Time words for Data

From 1990 to 2000, Commencing from 1980, Between 1995 and 2005, After 2012.

By 1995, In 1998, In February, Over the period, During the period, During 2011.

In the first half of the year, For the first quarter, The last quarter of the year, During the first
decade.

In the 80s, In the 1980s, During the next 6 months, In the mid-70s, Next 10 years, Previous
year, Next year, Between 1980 - 1990.

Within a time span of ten years, within five years.

Next month, Next quarter, Next year, Previous month, Previous year.
Since, Then, From.

Informal Formal

Go up Increase

Go down Decrease

Look at Examine

Find about Discover

Point out Indicate

Need to Required

Get Obtain

Think about Consider

Seem Appear

Show demonstrate/
illustrate

Start Commence
Keep Retain

But However

So Therefore/
Thus

Also In addition/
Additionally

In the meantime In the interim

In the end Finally

Anyway Notwithstanding

Lots of/ a lot of Much, many

Kids Children

Cheap Inexpensive

Right Correct

I think In my opinion

Using Appropriate Prepositions:

You must use the correct preposition
Be accurate about the uses of to, by, of, off, in, on, for etc.
Fill in the missing preposition
Papers are sold …. the ream.
Oranges are purchased and sold …. the dozen.
Students enrolment ………the University has increased …. 2% this year.
Eggs are counted … dozens.
Rice is measured …. kg.
He is junior to me …. 4 years.
The employees are paid …. week …. this factory.
All these products are made ……. glasses.
 Vocabulary - Using the appropriate "Prepositions":
» It started ..., The sale started …. $20..., It peaked ...
» It reached ..., It reached the lowest point /nadir ...
»It increased …. 80 …. 58. It decreased ……. 10 …… 3.
»There was a drop …..six units. It dropped …… 3 units.
»It declined ….. 15%. There was a 10% drop …. the next three years.

Transitions

Vocabulary to describe different types of data/trends in a paragraph while

showing a smooth and accurate transition is quite important. Following
word(s)/ phrase(s) would help you do so.

» Then
» Afterwards
» Following that
» Followed by
» Next
» Subsequently
» Former
» Latter
» After
» Previous
» Prior to
» Simultaneously
» During
» While
» Finally.

You should not write down every piece of data/figure that is given in the
diagram in your report writing and doing so would actually hurt your band
score. You are expected to mainly show the following in your report writing: --

 Comparison of data/trend
 Contrast of data/trend
 Most significant figures/data/information/ trend (typically 4-6)
 The highest point
 The lowest point
 The overall scenario.
However, to compare/contrast data or to show a significant change/trend you
will need to show a figure that you will use as the base. For example, The
British spent over eighty thousand Pounds on average which was twice than
the spending of Americans and approximately quadruple than that of Irish.
Here, over 80 thousand pounds is the base figure.

Following is a list of vocabulary to use to show such figures in your

report writing:

Is/ was/ were: The

percentage of foreign students …….. exactly ten in 2001 in
this university and it rose three times in ten years.

The percentages of males and females who opined that they

Stand at/ Stood at:
should be allowed to get married at 21 ……….. at 14 and 16 in 1990 but
witnessed a noticeable decline in 2010.

The sale in March was …………. 400 and went up ……. as

Exactly & As high as:
high ……. 1100 in June.

Which:
1. From January to March the death case rose three times ……. was only 23
between October and December.
2. The temperature, ……. was 21 degrees C in March, climbed to 39 degrees
C in mid-July.

Makes up:In the first decade, the population remained steady, which …….
up 2.8 million approximately, but it doubled in the next 30 years.

Constitutes: The
initial expenditure, which ……….. 280 USD, climbed rapidly
and reached the peak during 2014.

Accounts for:
1. The number of infected people, which ……….. for nine, is markedly lower
than the number of infected patients in the last month, which ……….. for forty.
Describing one part of the chart

Starting with the adjective:

The highest

The greatest
are employed in the X
The lowest percentage of women
category
The most proportion of cars sold
are red
A significant number of holiday makers
come from Spain
The smallest

The largest

Starting with the subject:

Red is the most popular car colour

Professional is the second/third most prevalent employment category

Spain is the least common holiday destination

Describing two parts of the chart

Starting with the adjective:

As many red cars are sold

Twice as many women are employed in X

as …
Three times as many holiday makers come from X

Not as many

More than

Far more

Much more

Many more

A lot more
 Substantially more

Considerably more

Significantly more

Slightly more

Fractionally more

Starting with the subject:

as

quite as
common
just as
popular as …
nearly as
prevalent
almost as

not as

more

Blue cars are much more

Women are far more

Spain is substantially more

considerably more
women
slightly more
cars sold than
fractionally more
holiday makers
less

much less

far less

considerably less

fractionally less
Task -

Connecting sentences

A. Use connectives such as the following with verb phrases. For movements in the same
direction use 'then' and 'and' and 'then continued its upward / downward trend more … '.

Disconnected sentences
After that it rose gradually to 5,000 by 1952. And then it went up to 15,000 by 1954.

Connected sentence
After that it rose gradually to 5,000 by 1952, then more steeply to 15,000 by 1954

Connected sentence
After that it rose gradually to 5,000 then continued its upward trend more steeply to 15,000.

Exercise
Connect these sentences using 'then', 'and' and 'then continued its upward/downward trend more … '.

It dropped swiftly to 1,000 in 1998. Then it went down slowly to 900 in '99

It slowly decreased to 100. Then it quickly dropped to 15.

It increased substantially at the beginning of the year. It increased gradually at the end of the year.

For contrasting movements use ‘but’

Disconnected sentences
It rose to 35,000 by 1960. After that it fell to 12,000 by 1962.

It rose to a peak of 300 per thousand but later fell to 200 per thousand.

Connected sentence
It rose to 35,000 by 1960 but later fell to 12,000 by 1962
It fell to 400 per thousand but later fell further to 200 per thousand.

Exercise
Connect these sentences using 'but'.

It fluctuated around 100 in 1999. Then it levelled out in the year 2,000.

It went down to 15,000 in 1960. Then it climbed back to 2,000 in 1961.

B. Use connectives such as the following with noun phrases. Use 'which was followed
by' , 'which led to', 'which preceded'

Disconnected sentences
There was a fall to 6,000 by 1968. Then an increase to 8,000 by 1970.

Connected sentence
There was a fall to 6,000 by 1968 which was followed by an increase to 8,000 by 1970.

Connected sentence
There was a fall to 6,000 by 1968 which led to an increase to 8,000 by 1970.

Connected sentence
There was a fall to 6,000 by 1968 which preceded an increase to 8,000 by 1970.

Exercise
Connect these sentences using ‘which was followed by’, ‘which led to’, ‘which preceded’.

There was a sharp rise to 900 in 1991. Then there was a gradual decline to 800 in 1992.

There was a slight drop to 90. Then there was a more marked decline to 50.

It reached a peak at Christmas. Then it dropped back to the November levels of 500.