threat to public safety.

 PURPLE NOTICE
To seek or provide information on modus-operandi, objects, devices and
concealment methods used by criminals.

PHILIPPINE CENTER ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME (PCTC)

Its mission was to formulate and implement a concerted program of action of all
law enforcement and government agencies for the prevention and control of
transnational crimes.

E.O. 62

Learning Activities
ESSAY:

1. What is the importance of INTERPOL in relation to crimes and criminality?

Defend your answer.

2. What is the primary reason for INTERPOL’s existence? Defend your answer.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

39

PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 6

1. What do you call a court system where the accused is guilty until proven
innocent?
A. Adversarial B. Inquisitorial
C. Common Law D. Civil law

2. What court system is that where the accused is innocent until proven guilty?
A. Adversarial B. Inquisitorial
C. Common Law D. Civil law

3. What is that package of transnational flow of people, production, investment,

information, ideas and authority?
A. Transnationalization B. internationalization
C. inter-border D. globalization

4. Which of the following specifically refers to transnational crime carried out by

organized crime organizations?
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
40

A. Transnational crime B. Transnational Organized Crime

C. Organized crime gangs D. Organized Criminal

5. In US, the sheriff for each county is chosen through

A. referendum B. election
C. appointment by governor D. elimination

6. Policing in the United States (U.S.) is divided in these broad categories except
A. Federal agencies B. State agencies
C. County agencies D. City agencies

7. The continent which was derived from the name of a Phoenix in Greek
Mythology.
A. Europe B. South America
C. North America D. Asia

8. The fastest growing criminal industry in the world.

A. Human Trafficking B. Exploitation
C. Bonded labor D. Forced labor

9. The Great Barrier Reef which is the world’s largest reef is found in…
A. Europe B. Australia
C. North America D. Asia

10. The key organ in the maintenance of international peace and security hose
membership is composed of CHINA, RUSSIA, United Kingdom, United States of
America and ten elective members elected for two years by the General Assembly?
A. Security Council B. UN Charter
C. Economic and Social Council D. Trusteeship Council

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

41

UNIT 6
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:
At this Module the student will able to:
o Enumerate the different policing system
o Discuss the different police models
o Differentiate each one of models

SELECTED
POLICE MODELS
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
42

City
U.S. POLICE DEPARTMENT
1. federal, County
2. state, State
3. county and Federa
4. city l

Who will respond? (Two fold)

 First, one must determine which government unit prohibits the acts. For
example, homicide is an act that is prohibited at the state level. So, as a
general rule, only law enforcement agencies with authority to enforce state
laws may investigate the crime of murder.
 Second, one must look at the place (venue) where the criminal act occurred. If
the murder occurred in Alabama, the Alabama authorities will be responsible
in investigating the crime.

CITY POLICE
 City police are mainly responsible for enforcing the law in their own city.
 A small town may have a police force of only one or two officers.

COUNTY POLICE
 The powers of a county police force extend throughout the county.
 What do we call the chief law enforcement officer in most counties?
SHERIFF

STATE POLICE
 Headed by a commissioner or superintendent.
 What is term called for all of the state police officers?
TROOPERS

FEDERAL POLICE
 They are responsible in enforcing law within the whole country of USA
including outside boarders.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
43

FBI
Chief investigating branch of the United States Department of Justice;
Investigates federal crimes and handles cases involving stolen money or
property that has been taken from one state to another.

National Crime Information Center (NCIC)

A computerized information system that stores records on wanted persons and
stolen property
Who operates it?
Where is it located?

OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES

1. Secret Service
Protecting all living current and former U.S. president and their
families

2. Bureau Of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, And Explosives

Assist in controlling the sale of untaxed liquor and cigarettes, illegal
firearms, and explosives.
3. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
The federal agency that enforces federal drug laws.

JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM

National Police Agency or NPA

Who is the parent agency of NPA?
National Public Safety Commission
It ensures that Japan's police are an apolitical body and free of direct central
government executive control.
The central coordinating body for the entire police system.

Who is the head of NPA?

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
44

Commissioner General

Who appoints the Commissioner General?

National Public Safety Commission with the approval of the prime minister
 Bureaus of NPA?
 Police Administration Bureau
 Criminal Investigation Bureau
 Traffic Bureau
 Security Bureau
 Regional Public Safety Bureaus

What are the 2 police department excluded from the jurisdiction of RPSB?
 Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department
 Hokkaido Prefectural Police

KOBAN
 It is a police post located in urban neighborhood.
 The smallest organizational unit in today's Japanese police system.
 How many % are designated as Koban officers among the total police strength
in Japan? 40%

CHUZAISHO
It is the rural equivalent of the urban Koban.
What is the term called for the police officers of Chuzaisho?
CHUZAISHAN

Who provides personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and other members
of the Imperial Family of Japan?
IMPERIAL GUARD

KIDOTAI (SPECIAL RIOT POLICE)

 These units were formed after riots at the Imperial Palace in 1952, to respond
quickly and effectively to large public disturbances.
 Main requirements?
 The overwhelming majority of officers are bachelors who live in
dormitories within riot police compounds.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
45

What is the official paramilitary anti-terrorist unit under the Japanese National
Police Agency?
SAT (SPECIAL ASSAULT TEAM)

HONG KONG POLICE FORCE

What is the highest police rank in Hongkong? (April 2014) Commissioner of
Police

CHINA POLICE SYSTEM

 People’s Police
 Public security police

The largest and most visible component of the Chinese Police that performs a wide
range of ordinary police functions. 86%
Judicial procuratorates police

They escort suspects in cases investigated by the procuratorates.

SINGAPORE POLICE SYSTEM

 Police Task Force (PTF)
It is an effective ground response force to serious incidents such as major
disasters, firearm situations and riots.

They are called upon to restore public order in times of riots and
demonstrations.

 Special Tactics and Rescue (STAR) Unit

The STAR Unit provides the Singapore Police Force with a tactical armed-
response capability.

Besides dealing with highly dangerous criminals, STAR is also involved in

risky protective security operations and prisoner escort.

 Police K-9 Unit (PDU)

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
46

The Police K-9 Unit has dogs trained specifically for explosive detection, drug
detection, guard duties and anti-crime operations.

 Prison police
It is responsible for supervision of convicted offenders in prison.

ROYAL MALAYSIA POLICE

 Its headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur.
 The police force is led by an Inspector-General of Police (IGP)

Learning Activities
ESSAY:

1. What is the importance in knowing the different policing system of selected

countries? Defend your answer.

2. Compare the significant difference of Philippine Police System and Philippine

Police System?

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

47

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

LOWER TAWAY, IPIL, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
alface01@yahoo.com

SCHOOL PRESIDENT: 0917-127-1826 / 0917-127-1902 DSA: 0935-119-0287

ACADEMIC DEAN: 0906-493-3454 REGISTRAR: 0935-342-0564

GUIDANCE COACH: 0949-751-0953 PROGRAM HEAD: 0955-665-1441

ORGANIZED CRIME
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
48

LEARNER’S MODULE
FOR PRE-FINAL TEST

INSTRUCTOR CONTACT NO
LOUREY KAYE R. TREÑO 0915-886-9416

PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 7

1. Which unit has the primary duty of protecting the emperor of Japan and its
family?
A. Imperial Police B. Imperial guards
C. Imperial security D. Imperial agency
2. The threat of global terrorism indicates the growing power of globalization as a
perimeter of;
A. Financial networks B. Islamic fundamentalism
C. transnational ideology D. political actions
3. The world’s largest forest area is found in,
A. Europe B. South America
C. North America D. Asia
4. Which of the following play dual roles: they let men buy them drinks and later on
they offer sexual services.
A. Stag party girls B. Hotel and Convention prostitutes
C. Bar Girls D. Massage parlor prostitutes
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
49

5. Which of the following defines almost all illegal acts of violence committed for
political purpose by clandestine groups?
A. national terrorist B. transnational terrorist
C. international terrorist D. terrorism
6. What is the highest rank in Indonesia police force?
A. Police General B. Commissioner
C. Inspector General D. Commissioner General
7. What is the lowest rank in Hong Kong?
A. Police B. First Bhayangkara
C. Second Bhayangkara D. Police constable
8. What is the lowest rank in Indonesia police force?
A. Watch B. Second Bhayangkara
C. Constable D. Police constable
9. Which police organization applies the “iron fist, velvet glove” in the enforcement
of law?
A. Switzerland Police B. Japan Police
C. Ireland Police D. Egypt Police

10. A court system where the accused is guilty until proven innocent.
A. Adversarial B. Inquisitorial
C. Common Law D. Civil law
UNIT 7
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:
At this Module the student will able to:
1. Enumerate the different terrorism act and groups
2. Discuss transnational crimes

TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
What is transnational crime? It is a term that has been used in comparative and
international criminal justice study in recent years to- reflect the complexity and
enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences
whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than
one country.
Examples are:
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
50

 Money laundering
 Drug trafficking
 Terrorism
 Human trafficking
 Cyber crimes

What is International Crime? Defined as crimes against the peace and security of
mankind (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 1994). The UN has identified the following
as international crimes.
 Aggression (by one state against another)
 Treat of aggression
 Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group)
 Terrorism
 Drug trafficking

What the Major Transnational Organized Crime Groups?

Transnational crime often operate in well-organized groups, intentionally
united to carry out illegal actions. Groups typically involve certain hierarchies and
are headed by a powerful leader. These transnational organized crime groups work
to make a profit through illegal activities. Because groups operate internationally,
their activity is a threat to global security, often weakening governmental
institutions or destroying legitimate business endeavors.

Well-known organized crime groups include:

 Russian Mafia. Around 200 Russian groups that operate in nearly 60 countries
worldwide. They have been involved in racketeering, fraud, tax evasion, gambling,
drug trafficking, ransom, robbery and murder.

 La Cosa Nostra. Known as the Italian or Italian-American mafia. The most

prominent organized crime group in the world from the 1920’s to the 1990’s. They
have been involved in violence, arson, bombings, torture, sharking, gambling, drug
trafficking, health insurance fraud, and political and judicial corruption.

 Yakuza Japanese criminal group. Often involved in multinational criminals

activities, including human trafficking, gambling, prostitution, and undermining
licit businesses.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
51

 FukChing. Chinese organized group in the United States. They have been
involved in smuggling, street violence, and human trafficking.

 Triads. Underground criminal societies based in Hong Kong. They control secret
markets and bus routes and are often involved in money laundering and drug
trafficking.

 Heijin Taiwanese gangsters who are often executives in large corporations. They
are often involved in white collar crimes, such as illegal stock trading and bribery,
and sometimes run for public office.

 Jao Pho. Organized crime group in Thailand. They are often involved in illegal
political and business activity.

 Red Wa. Gangsters from Thailand. They are involved in manufacturing and
trafficking methamphetamine.

LEARNING ACTIVITY FOR UNIT 7

ESSAY:

1. Since, transnational crime affects our economy in the sense of Globalization. Is

there a way to combat or to counter transnational crime? Defend your answer.

2. How can we prevent Transnational Crimes in the Philippines? Defend your

answer.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

52

PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 8

1. Consist of all the United Nations conventions which seeks to safeguard life and
human dignity in a global scale.
A. union of domestic concerns for global governance
B. Universal convention
C. universal protections and safeguards
D. universal declarations
2. Consist of recruitment, transportation, transfer harboring or receipt of persons by
means of threat or use of coercion, abduction, fraud deception, abuse of power.
A. Trafficking in persons B. Exploitation
C. People Smuggling D. Transnational Organized Crime
3. In the Philippines the minimum age requirement for police officers is 21 years
old, what is the minimum age requirement in the Australian Federal Police?
A. 17 B. 18
C. 19 D. 21
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
53

4. In Sri Lanka, the constitution establishes a government that is a mixture of

presidential system and parliamentary system, such government is called;
A. Hegemony government B. messianic democracy
C. communist democracy D. democratic, socialist republic
5. In the system of the Public Safety Commissions of Japan, The person who has
the jurisdiction over the National Public Safety Commissions is the?
A. Minister of state B. Prime Minister
C. Commissioner General D. Prefectural Governor
6. It is a special higher police in Japan which is equivalent to the FBI, combining
both criminal investigation and counter- espionage functions.
A. Toku B. Tokko
C. PGK D. Lingerin
7. It is responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong Police
except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training. Training provided by
the Police College includes recruit and continuation training, crime investigation
training, police driver training and weapon tactics training.
A. Hongkong Police College B. Hong Kong Police Training School
C. Hong Kong Police School D. Hong Kong School of Police
8. Loosely structured, extraordinary flexible associations centered around violence
and deeply involved in the production and distribution of informal power. The only
organizational goal is to make use of extortionate means.
A. enterprise syndicates B. youth gangs
C. power syndicates D. scavenger syndicates
9. One who bribes, buys, intimidates, threatens, negotiates and sweet talks into a
relationship with the police, public officials or any else who might help the
members security and maintain immunity from arrest, prosecution and punishment.
A. enforcer B. corruptee
C. corrupter D. coddler
10. That relationship which can produce state policies that directly violate social
labor rights and directly produce social conflict that leads to state violations of civil
and security rights.
A. Global economic relations B. militarization
C. inter-border relations D. global political relations

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

54

UNIT 8
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:
At this Module the student will able to:
 Explain and understand Terrorism
 Differentiate each terrorist group

Terrorism
Terrorism is defined as "the use of force or threats to intimidate, especially as a
political policy”. This is somewhat partial and arbitrary because there is still no
definition that is universally acceptable. Even UN failed to come up with a
comprehensive definition. Nonetheless, Bruce Hoffman, a renowned scholar in
terrorism believes that there are characteristics indicative that a crime is terrorism.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
55

Among these are:

1. Ineluctably political in aims and motives
2. Violent-or, equally important, threatens violence
3. Designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the
immediate victim or target
4. Conducted by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or
conspiratorial cell structure (whose members wear no uniform or identifying
insignia) and
5. Perpetrated by a subnational group or non-state entity (ibid.)

Types of Terrorism
Based on the report of the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism (National
Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, 1976), terrorism is
classified into six:

1. Civil disorder - A form of collective violence interfering with the peace,

security, and normal functioning of the community.

2. Political terrorism -Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate

fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.

3. Non-Political terrorism - Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but

which exhibits "conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for
coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the
achievement of a political objective."

4. Quasi-terrorism - The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of

violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which
nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-
terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine
terrorism; but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine
terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction. For example, the fleeing
felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of
the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

56

5. Limited political terrorism - Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a

revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to "acts of terrorism which
are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a
concerted campaign to capture control of the state.

6. Official or state terrorism -"referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear
and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions." It may also be
referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by
governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.

Transnational Terrorist Groups

TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISM- involves action which victims, perpetrators,
and sites of violence represent different states and nationalities. It is the calculated
use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to
intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally
political, religious, or ideological.
 Today’s terrorism is therefore transnational in cause, operation and effect.
Its essential features ensure its importance within international relations
because it represents a whole new security concern for states; the risk of
attack does not just come from other states (war) but from mobile criminal
groups that move between states and are dispersed globally (Transnational
Terrorism). States perceive this new wave of terrorism as threatening core
elements of their sovereignty - their capacity, legitimacy and autonomy
within a particular jurisdiction.

Transnational Terrorism Groups; (Deadliest Terrorist in the World)

 Islamic States also known as Daesh, ISIS and ISIL- they seek to establish
a new theologically driven state in the Middle East and promises fighters
from all over the world to have better living conditions and pay than they
might achieve in their home countries. Islamic State has been the deadliest
terrorist group in the world for the past years. ISIS tends to prefer

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

57

bombings or explosions. It also carries out hostage takings and

assassinations.

 The Taliban- the Afghan group has been waging a war of attrition with the
U.S. backed coalition since 2001 and has proven remarkably resilient. As
of mid-2017, it controlled an estimated 11% of the country and was
contesting a further 29% of Afghanistan’s 398 districts. It is active in 70%
of Afghanistan provinces. In 2017, Taliban forces were responsible for
699 attacks, causing 3, 571 deaths, with armed assaults and bombings the
most common forms of attack.

 Al-Shabaab- The extremist militant group Al-Shabaab emerged in 2006. It

is an affiliate of Al-Qaida and while its main area of operations is Somalia,
it has also carried out attacks in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. Al-Shabaab
was the deadliest terror group in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, being
responsible for 1,457 deaths, a rise of 93% on the year before.

 Boko Haram- it is a Nigerian Terrorist group also known by the far longer
name Jama’tu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’awati wal-Jihad was once the world’s
deadliest terror group but it has been in decline since 2014 and has recently
started to splinter into different factions, the largest of which is the Islamic
State West African Province (ISWAP). Since it emerged in the northeast of
the country in 2002 it has spread out to other nearby countries including
Chad, Cameroon and Niger and the group has sworn allegiance to Islamic.

There are still a lot of Terrorist Groups worldwide.

Philippines Terrorist Group

 Abu-Sayaf- a small gang of terrorist thugs claiming to seek a separate

Islamic state for the Muslim Minority in the Philippines; uses bombing and
assassination and extortion and kidnapping; in 2001 Abu-Sayaf kidnapped
twenty people and beheaded one of the American captives. Abu-Sayaf is
officially known by the ISIL as the Islamic State – East Asia Province, is a
Jihadist militant and pirate group that follows the Wahhabi doctrine of
Sunni Islam.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
58

ASG operates mainly in Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi provinces in the

Sulu Archipelago and has a presence on Mindanao also occasionally travel
to Manila. The ASG has used terror both for financial profit and to promote
its Jidahist agenda.

 New People’s Army (NPA)- The military wing of the Communist Party of
the Philippines (CPP), the NPA is a Maoist group formed in March 1969
with the aim of overthrowing the government through protracted guerilla
warfare. The NPA primarily targets Philippines Security forces, politicians,
judges, and government informers, former rebels who wish to leave the
NPA, rival splinter groups, and alleged criminals. They operates in Rural
Luzon, Visayas and parts of Mindanao. Has cells in Manila and other
metropolitan centers.

 BIFF (Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters- They are also known as

the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement, is an Islamist militant
organization based in Mindanao, in the Philippines. It is a smaller player in
overall Moro insurgency in the Philippines and is mostly active in
Maguindanao and other places in central Mindanao. AMERIL UMBRA
KATO Is the founder of the BIFF. They attack government forces and
civilian targets, especially to undermine peace talks between the MILF and
the Philippine Government.

Learning Activities
ESSAY:
1. How terrorism affect our national security? Defend your answer.

2. Why is transnational terrorism rampant nowadays?

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

59

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

LOWER TAWAY, IPIL, ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
alface01@yahoo.com

SCHOOL PRESIDENT: 0917-127-1826 / 0917-127-1902 DSA: 0935-119-0287

ACADEMIC DEAN: 0906-493-3454 REGISTRAR: 0935-342-0564

GUIDANCE COACH: 0949-751-0953 PROGRAM HEAD: 0955-665-1441

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

60

ORGANIZED CRIME
LEARNER’S MODULE
FOR FINAL TEST

INSTRUCTOR CONTACT NO
LOUREY KAYE R. TREÑO, RCRIM 0915-886-9416

PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 9

1. That which stimulates ethnic mobilization, which may promote
self-determination in responsive states but more often produces
collective abuses in defense of dominant group-hegemony.
A. Technological development
B. migration
C. employment opportunities
D. global mobility and information flow
2. The collation of international covenants and treaties on war
crimes and for the protection of the rights of women and children;
A. International bill of human rights
B. Geneva conventions
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
61

C. universal declaration of human rights

D. covenant on civil and political rights
3. This kind of society has a system of laws, police who tend to keep
busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of
punishment characterized by civilization and overcrowding.
A. Folk-communal society B. Urban-commercial society
C. Urban-industrial society D. Bureaucratic society
4. This kind of society has little codification of law, no specialization
among police, and a system of punishment that just let things go for
a while without attention until things becomes too much, and then
harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to.
A. Folk-communal society B. Urban-commercial society
C. Urban-industrial society D. Bureaucratic society
5. What type of police system which is distinguished by a strong
inquisitorial system where less right is grated to the accused, and
the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation?
A. Common law system B. Civil law System
C. Socialist system D. Islamic system
6. What type of police system which is distinguished by procedures
designed to rehabilitate or retain people into fulfilling their
responsibilities to the state?
A. Common law system B. Civil law System
C. Socialist system D. Islamic system
7. Which one below is NOT a benefits that the Philippines Derive as
Member of the INTERPOL?
A. Access to police information on international Criminal Cases.
B. Access to International Summaries of Criminal Cases.
C. Attend meetings and symposiums on case of special topics
C. Access to funds against transnational Crimes
D. Access to information dealing with economic and financial
crime in an international level.
8. The type and form of government in northern Asia (Russia)
consist of composite systems which includes federal state, semi-
presidential and republic. Which type of government which is
characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions
united by a central government?
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
62

A. Republic state B. federal state

C. semi-presidential state D. presidential state
9. Private security Agencies has to be registered with the _________.
A. Security and Exchange Commission
B. NAPOLCOM
C. National Bureau of Investigation
D. Department of Interior and Local Government
10. The primary threat to law enforcement brought about by
globalization which is evidenced by genocide or mass killing.
A. Unfair access to global mechanism by the under privilege
B. Occupation of nations by the most powerful
C. Conflict between nations
D. Increasing human rights violations

UNIT 9
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:
At this Module the student will able to:
 Discuss human trafficking and drug trafficking
 Enumerate the different kinds of drugs
 Differentiate each transnational crimes

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

63

DRUG TRAFFICKING
Drug Trafficking
What is Drug Trafficking?

Drug trafficking involves selling drugs and drug paraphernalia, whether is it

local exchange between a user and a dealer or a major international operation.
Drug trafficking, I a problem that affects every nation in the world and exists
in many levels. Drug trafficking is the commercial exchange of drugs and drug
paraphernalia. This include any equipment used to manufacture illegal drugs or use
them.
According to US Legal Definition (2011), drug trafficking refers to "the sale
and distribution of illegal drugs." In international scene, the term being used is
illegal drug trade which has more or less the same meaning with drug trafficking.
However, illegal drug trade is more comprehensive as it includes cultivation and
manufacture (Illegal Drug Trade, 2011).

Statistics of Drug Trafficking

1. Generated a profit of approximately US$321.6 billion in 2005 (UN report
puts world's illicit drug trade at estimated $321b, 2005);
2. Produced world GDP amounting to US$36 trillion in the same year
(Organized Crime - American Mafia, 2011); and
3. Believed to be just less than 1% of total global commerce (Illegal Drug
Trade).

Trade of Specific Drugs

CANNABIS - While considered illegal in most countries

throughout the world, it is classified as prescription drug in some
US states and in Canada (Active State Medical Marijuana
Programs, 2004). It is also legal in the Netherlands (ibid)

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

64

ALCOHOL Prohibited in and around the

Arabian Peninsula. Restricted in many countries,
especially of alcohol of higher proof value (ibid).

TOBACCO Legally sold to adults in most countries of the

world. Traded illegally in some countries to evade heavy taxes
imposed. Declared illegal in the Kingdom of Bhutan in December
2004 (ibid).

HEROIN Smuggled into the US and Europe via

the Golden Triangle (Burma, Laos, Thailand and
Vietnam) and Afghanistan (Afghanistan Claims
Title of World's Largest Heroin Producer, 2010).
Priced 8 to 10 times higher than cocaine in
American streets (Braun, 2005). Smuggled easily
because of its small size.

METHAMPHETAMINE Commonly known by

its street name as "crystal meth", "meth", and "ice"
(Street Terms: Drugs and the Drug Trade, 2005).
Can be manufactured in clandestine laboratory.
Thus, easy to produce.

APPLICABLE LAWS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
65

 Republic Act No. 9165

 Repealed Republic Act No. 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs
Act of 1972
 Created Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency under the Office of the
President
 Serves as Implementing Arm of Dangerous Drugs Board
 Enforces provisions relative to dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and
essential chemicals

MONEY LAUNDERING
What is Money Laundering?

Money Laundering is the process of creating the appearance that large

amounts of money obtained from serious crimes, such as drug trafficking,
originated from a legitimate source. It is a crime in many jurisdictions with varying
definitions. It is a key operation of the underground economy.

Money laundering as "the practice of engaging in financial transactions to

conceal the identity, source, and/or destination of illegally gained money by which
the proceeds of crime are converted into assets which appear to have a legitimate
origin."

Accordingly, there are three steps involved in money laundering (ibid.):

1. Physical distribution of the cash (''placement"),
2. Carrying out complex financial transactions in order to camouflage the
illegal source ("layering"), and
3. Acquiring wealth generated from the transactions of the illicit funds
("integration")
Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Software
AML software is "a type of computer program used by financial institutions to
analyze customer data and detect suspicious transactions" (ibid.). This software
detects abnormalities such as "sudden and substantial increase in funds or a large
withdrawal" (ibid.).
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
66

Applicable Laws in the Philippines

 The Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA) of 2001
 Republic Act No. 9160
 Approved September 29, 2001 and took effect fifteen (15) days after its
complete
 publication in the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) national newspapers of
general
 Circulation (R.A. 9160, 2004). o Salient points of the law (Anti-Money
Laundering Act (AMLA), 2005):

a. Criminalizes money laundering.

b. Creates a financial intelligence unit (FIU).
c. Imposes requirements on customer identification, record-keeping and reporting
of covered and suspicious transactions.
d. Relaxes strict bank deposit secrecy laws.
e. Provides for freezing/seizure/forfeiture recovery of dirty money/property.
f. Provides for international cooperation.

An Act Amending Republic Act No. 9160

Republic Act 9194
 Approved March 7, 2003 and took effect fifteen (15) days after its complete
publication in the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) national newspapers of
general circulation (R.A. 9194,2004).
 Salient points of the law (Anti-Money Laudering Act (AMLA), 2005):
 Lowers the threshold amount for single covered transactions (cash or other
equivalent monetary instrument) from P4M to P500,000.00 within one (1)
banking day.
 Expands the reporting requirements to include the reporting of suspicious
transactions regardless of the amount involved
 Authorizes AMLC to inquire into or examine any particular deposit or
investment, with any banking institution or non-bank financial institution and
their subsidiaries and affiliates upon order of any competent court in cases of
violation of this Act, when it has been established that there is probable
cause that the deposits or investments are related to an unlawful activity.
However, no court order is required in cases involving unlawful activities of
kidnapping for ransom, narcotics offenses and hijacking, destructive arson
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
67

and murder, including those perpetrated by terrorists against non-combatant

persons and similar targets.
 Authorizes the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas to inquire into or examine any
deposit or investment with any banking institution or non-bank financial
institution and their subsidiaries and affiliates when the examination is made
in the course of a periodic or special examination; in accordance with the
rules of examination of the BSP to ensure compliance with R.A. No. 9160,
as amended. e. Transfers the authority to freeze any money/property from the
AMLC to the Court of Appeals.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
ESSAY:

1. . What is the importance of having a law which prohibits

illegal drugs, especially nowadays? Defend your answer.

2. Make a SWOT analysis for R.A 9160. (Encode it on

long bond paper and attach it on your activity
notebook).
SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat)

PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 10

1. The primary threat to law enforcement brought about by globalization which is
evidenced by genocide or mass killing.
A. Unfair access to global mechanism by the under privilege
B. Occupation of nations by the most powerful
C. Conflict between nations
D. Increasing human rights violations
2. These global threats to law enforcement brought about by globalization created
opportunity for global professional criminals which can only be addressed through,
A. Transnational professional network and cooperation
B. Rigid transborder security
C. High technological security installations on ports of entries and exits
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
68

D. Transborder policing
3. Under the rules and function of Australian Federal Police, the AFP falls under the
portfolio of:
A. Home Affairs Ministry B. Attorney-General
D. Minister for Home Affairs D. Minister for Justice and Customs
4. The accused is innocent until proven guilty is a principle of what system?
A. adversarial system B. inquisitorial system
C. islamic system D. socialist system
5. It is traditional in nature as it is based its crime control efficiency to the number
of arrest and people being put to jail for punishment.
A. continental policing B. modern policing
C. modernization D. colonization

6. It has a system of laws, police tends to keep busy handling political crime and
terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by over criminalization and
overcrowding. The statement is referring to:
A. urban-industrial society B. bureaucratic society
C. folk-communal society D. urban–commercial society
7. As a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened. They report more
crime to police and demand the police to become more effective in solving crime
problems. What theory best describes this situation?
A. modernization theory B. alertness to crime theory
C. economic theory D. opportunity theory
8. This system uses measurement of crime control efficiency and effectiveness
based on absence of crime or low crime rate?
A. continental policing B. modern policing
C. modernization D. colonization
9. Which of the following is not part of group?
A. islamic system B. socialist system
C. adversarial system D. None of these
10. Which one below that suggests that progressive lifestyles and norms result in
the disintegration of older norms that once held people together, but in other cases,
people can come together and achieve social consensus or social cohesion over
values;
A. Alertness to crime theory B. Economic theory
C. Opportunity theory D. Anomie and Synomie theory

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

69

UNIT 10

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:

At this Module the student will able to:
 Understand and Elaborate Human Trafficking

HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Human Trafficking
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODOC) defines human
trafficking as "a crime against humanity. It involves an act of recruiting,
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
70

transporting, transferring, harboring or receiving a person through a use of force,

coercion or other means, for the purpose of exploiting them (What Is Human
Trafficking, 2011)."

What is Human Trafficking?

Human Trafficking is the illegal in human beings for the purposes of
commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor: a modern-day form of slavery. It is
the fastest growing criminal industry in the world, and tied with the illegal arms
industry as the second largest, after the drug, trade. Human Trafficking is a crime
against humanity. It further defined as an act of recruiting, transporting,
transferring, harboring or receiving a person through a use of force, coercion or
other means, for the purpose of exploiting them. Every year, thousands of men,
women and children fall into the hands of traffickers, in their own countries and
abroad. Every country in the world is affected by trafficking, whether as a country
of origin, transit or destination for victims. UNODC, as guardian of the United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) and the
Protocols thereto, assists States in their efforts to implement the Protocol to Prevent,
Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Person (Trafficking in Persons Protocol).
What are the Elements of Human Trafficking? On the basis of the definition given
in the trafficking in person’s protocol, t is evident that trafficking in persons has
three constituent elements;

 The Act (What is done) Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt

of persons
 The Means (How it is done) Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud,
deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a
person in control of the victim
 The Purpose (Why it is done) For the purpose of exploitation, which include
exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery or
similar practices and the removal of organs. To ascertain whether a particular
circumstances constitutes trafficking in persons, consider the definition of
trafficking in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the constituent elements of the
offence, as defined by relevant domestic legislation.

Worldwide Map on TVPA Compliance (Human Trafficking, 2011)

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
71

The United States Department of State released its findings in 2010 regarding
human trafficking. The report includes map indicating whether or not a country has
a Trafficking Victims Protection Act.

UNODC's Response to Human Trafficking (What Is Human Trafficking)

UNODO ChelpsStatesby
1. Drafting laws;
2. Creating comprehensive national anti-trafficking strategies;
3. Assisting with resources to implement them;
4. Developing local capacity and expertise; and
5. Enhancing practical tools to encourage cross-border cooperation in
investigations and prosecutions.

Protocol to Prevent; Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially

Women and Children
"It is one of the two Palermo protocols, the other one being the Protocol against the
Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, adopted by the United Nations in
Palermo, Italy in 2000." (Protocol, 2011) At present, there are 110 States that
agreed to implement Protocol (What Is Human Trafficking).

HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Applicable Laws in the Philippines Human Security Act of 2007

Republic Act No. 9372

Approved March 6, 2007 Took effect on July 15, 2007

Terror suspects may be arrested without warrant and temporarily

detained without warrants (Human Security Act, 2011).

Applicable Laws in the Philippines for Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003

 Republic Act No. 9208
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
72

 Signed into law: July 22, 2002

 Salient Points (Republic Act 9208: The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of
2003, 2009):

a. defines trafficking in persons as the recruitment, transportation, transfer or

harboring, or receipt of persons with or without the victim's consent or knowledge,
within or across national borders by means of threat or use of force, or other forms
of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or position, taking
advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or, the giving or receiving of payments
or benefits to achieve the consent of a person, or, the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another
person for the purpose of exploitation which includes at a minimum, the
exploitation or the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation,
forced labor or services, slavery, servitude or the removal or sale of organs.
b. penalizes the commission of trafficking in persons;

 acts that promote trafficking in persons such as leasing or allowing the use of
property for the purpose of trafficking, producing or distributing fake or
tampered certificates required by government, advertising, publishing or
distributing propaganda materials that promote trafficking; and facilitating the
exit/entry of trafficked persons at airports, seaports and other territorial
boundaries; and

 The person who buys or engages the services of trafficked persons for
prostitution, or of trafficked persons held in a condition of involuntary
servitude, forced labor or slavery.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

73

Learning Activities for unit 10

ESSAY:

1. Explain the difference between human trafficking and human smuggling?

2. Make a SWOT analysis for R.A 9208. (Encode it on long bond paper and
attach it on your activity notebook).

SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat)

PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 11

1. These global threats to law enforcement brought about by

globalization created opportunity for global professional criminals
which can only be addressed through,
A. Transnational professional network and cooperation
B. Rigid transborder security
C. High technological security installations on ports of entries
and exits
D. Transborder policing
2. Under the rules and function of Australian Federal Police, the AFP
falls under the portfolio of:
A. Home Affairs Ministry B. Attorney-General

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

74

D. Minister for Home Affairs D. Minister for Justice and

Customs
3. The accused is innocent until proven guilty is a principle of what
system?
A. adversarial system B. inquisitorial system
C. islamic system D. socialist system
4. It is traditional in nature as it is based its crime control efficiency
to the number of arrest and people being put to jail for punishment.
A. continental policing B. modern policing
C. modernization D. colonization

5. It has a system of laws, police tends to keep busy handling

political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment
characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. The
statement is referring to:
A. urban-industrial society B. bureaucratic society
C. folk-communal society D. urban–commercial society
6. As a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened.
They report more crime to police and demand the police to become
more effective in solving crime problems. What theory best describes
this situation?
A. modernization theory B. alertness to crime
theory
C. economic theory D. opportunity theory
7. This system uses measurement of crime control efficiency and
effectiveness based on absence of crime or low crime rate?
A. continental policing B. modern policing
C. modernization D. colonization
8. Which of the following is not part of group?
A. islamic system B. socialist system
C. adversarial system D. None of these
9. Which one below that suggests that progressive lifestyles and
norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held
people together, but in other cases, people can come together and
achieve social consensus or social cohesion over values;
A. Alertness to crime theory B. Economic theory
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
75

C. Opportunity theory D. Anomie and Synomie theory

10. It is considered as the finest intelligence agency in the world.
A. NBI B. FBI
C. Mossad D. CIA

UNIT 11

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:

At this Module the student will able to:
 Discuss cybercrime and the rule concerning it.
 Differentiate cybercrime and its allied act.

CYBER CRIMES
Cybercrimes are generally defined as any type of illegal activity that makes
use of the Internet, a private or public network, or an in-house computer system.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
76

While many forms of cybercrime revolve around the appropriation of proprietary

information for unauthorized use, other examples are focused more on a invasion of
privacy. As a growing problem around the world, many countries are beginning to
implement laws and other regulatory mechanisms in an attempt to minimize the
incidence of cybercrime.

According to The Tech Terms Computer Dictionary (Cybercrime Definition,

2011), cybercrime is a "criminal activity done using computers and the Internet.
This includes anything from downloading illegal music files to stealing millions of
dollars from online bank accounts. Cybercrime also includes non-monetary
offenses, such as creating and distributing viruses on other computers or posting
confidential business information on the Internet."

Wikipedia (Computer crime, 2011) divided cybercrime, a.k.a. computer crime, into
two:
1. Crimes that target computer networks or devices directly:
a. Computer viruses - "a computer program that can copy itself and infect a
computer."
b. Denial-of-service attacks-"an attempt to make a computer resource
unavailable to its intended users." (Denial-of-service attack, 2011)
c. Malware (malicious code) - "Malicious computer software that interferes
with normal computer functions or sends personal data about the user to
unauthorized parties over the Internet." ( Malware, 2011)

2. Crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of

which is independent of the computer network or device.
a. Cyberstalking-"a technologically-based "attack" on one person who has
been targeted specifically for that attack for reasons of anger, revenge or control."
(Moore, 2011)
b. Computer Fraud - "the use of a computer to take or alter data, or to gain
unlawful use of computers orservices." (Computer Fraud, 2011)
c. Identity Theft - "the use of one person's personal information by another
to commit fraud or other crimes." (IdentityTheft- Facts from the Encyclopedia,
2009)
d. Information warfare- "a new kind of warfare where information and
attacks on information and its system are used as a tool of warfare." (Information
Warfare - Definition, 2010)
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
77

e. Phishing scams - "the act of sending an e-mail to a user falsely claiming

to be an established legitimate enterprise in an attempt to scam the user into
surrendering private information that will be used for identity theft." (What Is
Phishing?, 2004)

Applicable Laws in the Philippines

At present, we do not have laws encompassing abuses such as phishing or identity
theft, and child pornography and prostitution. What we have is the Electronic
Commerce Act of 2000 which "focuses more on electronic evidence and common
online crimes such as hacking and copyright violations." (Pinaroc, 2007)

ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT

OF 2000
 Republic Act No. 8792
Approved June 14, 2000 and took effect effect immediately after its publication in
the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation. Salient
Features: Janette Toral enumerated the following significant points of the law
(Toral, 2005):
a. It gives legal recognition of electronic data messages, electronic
documents, and electronic signatures, (section 6 to 13);

b. Allows the formation of contracts in electronic form, (section 16);

c. Makes banking transactions done through ATM switching networks

absolute once consummated, (section 16);

d. Parties are given the right to choose the type and level of security
methods that suit their needs, (section 24);

e. Provides the mandate for the electronic implementation of transport

documents to facilitate carriage of goods. This includes documents such as, but not
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
78

limited to, multimodal, airport, road, rail, inland waterway, courier, post receipts,
transport documents issued by freight forwarders, marine/ocean bill of lading, non-
negotiable seaway bill, charter party bill of lading, (section 25 and 26);

f. Mandates the government to have the capability to do e-commerce within

2 years or before June 19, 2002. (section 27);

g. Mandates RPWeb to be implemented. RPWeb is a strategy that intends to

connect all government offices to the Internet and provide universal access to the
general public. The Department of Transportation and Communications, National
Telecommunications Commission, and National Computer Center will come up
with policies and rules that shall lead to substantial reduction of costs of
telecommunication and Internet facilities to ensure the implementation of RPWeb.
(section 28);

h. Made cable, broadcast, and wireless physical infrastructure within

the activity of telecommunications, (section 28);

i. Empowers the Department of Trade and Industry to supervise the

development of e- commerce in the country. It can also come up with policies and
regulations, when needed, to facilitate the growth of e-commerce. (section 29);

j. Provided guidelines as to when a service provider can be liable, (section

30);

k. Authorities and parties with the legal right can only gain access to
electronic documents, electronic data messages, and electronic signatures. For
confidentiality purposes, it shall not share or convey to any other person, (section
31 a nd 32);

I. Hacking or cracking, refers to unauthorized access including the

introduction of computer viruses, is punishable by a fine from 100 thousand to
maximum commensuration to the damage. With imprisonment from 6 months to 3
years, (section 33);

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

79

m. Piracy through the use of telecommunication networks, such as the

Internet, that infringes intellectual property rights is punishable. The penalties are
the same as hacking, (section
33); and

n. All existing laws such as the Consumer Act of the Philippines also applies
to e-commerce transactions, (section 33).

ANTI-PHOTO AND VIDEO

VOYEURISM ACT OF 2009
 Republic Act No. 9995
Approved February 15, 2010 and took effect fifteen (15) days after its complete
publication in the Official Gazette or in two (2) newspapers of general circulation.

Salient Features of the law:

Under the new law, a person is punished:

a. To take photo or video coverage of a person or group of persons performing

sexual act or any similar activity or to capture an image of the private area of a
person/s such as the naked or undergarment clad genitals, public area, buttocks or
female breast without the consent of the person/s involved and under circumstances
in which the person/s has/have a reasonable expectation of privacy;

b. To copy or reproduce, or to cause to be copied or reproduced, such photo

or video or recording of sexual act or any similar activity, with or
without consideration, notwithstanding that consent to record or take photo or
video coverage of the same was given by such person/s;

c. To sell or distribute, or cause to be sold or distributed, such photo or

video or recording of sexual act, whether it be the original copy or reproduction

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

80

thereof, notwithstanding that consent to record or take photo or video coverage of

the same was given by such person/s; or

d. To publish or broadcast, or cause to be published or broadcast, whether in

print or broadcast media, or show or exhibit the photo or video coverage or
recordings of such sexual act or any similar activity through VCD/DVD, internet,
cellular phones and other similar means or device, notwithstanding that consent to
record or take photo or video coverage of the same was given by such person/s.

NOTE: Penalty: imprisonment of not less than 3 years but not more than seven 7
years and a fine of not less than P100,000.00 but not more than P500,000.00, or
both, at the court's discretion.

Learning Activity for unit 10:

ESSAY:

1. Under RA 9995 Act of 2009, if the person in photo knew and consented for the
reproduction of his/her photo, can one reproduce or distribute such without
liability? Defend your answer.
2. Make a SWOT analysis for R.A 10175. (Encode it on long bond paper and
attach it on your activity notebook).

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

81

3. Make a SWOT analysis for RA. 8792. (Encode it on long bond paper
and attach it on your activity notebook).

SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat)

PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 12

1. What notice is being applied to help locate missing persons including children, or
to help people to identify themselves.
A. Blue notices B. Green notices
C. Red notices D. Yellow notices
2. A transnational grouping of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals for
the purpose of engaging in illegal activity, most commonly for the purpose of
generating a monetary profit. A criminal activity by an enduring structure or
organization developed and devoted primarily to the pursuit of profits through
illegal means.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
82

A. organized activity B transnational group

C. organized crime D. organized criminal gang
3. Based on the event when a greater number of children are being born. As these
baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity
crisis. What theory describes this?
A. demographic theory B. deprivation theory
C. modernization theory D. anomie theory
4. Which of the statement is TRUE?
A. In a small police station, the need for a full time Records officer is
justifiable.
B. As police stations increases its size, routine Desk officer is not able to
hand them all.
C. Police records are not that important in police administration.
D. In large Departments, the Desk officer devote full time exclusively to
record task.

5. What country practiced the “shame-based” rather than “guilty-based” approach

because of the shame it would bring to the family if such member of a Family
commits crime.
A. China B. India
C. Japan D. Egypt
6. This is a package of transnational flows of people, production, investment,
information, ideas and authority.
A. Manufacturing B. Globalization
C. Internationalization D. Transnational
7. This center is created by virtue of Executive Order No. 62 to establish a shared
database among concerned agencies for information on criminals, methodologies,
arrests and convictions on transnational crime
A. Philippine National Police (PNP)
B. National Commission on Anti Hijacking (NACAH)
C. Philippine Center on Transnational Crimes (PCTC)
D. International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO)
8. What is the code of secrecy of Mafia:
A. Omerta B. Morse
C. Nostra Compra D. Cosa Nostra

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

83

9. The Philippine National Police motto is To Serve and Protect while the motto of
HongKong Police force…
A. Law and Order B. We serve with pride and Care
C. Safer Communities together D. None of these
10. What is this law that gives Japanese police the authority to arrest people with
“wrong thoughts”.
A. Peace process law B. Peace talk law
C. Peace preservation law D. Preserved peace law

UNIT 12
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:
At this Module the student will able to:
 Understand the Extradition Treaty

EXTRADITION TREATY

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

84

At present the Philippines has extradition treaties with Australia, Canada, the
Federated States of Micronesia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Republic of Korea,
Switzerland, the United States of America, and the Kingdom of Thailand, and
treaties on mutual legal assistance on criminal matters with Australia and the United
States of America. As already mentioned, the Philippines has two (2) treaties on
Transfer of Sentenced Persons, one with Hong Kong and another Thailand, but both
are still pending in the Senate. The IAD is not a big office. All in all there are about
fifteen (15) of us. We are directly under an Undersecretary of Justice. So far this
small group is sufficient considering the low number of cases being handled. The
year 1999 was a challenging year for the IAD. The year saw most of the lawyers of
the IAD battling cases from the Regional Trial Court, Court of Appeals and the
Supreme Court. Foremost among these cases was the United States appeal for the
extradition of Mark Jimenez, a presidential adviser. This case put extradition in the
limelight and awareness to its importance was focused as it saw publicity in the
headlines. With this brief introduction about the IAD, I would now like to begin a
discussion about the extradition experience in the Philippines. I will not discuss the
legal principles applicable to extradition, except maybe in passing, since numerous
materials abound in this area. Instead, my discussion will be limited to sharing our
practical experiences in extradition and cooperation and some of the problems
facing us. My discussion will be divided into two, namely, our experience in those
cases where we have treaties, which I would label as “formal extradition
procedures”, and those where we do not have any formal treaties, which I call,
“informal cooperation”.

The Philippine Extradition Law

In the Philippines extradition is governed by Presidential Decree No. 1069,
“The Philippine Extradition Law”, and by the applicable extradition treaty in
force. PD No. 1069 was enacted by then President Ferdinand Marcos in 1977,
shortly after the Philippines concluded its first extradition treaty with the Republic
of Indonesia. As can be seen the law is more than twenty (20) years old, and has not

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

85

been amended since. PD No. 1069 is intended to “guide the executive department
and the courts in the proper implementation of the extradition treaties to which the
Philippines is a signatory”. Under the law extradition is defined as:
 “The removal of an accused from the Philippines with the object of placing
him at the disposal of foreign authorities to enable the requesting state or
government to hold him in connection with any criminal investigation directed
against him or the execution of a penalty imposed on him under the penal or
criminal law of the requesting state or government.”
The definition approximates the international definition of extradition which is:

 The process by which persons charged with or convicted of crime against

the law of a State and found in a foreign State are returned by the latter to
the former for trial or punishment.
It applies to those who are merely charged with an offense but have not been
brought to trial;

 To those who have been tried and convicted and have subsequently escaped
from custody; and to those who have been convicted in absentia.”
Philippine law provides that the Secretary of Foreign Affairs has the first
opportunity to make a determination on whether the request complies with
the requirements of the law and the relevant treaty, such as the submission
of the original or authenticated copy of the decision or sentence imposed
upon an accused;
 Or the criminal charge and the warrant of arrest;
 A recital of the acts for which extradition is requested containing the name
and identity of the accused; his whereabouts in the Philippines;
 The acts or omissions complained of;
 The time and place of the commission of those acts;
 The text of the applicable law or a statement of the contents; and such other
documents or information in support thereof. Once all of these are
complied with, the request and supporting documents are forwarded to the
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
86

Secretary of Justice who shall then designate a panel of attorneys from the
IAD to handle the case. In practice, the role of the Department of Justice
(DOJ) is not limited to filing and handling the case in court. If it deems
necessary, the DOJ may also request the foreign state to submit additional
supporting documents particular to Philippine procedures. This is done to
make sure that only those requests that comply with both treaty and
domestic requirements are processed. For example, we usually request for
certified copies of the affidavit of witnesses and do not merely rely on the
affidavit of the prosecuting attorney which merely synthesizes the
statements of the witnesses. Relying solely on the affidavit of the
prosecuting attorney may be dangerous because it would be considered
already a double hearsay under Philippine laws.

Crimes Covered by Treaty for crimes covered by treaty, the Philippines adopts
both the listing approach
Where specific crimes are enumerated, and the dual criminality, or what I
would call the conduct approach, where what is important is the underlying conduct
of an accused. To satisfy dual criminality, the name by which the crime is described
in the two countries need not be the same, nor should the scope of liability for the
crimes be similar. As to the period when dual criminality must exist, it may be
worth noting that in the recent case of Regina vs. Bartle and the Commissioner of
Police, more commonly known as the Pinochet extradition appeal case, the House
of Lords opined that dual criminality must exist at the time of the commission of the
act and not at the time of the request. The listing approach is adopted in the
extradition treaties with Hong Kong, Indonesia, and Thailand. While those treaties
with Australia, Canada, the Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Switzerland, and the
United States of America adopt the dual criminality approach.

Jurisprudence on Extradition

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

87

There is only one (1) case decided by the Philippine Supreme Court regarding
extradition. This is the case of Wright vs. Court of Appeals. This case involved the
extradition of an Australian, Mr. Paul Wright, back to Australia to face charges of
obtaining property by deception. The case is significant because our Supreme
Court, in upholding the conclusion of the Honorable Court of Appeals, held that the
RP-Australia Extradition Treaty is neither a piece of criminal legislation nor a
criminal procedure.
The Honorable Supreme Court stated that extradition “merely provides for the
extradition of persons wanted for prosecution of an offense or a crime ...” The
decision states in categorical terms that extradition is not a criminal procedure in the
Philippines. Consequently, all the strict safeguard measures attendant in a criminal
case are not readily applicable in extradition. It is accurate to state that extradition is
not a criminal procedure. The purpose of an extradition hearing is not to determine
the guilt of the accused - that is the role of the court where the primary case is
pending - but merely to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that
the accused committed the offenses charged in the requesting country. As such, the
extradition court is not the venue to raise defenses against the offense/s charged.
The case also made it clear that the provisions of an extradition treaty which make it
applicable to offenses committed prior to its entry into force are not in the nature of
an ex post facto law. Finally, the decision holds that the phrase “wanted for
prosecution” which is used in the treaties does not mean that there is a criminal case
pending against the accused in the requesting State. This requirement is complied
with as long as there is a warrant for the arrest of the accused. In that instance the
person can be said to be “wanted for prosecution”. Holding otherwise, it would be
very easy for an accused to render an extradition treaty ineffective by the mere fact
of absconding before a case is actually filed.

Extradition of Nationals Philippine law allows the extradition of its nationals

subject to the usual exceptions as contained in the relevant treaties. Out of the four
cases wherein extradition was granted, one of them was a Filipino.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
88

LEARNING ACTIVITIES FOR UNIT 12

ESSAY:
1. As a Criminology student, how important is the Extradition Treaty to our
country?

2. Make a SWOT analysis about the Extradition Treaty Law.

PRE-TEST FOR UNIT 13

1. Consist of all the United Nations conventions which seeks to safeguard life and
human dignity in a global scale.
A. union of domestic concerns for global governance
B. Universal convention
C. universal protections and safeguards
D. universal declarations

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

89

2. Consist of recruitment, transportation, transfer harboring or receipt of persons by

means of threat or use of coercion, abduction, fraud deception, abuse of power.
A. Trafficking in persons B. Exploitation
C. People Smuggling D. Transnational Organized Crime
3. In the Philippines the minimum age requirement for police officers is 21 years
old, what is the minimum age requirement in the Australian Federal Police?
A. 17 B. 18
C. 19 D. 21
4. In Sri Lanka, the constitution establishes a government that is a mixture of
presidential system and parliamentary system, such government is called;
A. Hegemony government B. messianic democracy
C. communist democracy D. democratic, socialist republic
5. In the system of the Public Safety Commissions of Japan, The person who has
the jurisdiction over the National Public Safety Commissions is the?
A. Minister of state B. Prime Minister
C. Commissioner General D. Prefectural Governor
6. It is a special higher police in Japan which is equivalent to the FBI, combining
both criminal investigation and counter- espionage functions.
A. Toku B. Tokko
C. PGK D. Lingerin
7. It is responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong Police
except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training. Training provided by
the Police College includes recruit and continuation training, crime investigation
training, police driver training and weapon tactics training.
A. Hongkong Police College B. Hong Kong Police Training School
C. Hong Kong Police School D. Hong Kong School of Police
8. Loosely structured, extraordinary flexible associations centered around violence
and deeply involved in the production and distribution of informal power. The only
organizational goal is to make use of extortionate means.
A. enterprise syndicates B. youth gangs
C. power syndicates D. scavenger syndicates
9. One who bribes, buys, intimidates, threatens, negotiates and sweet talks into a
relationship with the police, public officials or any else who might help the
members security and maintain immunity from arrest, prosecution and punishment.
A. enforcer B. corruptee
C. corrupter D. coddler

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

90

10. That relationship which can produce state policies that directly violate social
labor rights and directly produce social conflict that leads to state violations of civil
and security rights.
A. Global economic relations B. militarization
C. inter-border relations D. global political relations

UNIT 13
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:
At this Module the student will able to:
 Understand the International Law Enforcement Cooperation

INTERNATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
91

Interpol is the only international police organization that promotes police

cooperation worldwide and exists for decades. It is the communication bridge
between 187 states, which represent different police cultures, practices, laws. It is
accepted by dozens of states and helps the utmost efforts of the law enforcement
authorities in combating organized crime and in dealing with everyday crime.

Europol is a recent European organization contributes to the promotion of

European
police cooperation. Its purpose is to support and strengthen action by the MS
competent authorities and their mutual cooperation in preventing and combating
organized crime, terrorism and other forms of serious crime affecting two or more
MS. From 01-01-2010 was improved and was simplified the legal framework
governing Europol as an EU agency, in order to respond more effectively to the
tasks and to the various modern crimes forms. Europol has not any executive
competence. Despite the important steps taken by the Treaty of Maastricht and
beyond in the field of internal security at EU level, MS reserves the right to apply
national and constitutional framework in this field. For this reason, tasks and
activities of Europol have basic coordination - supporting character.

Eurojust is the European organization for judicial cooperation, aimed at

better coordination of MS LEAs in investigations and prosecutions carried out by
them. Also promotes closer judicial cooperation by MS. It must be noted that the
differences in EU legal cultures are many and strong and Eurojust with its presence
and its institutional framework defines its function, contribute to the maximum
extent possible grade to coordinate investigations and prosecutions for various
forms of organized crime and other forms of crime occupying MS.

An important tool in this case constitute JIT which are composed of

magistrates and police officials of different States, aim at coordinating
investigations into two or more States for serious crimes. These teams represent a
decisive step in the consolidation of police and judicial bodies’ activities to combat
and to prosecute serious crime.

EPCTF has an informal character in EU internal security system and its

decisions are not binding. In any case enables to the MS Police Chiefs the
opportunity to exchange views and experiences in major crime and to transfer them
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
92

within their states. Alongside this team could provide advice to EU institutions on
police matters and on international general public interest.

Frontex is the most recent European organization. Although surveillance of

external borders is competence of MS, Frontex as a body of the EU facilitate and
render more effective the application of existing and future measures regarding the
management of external borders and in particular on Senghen Code. This is taking
place by MS coordinating activities during the implementation of these measures,
thereby contributing to an efficient, high and uniform level of control on persons
and surveillance of MS external borders.

Also develops border guards from the European Border Guard Teams in MS
for joint operations, pilot projects and rapid interventions and provide the necessary
assistance for the development and operation of a European border surveillance
system and depending the needs to develop a common information sharing
environment, including interoperability system.

Further strengthen of organization role is congruous with the Union's

objective to develop a policy for the gradual introduction of integrated border
management concept.

Also is foreseen cooperation of this organization with other EU institutions

and especially with Europol with which has signed an agreement for closer
cooperation. Its role is crucial to the internal security system as illegal immigration
has momentum growing with great pressure on social, economic and political fabric
of States.

The European Anti-Fraud Office is an internal organ of EU, in order to

strengthen the fight against fraud, corruption and any other illegal activity affecting
the financial interests. A needed service especially now that organized crime is
transnational.
Competences of the European Police College obviously can be exercised by
Europol through its Services. SELEC promotes effective cooperation in the
prosecution of organized crime across Balkans borders. Region located between
two continents and is one of the main routes used by modern international crime.
Consequently, the establishment and operation is essential for strengthening the
cooperation of competent bodies in this region.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
93

International police cooperation is the most basic institution to combat crime

globally.

The international development of organized crime has led to new forms of

cooperation through legal texts at multilateral and bilateral level. Combat of
organized crime constitutes a priority for all states while it undermines democracy,
civil and social rights and freedoms. In this context, the establishment of
international, European and peripheral institutions in order to combat transnational
organized crime is the only way to protect people and societies.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
ESSAY:

1. How important is the international Law Enforcement Cooperation in suppressing

organized crimes? Defend your answer.

DIAGNOSTIC TEST:

1. A court system where the accused is guilty until proven innocent.

A. Adversarial B. Inquisitorial
C. Common Law D. Civil law
2. A court system where the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
A. Adversarial B. Inquisitorial
C. Common Law D. Civil law
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
94

3. A peace and Order Council is organized in every city/municipality by virtue of;

A. Executive Order 386 B. Executive Order 1012
C. Executive Order 309 D. Presidential Degree 118
4. In Japan Police Force, it is the highest rank in the system, the chief of
metropolitan police department.
A. Commissioner General B. Superintendent General
C. Chief Superintendent D. Corporal
5. In the Civil Service System, merit and fitness are the primary consideration in the
________.
A. two-party system B. promotional system
C. evaluation system D. tools system
6. In the continent of Asia, where can you find the country of Vietnam?
A. Central Asia B. Eastern Asia
C. Southeastern Asia D. Southern Asia
7. In the Hong Kong Police Force we have the Commissioner General, how about
the Philippine National Police?
A. DILG Director B. Director General
C. Major General D. Secretary of Defense
8. It refers to a package of transnational flow of people, production, investment,
information, ideas and authority.
A. Transnationalization B. internationalization
C. inter-border D. globalization
9. It refers to specifically to transnational crime carried out by organized crime
organizations.
A. Transnational crime B. Transnational Organized Crime
C. Organized crime gangs D. Organized Criminal
10. In US, the sheriff for each county is chosen through
A. referendum B. election
C. appointment by governor D. elimination
11. Policing in the United States (U.S.) is divided in these broad categories except
A. Federal agencies B. State agencies
C. County agencies D. City agencies.
12. The continent which was derived from the name of a Phoenix in Greek
Mythology.
A. Europe B. South America
C. North America D. Asia
13. The fastest growing criminal industry in the world.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
95

A. Human Trafficking B. Exploitation

C. Bonded labor D. Forced labor
14. The Great Barrier Reef which is the world’s largest reef is found in…
A. Europe B. Australia
C. North America D. Asia
15. The head of PNP has a rank of Director General, what is the highest rank in
Hongkong?
A. Police Chief B. Commissioner General
B. Police Inspector general D. Commissioner

16. The primary duty of this group is to protect the emperor of Japan and its
family…
A. Imperial Police B. Imperial guard
C. Imperial security D. Imperial agency
17. The threat of global terrorism indicates the growing power of globalization as a
perimeter of;
A. Financial networks B. Islamic fundamentalism
C. transnational ideology D. political actions
18. The world’s largest forest area is found in,
A. Europe B. South America
C. North America D. Asia
19. They have two roles, they let men buy them drinks and later on they offer
sexual services.
A. Stag party girls B. Hotel and Convention prostitutes
C. Bar Girls D. Massage parlor prostitutes
20. Used to define almost all illegal acts of violence committed for political purpose
by clandestine groups.
A. national terrorist B. transnational terrorist
C. international terrorist D. terrorism
21. What is the highest rank in Indonesia police force?
A. Police General B. Commissioner
C. Inspector General D. Commissioner General
22. What is the lowest rank in Hong Kong?
A. Police B. First Bhayangkara
C. Second Bhayangkara D. Police constable
23. What is the lowest rank in Indonesia police force?
A. Watch B. Second Bhayangkara
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
96

C. Constable D. Police constable

24. Which police organization applies the “iron fist, velvet glove” in the
enforcement of law?
A. Switzerland Police B. Japan Police
C. Ireland Police D. Egypt Police
25. What type of democratic policing does Japan have compare to U.S?
A. Fragmented B. Centralized
C. Integrated D. None of these
26. This is the type of system which is extremely decentralized and one of its
characteristics is having numerous police agencies;
A. Fragmented B. Centralized
C. Integrated D. None of these
27. Which of the following country that both national and local governments share
control:
A. Great Britain B. France
C. Belgium D. Philippines
28. This is a country that has a single system of law administration of justice and
servants of the republic rather than local governments;
A. Philippines B. U.K
C. France D. United States
29. The oldest police agency in France;
A. Police Nationale B. Gendarmerie
C. Police Judiciare D. Surete
30. In the system of the Public Safety Commissions of Japan, The person who has
the jurisdiction over the National Public Safety Commissions is the?
A. Minister of state B. Prime Minister
C. Commissioner General D. Prefectural Governor

31. This is a crime, consisting of an intentional act of political violence to create an

atmosphere of fear.
A. Terrorism B. Political crime
C. Hostage taking D. Transnational crime
32. This is a very broad category, encompassing everything from illegal
immigration to international prostitution, slavery, and child pornography.
A. Flow of people B. Migration
C. Human trafficking D. Sex slavery
33. What type of democratic policing does Japan have compare to U.S?
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
97

A. Fragmented B. Centralized
C. Integrated D. None of these
34. This is the type of system which is extremely decentralized and one of its
characteristics is having numerous police agencies;
A. Fragmented B. Centralized
C. Integrated D. None of these
35. This is the kind of policing system where police control is under direct control
of the national government:
A. Fragmented B. Centralized
C. Integrated D. None of these
36. They are distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right is
granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little
interpretation. What is referred to this description?
A. civil law system B. socialist system
C. islamic system D. common law system
37. They are distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain people
into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state.
A. common law system B. civil law system
C. islamic system D. socialist system
38. Ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move the state forward toward
the perfectibility of state and mankind. It is referring to as what?
A. common law system B. civil law system
C. socialist system D. islamic system
39. Conflicts are resolved by a tribunal council, and there are no jails and prisons.
This type of society is an excellent example of the folk-communal or informal
justice system.
A. Congo Police B. Egypt Police
C. Ireland Police D. Switzerland Police
40. It has a civil law, specialized police forces and punishment is inconsistent,
sometimes harsh, and sometimes lenient. It is referred as what?
A. urban–commercial society B. folk-communal society
C. urban-industrial society D. bureaucratic society
41. They let things go for awhile without attention until things become too much,
and then hash, barbaric punishment is resorted to. This society is known as:
A. urban–commercial society B. urban-industrial society
C. bureaucratic society D. folk-communal society

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

98

42. Progress comes along with rising expectations. People at the bottom develop
unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast
enough. What theory describes this?
A. demographic theory B. deprivation theory
C. modernization theory D. anomie theory

43. It has codified laws but laws that prescribe good behavior, police become
specialized in how to handle property crimes. It is referred to as what?
A. urban-industrial society B. bureaucratic society
C. folk-communal society D. urban–commercial society

44. Crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in

urban areas such as slums. What theory best describes this?
A. modernization theory B. alertness to crime theory
C. economic theory D. opportunity theory
45. This society has little codification of law, no specialization among police?
A. urban-industrial society B. bureaucratic society
C. folk-communal society D. urban–commercial society
46. This system is distinguished by a strong adversarial system where lawyers
interpret and judges are bound by precedent?
A. socialist system B. islamic systems
C. common law system D. civil law system
47. It sees the problem as society becoming too complex. This is the theory of:
A. modernization theory B. alertness to crime theory
C. economic theory D. opportunity theory
48. When poor person commits a crime, the government goes to work analyzing the
family, education and employment needs of everyone in that poor person’s family.
It is referring to?
A. Congo Police B. Egypt Police
C. Ireland Police D. Switzerland Police
49. With high standard of living, victims become more careless of their belongings,
and opportunities for committing crime multiply. What theory describes this?
A. modernization theory B. alertness to crime theory
C. economic theory D. opportunity theory
50. The sense of hope and confidence among the people towards their local
authorities that they are doing everything they can in crime control. It is referring
to?
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
99

A. Congo Police B. Egypt Police

C. Ireland Police D. Switzerland Police

51. Consist of all the United Nations conventions which seeks to safeguard life and
human dignity in a global scale.
A. union of domestic concerns for global governance
B. Universal convention
C. universal protections and safeguards
D. universal declarations
52. Consist of recruitment, transportation, transfer harboring or receipt of persons
by means of threat or use of coercion, abduction, fraud deception, abuse of power.
A. Trafficking in persons B. Exploitation
C. People Smuggling D. Transnational Organized Crime
53. In the Philippines the minimum age requirement for police officers is 21 years
old, what is the minimum age requirement in the Australian Federal Police?
A. 17 B. 18
C. 19 D. 21
54. In Sri Lanka, the constitution establishes a government that is a mixture of
presidential system and parliamentary system, such government is called;
A. Hegemony government B. messianic democracy
C. communist democracy D. democratic, socialist republic
55. In the system of the Public Safety Commissions of Japan, The person who has
the jurisdiction over the National Public Safety Commissions is the?
A. Minister of state B. Prime Minister
C. Commissioner General D. Prefectural Governor
56. It is a special higher police in Japan which is equivalent to the FBI, combining
both criminal investigation and counter- espionage functions.
A. Toku B. Tokko
C. PGK D. Lingerin
57. It is responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong Police
except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training. Training provided by
the Police College includes recruit and continuation training, crime investigation
training, police driver training and weapon tactics training.
A. Hongkong Police College B. Hong Kong Police Training School
C. Hong Kong Police School D. Hong Kong School of Police

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

100

58. Loosely structured, extraordinary flexible associations centered around violence

and deeply involved in the production and distribution of informal power. The only
organizational goal is to make use of extortionate means.
A. enterprise syndicates B. youth gangs
C. power syndicates D. scavenger syndicates
59. One who bribes, buys, intimidates, threatens, negotiates and sweet talks into a
relationship with the police, public officials or any else who might help the
members security and maintain immunity from arrest, prosecution and punishment.
A. enforcer B. corruptee
C. corrupter D. coddler
60. That relationship which can produce state policies that directly violate social
labor rights and directly produce social conflict that leads to state violations of civil
and security rights.
A. Global economic relations B. militarization
C. inter-border relations D. global political relations
61. That which stimulates ethnic mobilization, which may promote self-
determination in responsive states but more often produces collective abuses in
defense of dominant group-hegemony.
A. Technological development
B. migration
C. employment opportunities
D. global mobility and information flow
62. The collation of international covenants and treaties on war crimes and for the
protection of the rights of women and children;
A. International bill of human rights
B. Geneva conventions
C. universal declaration of human rights
D. covenant on civil and political rights
63. This kind of society has a system of laws, police who tend to keep busy
handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by
civilization and overcrowding.
A. Folk-communal society B. Urban-commercial society
C. Urban-industrial society D. Bureaucratic society
64. This kind of society has little codification of law, no specialization among
police, and a system of punishment that just let things go for a while without
attention until things becomes too much, and then harsh, barbaric punishment is
resorted to.
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
101

A. Folk-communal society B. Urban-commercial society

C. Urban-industrial society D. Bureaucratic society
65. What type of police system which is distinguished by a strong inquisitorial
system where less right is grated to the accused, and the written law is taken as
gospel and subject to little interpretation?
A. Common law system B. Civil law System
C. Socialist system D. Islamic system
66. What type of police system which is distinguished by procedures designed to
rehabilitate or retain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state?
A. Common law system B. Civil law System
C. Socialist system D. Islamic system
67. Which one below is NOT a benefits that the Philippines Derive as Member of
the INTERPOL?
A. Access to police information on international Criminal Cases.
B. Access to International Summaries of Criminal Cases.
C. Attend meetings and symposiums on case of special topics
C. Access to funds against transnational Crimes
D. Access to information dealing with economic and financial crime in an
international level.
68. The type and form of government in northern Asia (Russia) consist of
composite systems which includes federal state, semi-presidential and republic.
Which type of government which is characterized by a union of partially self-
governing states or regions united by a central government?
A. Republic state B. federal state
C. semi-presidential state D. presidential state
69. Private security Agencies has to be registered with the _________.
A. Security and Exchange Commission
B. NAPOLCOM
C. National Bureau of Investigation
D. Department of Interior and Local Government
70. The primary threat to law enforcement brought about by globalization which is
evidenced by genocide or mass killing.
A. Unfair access to global mechanism by the under privilege
B. Occupation of nations by the most powerful
C. Conflict between nations
D. Increasing human rights violations

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

102

71. These global threats to law enforcement brought about by globalization created
opportunity for global professional criminals which can only be addressed through,
A. Transnational professional network and cooperation
B. Rigid transborder security
C. High technological security installations on ports of entries and exits
D. Transborder policing
72. Under the rules and function of Australian Federal Police, the AFP falls under
the portfolio of:
A. Home Affairs Ministry B. Attorney-General
D. Minister for Home Affairs D. Minister for Justice and Customs
73. The accused is innocent until proven guilty is a principle of what system?
A. adversarial system B. inquisitorial system
C. islamic system D. socialist system
74. It is traditional in nature as it is based its crime control efficiency to the number
of arrest and people being put to jail for punishment.
A. continental policing B. modern policing
C. modernization D. colonization

75. It has a system of laws, police tends to keep busy handling political crime and
terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by over criminalization and
overcrowding. The statement is referring to:
A. urban-industrial society B. bureaucratic society
C. folk-communal society D. urban–commercial society
76. As a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened. They report
more crime to police and demand the police to become more effective in solving
crime problems. What theory best describes this situation?
A. modernization theory B. alertness to crime theory
C. economic theory D. opportunity theory
77. This system uses measurement of crime control efficiency and effectiveness
based on absence of crime or low crime rate?
A. continental policing B. modern policing
C. modernization D. colonization
78. Which of the following is not part of group?
A. islamic system B. socialist system
C. adversarial system D. None of these
79. Which one below that suggests that progressive lifestyles and norms result in
the disintegration of older norms that once held people together, but in other cases,
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
103

people can come together and achieve social consensus or social cohesion over
values;
A. Alertness to crime theory B. Economic theory
C. Opportunity theory D. Anomie and Synomie theory
80. It is considered as the finest intelligence agency in the world.
A. NBI B. FBI
C. Mossad D. CIA
81. Who has the Administrative Supervision over Japanese National Police
Agency?
A. Commissioner of Japan B. Prime Minister
C. Commissioner General D. National Public Safety Commission
82. When National and local governments share control and local control of police
services with national standards adhered to is a formed of what type of policing?
A. Fragmented B. Centralized
C. Integrated D. None of these
83. Which of the following country that both national and local governments share
control?
A. Great Britain B. France
C. Belgium D. Philippines
34. It is in charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally important
and international cases in Japan.
A. Traffic Bureau C. Criminal Investigation Bureau
C. Security Bureau D. Regional Public Safety Bureau
85. They are concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and unit
inspections in Japan Police Force.
A. Personnel Administration B. Police Administration Bureau
C. Bureau of Administration D. Police Records and Administration

86. It is responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong Police
except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training. Training provided by
the Police College includes recruit and continuation training, crime investigation
training, police driver training and weapon tactics training.
A. Hongkong Police College B. Hong Kong Police Training School
C. Hong Kong Police School D. Hong Kong School of Police
87. The researcher communicates with foreign researcher for his research. Which
method is appropriate for that research?
A. Communication method B. Safari method
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
104

C. Collaborative method D. Collective method

88. It is an indispensible tool of management derived from organized information
available in the police record division about the nature, size and distribution of the
police problems, crime, vice and traffic.
A. Strategic intelligence B. Departmental intelligence
C. Counter intelligence D. Under cover intelligence
89. A part of processing the information in which the shifting and isolating of those
element that have significance in light of the mission or national objective.
A. integration B. deduction
C. interpretation D. analysis
90. The intelligence principle which is states that intelligence is artificial subdivided
into component elements to ensure complete coverage, eliminate duplication and
reduce the overall task to manageable sizes refers to.
A. Principles security B. Principles of interdependence
C. Principle of communication D. Principles of selection
91. What notice is being applied to help locate missing persons including children,
or to help people to identify themselves.
A. Blue notices B. Green notices
C. Red notices D. Yellow notices
92. A transnational grouping of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals for
the purpose of engaging in illegal activity, most commonly for the purpose of
generating a monetary profit. A criminal activity by an enduring structure or
organization developed and devoted primarily to the pursuit of profits through
illegal means.
A. organized activity B transnational group
C. organized crime D. organized criminal gang
93. Based on the event when a greater number of children are being born. As these
baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity
crisis. What theory describes this?
A. demographic theory B. deprivation theory
C. modernization theory D. anomie theory
94. Which of the statement is TRUE?
A. In a small police station, the need for a full time Records officer is
justifiable.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

105

B. As police stations increases its size, routine Desk officer is not able to
hand them all.
C. Police records are not that important in police administration.
D. In large Departments, the Desk officer devote full time exclusively to
record task.

95. What country practiced the “shame-based” rather than “guilty-based” approach
because of the shame it would bring to the family if such member of a Family
commits crime.
A. China B. India
C. Japan D. Egypt
96. This is a package of transnational flows of people, production, investment,
information, ideas and authority.
A. Manufacturing B. Globalization
C. Internationalization D. Transnational
97. This center is created by virtue of Executive Order No. 62 to establish a shared
database among concerned agencies for information on criminals, methodologies,
arrests and convictions on transnational crime
A. Philippine National Police (PNP)
B. National Commission on Anti Hijacking (NACAH)
C. Philippine Center on Transnational Crimes (PCTC)
D. International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO)
98. What is the code of secrecy of Mafia:
A. Omerta B. Morse
C. Nostra Compra D. Cosa Nostra
99. The Philippine National Police motto is To Serve and Protect while the motto of
HongKong Police force…
A. Law and Order B. We serve with pride and Care
C. Safer Communities together D. None of these
100. What is this law that gives Japanese police the authority to arrest people with
“wrong thoughts”.
A. Peace process law B. Peace talk law
C. Peace preservation law D. Preserved peace law

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

106

RUBRICS:
(ESSAY QUESTIONS)
CRITERIA POOR ACCEPTABLE EXCELLENT
Professionalism Numerous errors, Few errors, direct No errors, direct
and Accuracy of unprofessional and concise and concise
grammar, spelling, formation, writing style. writing style.
writing, style and confusing and Unidentified parts Professionally
formation unstructured of essay. formatted.
content (Introduction,
Body and
Conclusion)
Quality of Thoughts do not Thoughts clearly Thoughts clearly
thoughts clearly indicate a indicate a indicate a
decision. decision. decision.
70 %
Thoughts are Thoughts are Thoughts are
neither actionable actionable and actionable and
nor realistic. realistic. realistic. Thoughts
Thoughts are not are clear.
clear.
100% total points 50% 85% 100% perfect
score

GLOSSARY:
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
107

QUASI-TERRORISM- The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of

violence that are similar in form and method of two genuine terrorism but which
nevertheless lack its essential ingredient.

ORGANIZED CRIME- A transnational grouping of highly centralized enterprises

run by criminals for the purpose of engaging in illegal activity, most commonly for
the purpose of generating a monetary profit. A criminal activity by an enduring
structure or organization developed and devoted primarily to the pursuit of profits
through illegal means.

SOCIOCRACY- Is a system of governance using consent-based decision making

among equivalent individuals and an organizational structure based in cybernetic
principles.

ECONOMY- one of the important elements of globalization is economy, in this

context; let us have a look on the global economy besetting the global community.

INTERROGATION- Law enforcement officers can interrogate witnesses, and

even questions potential suspects, as long as their constitutional rights are protected.

RIOT POLICE- The riot police are committed to using disciplined non-lethal
force and do not carry firearms while engaged in the riot control duties.

POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS- despite legal limits on police

jurisdictions, many citizens retain their views of the police as authority figures to
whom they can turn for aid.

MANPOWER- the full-time uniformed officers are predominantly male,

accounting for about 87% of total full-time strength.

STAFFING- the RB are generally recruited from within the region and their
number and role can vary, depending on the specific needs, goals and priorities of
each region.

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

108

HEAD OF BUREAU- responsible for applying the priorities of the organization

and those of regional police chiefs committees.

NETWORK ANALYST- a technical officer responsible for the providing

technical support not only within the SRB but also to National Central Bureaus in
the region.

CRIME ANALYST- provides analytical work on crimes in the region, related to

work for the General Secretariat and for the regional police chiefs committee.

INTERNATIONAL LIAISON- INTERPOL seeks to forge ties with all

international bodies, governmental authorities and non-governmental organizations
whose mission to fight crime and protect the public’s safety.

INTERPOL- it is the world’s largest international police organization, with 187

member countries.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY- INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets

annually and comprises delegates appointed by each member country.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE- this 13-member committee is elected by the

General Assembly, and comprises the president, three vice-presidents and nine
delegates covering four regions.

ADVISERS- these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed
by the Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS- or known as People Smuggling, it is a

facilitation, transportation, attempted transportation or illegal entry of a person or
persons across an international border. It is in contrast to human trafficking which
can take place both domestically and internationally, migrant smuggling is a crime
that takes place only across borders. It consists in assisting migrants to enter or stay
in a country illegally for financial or material gain.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING- trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment,

transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use
of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3
109

abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of

payments

References:
 https://lawphilreviewer.wordpress.com/tag/
 http://www.rkmfiles.net/
 https://www.academia.edu/28668673/
 STII CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW COMPILATIONS

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

110

Prepared by:

LOUREY KAYE R. TREÑO, Criminologist

Instructor

Checked and Approved by:

ELRHINE D. NICOLAS, Criminologist, MSCJ

College of Criminology Consultant

JAMIL MONCEDA, RCrim, MSCJ.

DEAN, COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

Attested by:

NANCY CHIONG MAGBANUA, MSIT

Academic Dean

Approved by:

EUFEMIO D. JAVIER JR., DDM

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

111

School President / CEO

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
Email Address: Alface@gmail.com
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09285033733

(COLLEGE)

CHED ACCREDITED COURSES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

MAJOR IN HUMAN MANAGEMENT

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MIDWIFERY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE MAJOR IN :

: ANIMAL SCIENCE : CROP SCIENCE

BACHELOR OF TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL TEACHERS

EDUCATION MAJOR IN :
: AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY
: FOOD AND SWERVICE MANAGEMENT

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOSPITALITY

LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
112

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
Email Address: Alface@gmail.com
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09285033733

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Voucher
INDUSTRIAL ARTS

 DRIVING NC II Program
 SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NC II
 AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC I
 AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC II
HOME ECONOMICS

 FRONT OFFICE SERVICES NC II

 HOUSEKEEPING NC II
 FOOD AND BEVERAGES SERVICES NC II
 BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

 2D ANIMATION NC III
 COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING NC II
 ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY SERVICES NC II
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY STRAND

 ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY CHICKEN) NC II

 ANIMAL PRODUCTION (RUMINANTS) NC II
 ANIMAL PRODUCTION (SWINE) NC II
 RUBBER PRODUCTION NC II
 ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION NC II Reference:
STII reviewer
RKM REVIEWER
ACADEMIC TRACK www.criminologysolutions.com
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM REVIEWER Philippines Copyright, 2012
Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc. And VICTOR O. DELOS SANTOS
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

 FRONT OFFICE SERVICES NC II

 EVENTS MANAGEMENT NC III
ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
LOUREY KAYE R. TRENO, RCrim 0915-886-9416 LEA 3