14. Bibliography 15 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that a student of class Xll has successfully the completed Chemistry Project on the topic To find the variation of conductance with temperature in electrolytes under the guidance of me during the year in partial fulfilment of Chemistry Practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.
Signature of Teacher ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Chemistry teacher as well as our Principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things. I'm really thankful to them.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
XII Science AIM To find the variation of conductance with temperature in electrolytes
APPARATUS Glass beaker, CuS04 solution, Cu electrodes, ZnS04 solution, Zn electrodes, rheostat, battery eliminator, water, burner, thermometer, flask, ammeter, voltmeter IMPROTANT TERMS Conductance: The property of ease of flow of electric current through a body is called conductance.
Resistance: The obstacle offered to the flow ofelectric current
is called resistance.
Electrolysis: The operation in which electricity causes a
chemical reaction is called electrolysis.
Ohm's Law: This law statesthat the current flowing through a
resistance is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across it's ends, at constant temperature and pressure.
V=IxR
Faraday's Laws First law: The mass of a substance produced or consumed in electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of charge passing through it.
mQ or, m=ZX| xt where, Z is electrochemical equivalent; I is current; t is time in seconds; Q is charge.
Second Law: The mass ofsubstance produced in electrolysis
directly proportional to its equivalent mass.
W1/E1 w2/E2 =W3/E3.
Third Law: The mass ofa substance produced in electrolysis is directly proportional to the number of electrons per mole needed to cause desired changed in oxidation state. CONDUCTIVITY When voltage is applied to the electrodes immersed into an electrolyte solution, ions of electrolyte move, and thus, electric current flows through the electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution and the metal conductors exhibit resistance to the passage of the current; both of which obey Ohm's law. The reciprocal of resistance is called electrical conductance. The unit of electrical conductance is Siemens (S) or ohm or mho. If a solution is placed between two parallel electrodes having cross sectional area A and distance Lapart then the resistance is given by
R 1/C p (called 'rho') is known as resistivity. Its reciprocal gives the conductivity of the solution, which is denoted by x (called 'kappa). Its unit is Siemens/meter.
K=1/R* L/A L/A is a fixed quantity fora cell and is called the 'cell constant'
6 FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY The factors which affect the electrical conductivity of the solutions are:
Inter-ionic attraction: It depends on solute-solute
interactions. Solvation of ions: It depends on solute-solvent interactions. Viscosity of the solvent: It depends on sólvent-solvent interactions.
1 1. The PROCEDURE electrolyte chosen is ZnSOA and the electrodes are of Zn. 2. Readings for the measurement of conductance are taken at intervals of 3°C. 3. Proper precautions are taken to avoid other factors constant. evaporation and to keep 4. The vessel and electrodes are removed and the vessel is cleaned and filled with ZnSO4 Solution. 5. The electrodes are refitted in their original place so that the distance between them does not change. 6. Current is passed and when the voltmeter and ammeter show steady readings, they are noted. 7.The current is switched off. 8. It is seen that while the ammeter reading returns at once to 0 position. The voltmeter needle pauses fora while at a reading which is noted down. particular 9. This reading indicates the back EMF in the electrolyte. 10.Similarly, more sets of reading are taken, and resistance calculated. is
11. Thus, the value of cornductance is calculated.
12. The switched on circuit readings in voltmeter and ammeter are taken. 13. The current through the electrolyte is change by adjusting the rheostat and more sets of readings are taken. 14. Thus, the mean value of resistance is calculated. 15.Above steps are repeated for CuSO4 as made of Cu. electrolyte with electrodes 8 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS For the purpose of accuracy and convenience, some important aspects of the electrolyte process are kept constant in the experiment as their variation might affect the conductivity of the electrolyte. They are: Voltage Nature of electrodes Size of electrodes Separation between the electrodes Concentration of the Nature of the electrolytes electrolytes Resistance in the circuit
9 OBSERVATION For ZnSO4 electrolyte TABLE1 with Zn electrodes.
13 RESULT The relevant graph shows that the 1/Resistance of an electrolyte increases at a steady rate as the temperature increases.
CONCLUSION On heating a solution, it is known that viscosity gradually decreases, with decrease in viscosity, the speed and movement of the ions increases. In other words, the conductance of the electrolyte increases with the increase in temperature. Hence, the result of the experiment agrees with reasoning.
PRECAUTIONSS Variation of resistance due to one ofthe factors should be kept constant. The electrodes used in each case should always be kept parallel to each other. The solution should be kept undisturbed throughoutthe experiment. For each observatippthree readings are taken andtthe mean value is considered.
14 BIBLIOGRAPHY Chemistry(Pat-1)-Textbook for class XI, National Council of Educational Research and Training. Concepts of Physics 2 by HCVerma, Bharti Bhawan (Publishers &Distribution) Websites 1. https://www.cbse.nic.in 2. https://www.britannica.com
