University of Jordan

Mechanical engineering department

Materials lab
Section 2

Short lab report

Impact test

Made by:
Mohammad Emad Mohd Othman 0181186
Abdulla Ashraf Salah Ali 0188380
  Abstract:

 When a material like steel is

plastically deformed at ambient
temperatures its
 When a material like steel is
plastically deformed at ambient
temperatures its
The impact test determines the impact toughness, which is a material property of metals, most
commonly by measuring the work required to fracture metallic specimen under impact. The impact
toughness test of metals provides information on ductile-brittle nature of metallic material upon different
temperature. There are two state administered tests named Charpy and Izod, were planned advertisement
utilized widely to gauge the effect vitality. For the two tests, the example is broken by a solitary over-burden
occasion because of the effect of the pendulum. A stop pointer is utilized to record how far the
pendulum swings back up subsequent to cracking the example. The effect sturdiness of a metal is
controlled by estimating the vitality consumed in the break of the example. This is essentially gotten by
taking note of the stature at which the pendulum is discharged and the tallness to which the
pendulum swings after it has struck the example. The tallness of the pendulum times the heaviness of the
pendulum delivers the potential vitality and the distinction in potential vitality of the pendulum toward the
begin and the finish of the test is equivalent to the assimilated vitality. Since toughness is greatly affected by
temperature, a Charpy or Izod test is often repeated numerous times with each specimen tested at a different
temperature. This produces a graph of impact toughness for the material as a function of temperature. An
impact toughness versus temperature graph for a steel is shown in the image. At low temperatures the
material is more brittle and impact toughness is low. At high temperatures the material is more ductile and
impact toughness is higher. The transition temperature is the boundary between brittle and ductile behavior
and this temperature is often an extremely important consideration in the selection of a material.
  Objective:
To evaluate selected specimens under conditions of shock loading at fixed temperature. Also, to measure the energy
absorbed in breaking a notched specimen

 Procedure:

For the Izod Impact lest

1. Fit the striker with the horizontal tip in the striking position.
2. With safety lever in Izod position, raise the pendulum to the 170-J position.
3. turn the maximum pointer, which is fitted to the chart glass, anti clockwise until it contacts the fixed
pointer attached to the pendulum. This is done by with the knurled knob in the center of the chart glass.
4. Release the pendulum by the left-hand lever. After the pendulum has passed the test piece it will carry the
maximum pointer round the chart and leave it indicating the LOST ENERGY due to friction and air
resistance:
5. Repeat steps 1 to 3.
6. Insert the test piece with the notch facing the striker. set for correct height with the positioning gage.
7. Repeat step 4. The pointer will indicate the impact value (Plus losses) of the test piece
on the 170-J chart.
8. Arrest the pendulum by catching the handle with the right hand. Pull the pendulum back and raise the
stop on the machine base allowing the top to rest on the stop.
9. Release the broken test piece by moving the grip-locking lever to the right.

Charpy Impact Test

1. Fit the striker with the central vertical edge in the striking position and secure it with the safety lever.
2. Locate the pointer, using the knurled knob, to indicate the full-scale reading.
3. Release the pendulum, the pointer will indicate the value of lost, energy.
4. Arrest the pendulum by using the brake.
5. Repeat steps L and 2.
6. Place the test piece horizontally across the block with the notch opposing the striker, locating it centrally
with the setting gage.
7. Repeat step three, the pointer will indicate the impact value (Plus losses) of the test piece.
  Data observed

Test Specimen Impact value

material Cross sectin Notch (absorbed energy)

Brass 10 X 10 U 18

Izod Brass 10 X 10 V 16

Mild steel 10 X 10 U 64

Mild steel 10 X 10 V 94

Mild steel 5 X 10 V 24

Chrapy Brass 5 X 10 U 6.5

Mild steel 5 X 10 U 16.5

Mild steel 5 X 10 Rectangular 7

  Comparison between Izod and charpy test
Both Charpy and Izod impact testing are popular methods of determining impact strength, or
toughness, of a material. In other words, these tests measure the total amount of energy that a
material is able to absorb. This energy absorption is directly related to the brittleness of the
material. Brittle materials, such as ceramics or glass, tend to have lower absorption rates than
ductile materials like copper or aluminum. Understanding a material’s energy absorption
properties is critical, as it predicts how much plastic deformation the material will be able to
withstand before catastrophic failure. It is also important to understand the similarities and
differences between these two common impact test methods.

Charpy Impact Testing

The Charpy impact test was developed by S.B. Russell and Georges Charpy at the turn of the
20th century. It remains to this day one of the most popular impact testing methods due to the
relative ease of creating samples and obtaining results. The test apparatus consists of a weighted
pendulum, which is dropped from a specified height to make contact with the specimen. The
energy transferred to the material can be inferred by comparing the difference in the height of the
pendulum before and after the fracture.

A Charpy test specimen, which is placed horizontally into the machine, is typically a 55 x 10 x
10mm (2.165" x 0.394" x 0.394") bar with a notch machined into one of the faces. This notch,
which can be either V-shaped or U-shaped, is placed facing away from the pendulum and helps
to concentrate the stress and encourage fracture. Testing can be performed at both ambient and
reduced temperatures, sometimes as low as -425F.Charpy impact testing is most commonly
performed to ASTM E23, ASTM A370, ISO 148, or EN 10045-1. While the test is most
commonly performed on metals, there are also a number of standards that exist for plastics and
polymers, including ASTM D6110 and ISO 179.

Izod Impact Testing

The Izod impact test was named for English engineer Edwin Gilbert Izod, who first described the
test method in 1903. The test apparatus and specimen design are very similar to Charpy impact,
with some notable differences, including the orientation of the specimen, which is clamped into
the apparatus vertically with the notch facing toward the pendulum. The pendulum then impacts
the sample at a specified area above the notch.
One of the main differences from Charpy impact is that Izod impact testing can be performed on
either plastic or metallic specimens. Plastic samples are typically a 64 x 12.7 x 3.2 mm bar with a
machined V-shaped notch. Metallic samples are typically round 127 x 11.43 mm bar with 1 or 3
machined V-shaped notch(es).
  Discussion and conclusion
One kind of impact testing apparatus comprises of a weighted pendulum with a hammer fixed on
the end with the sample placed into a holding fixture. The pendulum is then released , where an
impact is made with the sample below with a sudden force. This collision causes energy
absorption by the sample and that energy is measured using precise equipment to determine the
fracture mechanics of the sample.

The results from impact testing are critical in understanding a sample toughness and predicts
how much energy it will be able to withstand before complete failure. A materials toughness is
extremely important for the applications of its future use, for example within the construction,
industrial or military markets.

The two main types of impact testing using a pendulum are Izod and Charpy, both tests are very
similar but there are notable differences:

1. The Izod impact testing holds the sample vertically with the notch facing the pendulum.
2. The Charpy impact testing holds the sample horizontally with the notch facing away from
the pendulum.

The results of the test also demonstrate that this is true ,and the same result is repeated for other
specimens using both tests, izod and charpy. A specimen with a V notch causes more stress
concentration, which means it is easier for a specimen with a V notch to reach fracture than a
specimen with a U notch, Notches are crucial in this test to create test concentration, which
prevents the specimen from deforming and instead causes brittle fracture .

 Source of error :
In this experiment we could have some errors due to many factors :
1- Error in the izod and charpy test machines .
- Error in the pendulem pointing .
- The force is not directed right
- The hammer is not enough raised

2- Human errors in taking the readings and not to stop the pendulum after the impact
happens directly.

3- Error in the specimen like if the notch design is not precise and if the shape of the
specimen is not well designed .

To improve the results and decrease the errors we should:

- Check the test machines before starting the test
- Make sure that the pendulum is pointed right
- To raise the hammer enough
- Take the readings from the right angle so we don’t have readings errors
- Check the specimen and to make sure it have suitable dimensions for our test