NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Sensory Input
FUNCTIONS 2. Integration
OF THE
3. Homeostasis
NERVOUS
SYSTEM 4. Mental Activity
5. Control of muscles and glands
 NEURONS

• Conducting cells
• Communicate with other cells using
CELLS OF THE electrical and chemical signals
NERVOUS
SYSTEM NEUROGLIA

• Supportive cells
• Support and insulate the neurons
• FAR more abundant than neurons
NEURON: The basic unit
 NEURON
 Basic unit of the nervous system
 Highly specialized conductor cell
 Transmits electrochemical nerve impulses

 AXONS
 Conduct never impulses away from cell bodies.
 Has terminal branches
 Wrapped in a white, fatty, segmented covering called a myelin sheath

 DENDRITES
 Short, thick, diffusely branched extensions of the cell body that receive
impulses from other cells.
 Conduct impulse toward the cell bodies.
MYELIN SHEATH

Produced by schwann cells

Phagocytic cells

Separated by gaps called

nodes of ranvier
 Responsible for neurotransmission

NEURONS

Neuron activity may be provoked by:

Chemical stimuli
Mechanical stimuli Thermal stimuli (heat
(external chemicals such
(touch and pressure) and cold)
as release of histamine
NEUROTRANSMISSION

SYNAPSE- site of electric nerve impulses between

two nerve cells
 MULTIPOLAR BIPOLAR UNIPOLAR

• Several • One • A neuron

dendrites dendrite one with a single
one axon axon axon
TYPES OF • Most motor • Found in • Most
NEURON neurons and special sensory
most CNS sense organ neurons
neurons such as the
eye and the
nose
 REFLEX ARC

 Neural relay cycle for quick motor response to a harmful sensory stimuli
 Sensory
 Afferent neuron

 Motor
 Efferent neuron

 A stimulus triggers a sensory impulse which travels along the dorsal root to the
spinal cord

OUTPUT=EFFERENT NEURONS
INPUT= AFFERENT NEURONS
AFFERENT VS.
EFFERENT
KNEE
JERK
REFLEX
 Glial cells

Supportive cells of
the nervous system
Astroglia
Form 40% of the
NEUROGLIA brain’s bulk
Ependymal cells
Types:
Microglia

Oligodendroglia
 Cerebrum

Cerebellum

CENTRAL Brain stem

NERVOUS
SYSTEM: Diecephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
Brain
Limbic system

Reticular activating system

BRAIN: Cerebrum
 CEREBRUM
 Largest part of the brain
 Houses the nerve center that
controls the sensory and motor
activities and intelligence

 CEREBRAL CORTEX
 Outer layer of the cerebrum
 Consists of unmyelinated nerve
fibers (gray matter)

 INNER LAYER OF CEREBRUM

 Consists of myelinated nerve
fibers (white matter)

 BASAL GANGLIA
 Control motor coordination and
steadiness
 Found in the white matter
 Highest level of functioning

BRAIN: Governs all sensory and motor

Cerebrum activity, thought and learning

Analyzes, associates,
integrates and stores
information
Divide into the right and left hemispheres

Corpus Callosum

• A mass of nerve fibers

• Bridges the hemispheres
• Allows communication between hemispheres BRAIN:
Gyri (convolutions)
Cerebrum
• Folds of the hemispheres

Sulci (creases or fissures)

• Intervening grooves along the gyri

CEREBRUM:
Frontal Lobe
CEREBRUM:
Parietal Lobe
CEREBRUM:
Temporal
Lobe
CEREBRUM:
Occipital
Lobe
 Brain’s second largest region.

BRAIN: Lies behind and below the cerebrum

Cerebellum

Functions include:
Maintain muscle Coordinate muscle
Control balance
tone movement
 Lies immediately below the cerebrum, connects with the spinal cord below.

Relays messages between parts of the nervous system

CONSISTS OF:

•Midbrain
•Pons
•Medulla

MAIN FUNCTIONS:

BRAIN: •Produces vital autonomic reactions necessary for survival such as increasing HR, and stimulating adrenal medulla to
produce epinephrine
•Provides pathways for nerve fibers between higher and lower neural centers

Brainstem •Serves as origin for the 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

  MIDBRAIN
 Reflex center for CN III and IV
 Mediates pupillary reflexes and eye
movements

 PONS
 Helps regulate respirations
 Connects the cerebellum with the
cerebrum and links the midbrain to
the medulla oblongata.
BRAIN:  Reflex center for CN V through VIII
Brainstem  Mediates chewing, taste, saliva
secretion, hearing and equilibrium

 MEDULLA OBLONGATA
 Joins the spinal cord at the level of
the foramen magnum an opening in
the occipital portion of the skull
 Influences cardiac, respiratory, and
vasomotor functions
 Center for vomiting, coughing and
hiccupping reflexes
BRAIN:
Diencephalon
 Relays all sensory stimuli
(except olfactory)
BRAIN:
Thalamus
(Screening
calls)
Functions include:
Awareness of Screening of Focusing of
pain incoming stimuli attention
BRAIN:
Thalamus
BRAIN: Hypothalamus
 Controls or affects :
 Body temperature
 Appetite
 Water balance
 Pituitary secretions
 Emotions
 Autonomic functions
 Sleeping and waking
cycles
BRAIN: Limbic system
 A primitive brain area deep
within the temporal lobe
 Initiates basic drives such as:
 Hunger
 Aggression
 Emotional and sexual
arousal

 Screens all sensory messages

travelling to the cerebral
cortex
BRAIN: Reticular
activating system
 A diffuse network of
hyperexcitable neurons.
 Fans out from the brain stem
through the cerebral cortex
 Functions as the arousal,
alerting system for the
cerebral cortex
 Crucial in maintaining
consciousness
OXYGENATING THE
BRAIN
 FOUR MAJOR ARTERIES
 Two vertebral
 Two carotid
 The two vertebral arteries (branches of the
subclavians) converge to become the basilar
artery

The basilar artery supplies blood to the posterior

brain

OYGENATING The common carotids branches into the two

internal carotids which divide further to supply
THE BRAIN blood to the anterior brain and the middle brain.

Arteries interconnect through the circle of Willis,

an anastomosis at the base of the brain.

The circle of Willis ensures that blood continually

circulates to the brain despite interruption of any
of the brain’s major vessels.
  A cylindrical structure in the vertebral canal that extends from the
foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the upper lumbar
region of the vertebral column.
SPINAL CORD  Spinal nerves arise from the cord.
 At the cord’s inferior end, nerve roots cluster in the cauda equina.
 2 DORSAL •Relay
Posrterior sensations
horns
SPINAL CORD:
H shaped
horns 2 VENTRAL •Voluntary and
Anterior reflex motor
horns activity
 AFFERENT Cause sensation to Ascend to the brain
PATHWAYS Sensory and ascending

SPINAL CORD:
Sensory
Impulse
Send impulse out of the brain to Effect
EFFRENT action
PATHWAY
Motor and descending
SPINAL CORD

 31 SEGMENTS
 8 Cervical: Neck and upper
extremities
 12 Thoracic: Thoracic and
abdomen
 5 Lumbar: Lower
extremities
 5 Sacral: Lower
extremities, urine and
bowel control
 1 coccygeal
PROTECTIVE
STRUCTURES
 The brain and spinal
cord are protected from
shock and infection by
the bony skull and
vertebrae, CSF and
three membranes:
• Dura matter
• Arachnoid
membrane
 Pia matter
 ARACHNOID
DURA MATER PIA MATER
MEMBRANE
• Though, fibrous, • Thin fibrous membrane • Continuous delicate
leatherlike tissue that hugs the brain and layer of connective
composed of two layers: spinal cord tissue that covers and
• Endosteal dura- forms contours the spinal
the periosteum of the
skull and is continuous
tissue and brain
BRAIN:
with the lining of the
vertebral canal Meninges
• Meningeal dura- thick
membrane that covers
the brain, dipping
between the brain
tissue and providing
support and protection
BRAIN: Subdural space

Subdural space

• Lies between the dura

matter and the arachnoid
membrane.

Subarachnoid space

• Lies between the arachnoid

membrane
 N: Protein content: 20- 40
mg/dl

CEREBROSPINAL
FLUID N: pressure – 70-200 mm/H2O

Total volume: 120-150 cc

 PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
PERIPHERAL SYSTEM
NERVOUS
SYSTEM Autonomic
12 Pairs of 31 Pairs of
Nervous
Cranial nerves Spina Nerves
system
  These nerves are the vital bridges between brain and
rest of body.
 2 general categories of CN function:
• sensory
CRANIAL  motor
NERVES  Motor functions of CN are subdivided into:
 somatic motor
 parasympathetic
CRANIAL
NERVES
CRANIAL
NERVES
 Regulates body’s internal environment

AUTONOMIC SYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS
SYTEM Prepares body for flight or fight

PARASYMPATHETIC

Controls normal body functioning

THORACOLUMBAR:
Adrenergic

CRANIOSACRAL
DIVISION: Cholinergic
Parkinson's disease is
primarily associated
with the gradual loss of
cells in the substantia
nigra of the brain. This
area is responsible for
the production of
dopamine.
Dopamine is a chemical
messenger that
transmits signals
between two regions of
the brain to coordinate
activity.
Huntington’s disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. If a person inherits the
gene that causes the disease from either parent, they will develop the condition.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yC--NvBn_M- saltatory conduction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5V7RZwDpmXE- myelin sheath
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPix_X-9t7E&t=144s- nervous system crash course part 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZG8M_ldA1M- nervous system crash course part 2 action potential
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VitFvNvRIIY- nervous system crash course part 3- synapses
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8NtmDrb_qo&t=243s- central nervous system crash course
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QY9NTVh-Awo&t=371s peripheral nervous system crash course
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71pCilo8k4M&t=226s autonomic nervous system crash course
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IDgBlCHVsA- sympathetic nervous system crash course
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7B1w6lDw-yM&t=34s- The CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZGFrwogx14- Cranial Nerve Examination