Report Structure - Task 1 (AC)

Report Structure

:> Introduction (Introductory paragraph) About 20-30 words

• Writing an opening sentence; paraphrasing & introducing the task &. Don't copy
Example: The graph shows changes which took place ...
The graph gives information about...
• Introducing dimensions / axes [optional]
Example: The horizontal axis shows ... (while) the vertical axis represents ...
Time on the horizontal axis is plotted against the number/ percentage/ amount of ...on the vertical axis.

:, Body About 110-130 words

,,
Trend .,

A graph which has' time variables'; happening over a period of time

(e.g. decades, years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes)

Use Trend Language 'increase, rise, decrease, remain stable .. .'

OR

Comparison ,

A graph which is NOT based on 'time variables' and the given data compared and contrasted
( No time, No progression)

Use Comparison Language 'considerably higher, the highest, the second highest, significantly lower .. .'

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:, Conclusion (Closing paragraph) About 20-30 words

Referring to the general trends

Referring to any significant features
Drawing any obvious conclusions

Ill> Words such as 'popular, popularity, growth, tendency, (to) tend, (to) be more likely to ... , (to) increase, (to) decrease ..'
are common in the conclusion paragraph.
 Report La nguage - Task 1 ( AC)
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Upward trends Downward trends

~ ~
Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Noun
(to) rise rise (to) escalate escalation (to) decrease decrease (to) nosedive nosedive

(to) Increase increase (to) surge (up)surge (to) decline decline (to)deteriorate deterioration

( to) grow growth (to) double double (to) fall (back) fall (to) tail off

(to) improve improvement (to) climax climax (to) drop drop (to) plummet -
(to) jump jump (to) triple - (to) reduce red uction (to) halve -
(t o) leap leap (to) quadruple - (to) slump slump (to) go down -
(to) boom boom (to) soar - (to) plunge plunge (to) shrink -
(to) peak peak (to) skyrocket - (to) dip dip (to) dive -
(to) recover recovery (to) rocket - (to) collapse collapse - free-fall

(to) climb climb (to) go up - (to) slide slide - trough

(to) swell swell - upturn/upswing (to) dwindle dwindle - downt urn

Stable trends

(to) rema in the same (to) remain consistent (to) experience a period of stability

(to) remain steady (to) st ay the same (t o) remain relatively unchanged

(t o) hold steady (to) even out (to) level out

(t o) remain constant (to) rema in static (to) level off

(t o) plat eau (to) st ay a steady level (to) maintain the same level
(t o) reach a plateau The (trend/ figu re) was/is/will be flat (t o) remain (fairly) st able

Fluctuating trends
~
(t o) fluctuate (wildly) (to) rise and fall erratically (to) show some va r iation/ fluctuation

(to ) go t hrough an erratic period Wild fluctuations in the rate of... (to) experience a period of volat ility

(to) vary (widely /considerably/enormously) (to) experience a period of erratic behaviour (to) enter a period of fluctuation

(to) fluctuate (mi ldly/slightly) (t o) experience a period of instability (to) witness considerable variation

Degree of change {large movements)

Dramatic (a lly ) Significant (ly) Steep (ly)

Considerable (ly) Ra pid (ly) Enormous (ly)

Sharp ( ly) Noticeable (ly) Subst antial (ly)

Ma rked (ly) Massive (ly) Abrupt (ly)

Great (ly)/ Huge (ly) Exponential (ly) Remarkable ( ly)

Degree of change {small movements)

Insignificant (ly) Slight (ly) Negligible

Gentle(ly) Marginal (ly) Relative (ly)

Minimal (ly) Inconsiderable Slow ( ly)

Focusing on an item in the graph

As regards.../ Regarding .. ./ With regard to... With respect to ... As for ...

Concerning ... In terms of... As far as ... is concerned ...

In the case of... When it comes t o ... Turning to...

Report Language - Task 1 (AC)
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Time phrases
... from 2005 onwards ... over the last year ... over the first ten months
...after 2005 .. .in 2005 ... during ...
.. . since 2005 ... since then ... over the course of a year
... during this 5-year period .. .from now on ... ... over the course of 5 years
... by 2010 ... in the 1990s ...by the end of the century
... from this point onwards ...within a five -year period ... throughout the period
... in the period 2005 -2010 ... between 2005 and 201 0 ... in the future
... by then ... until then ... in the near future
... over a five year period ... over this five -year period ... except in 2005
.. .towards the end of the year .. . in the nex t half of the year ... until the end of the year
... in the first half of the year ... during this period ... throughout the year
... over a period of 5 years ... from 2005 to 2010 ...over a period of time
... from then onwards ... until late April ... over the period
... by the year 2010 ... a further period of ... at the end of the year
... until the end of April ... at the beginning of the year ... over the period 2005 to 2010
... for a decade ... in the year 2005 ... over the pervious fi ve years
... for the rest of the year ... from April onwards ...at the end of the first quarter
...over the same period ... during the first half of the year ... in the first three months of the year
... over the latt er half of the year/period ... thereafter ...during the period 2005 t o 2010

Comparison
(to) be entirely/ totally different from ... (to) be the same (size) as ... In marked contrast ...
(to) have roughly equa l proportions (to) be as popular/ high as ... (to) be completely dissimi lar to ...
(to) be (over) twice as much/ high as ... (t o) resemble closely/greatly (to) represent/account for ... while ...
(to) be closely followed by ... (to) be tota lly dominated by ... (to) be overwhelming ly greater than ...
(to) be qu ite/ rather similar to ... (to) have broadly similar patterns (t o) stand in t otal contrast to...
(to) be in the second place while... (to) be ranked in descending order... (to) be exactly the same as ...
(to) be precisely the same as... (to) be ranked in ascending order... (to) be completely different from ...
...differences are even greater when it comes to (to) far outstrip/ exceed (to) be almost/ nearly the same as...
(to) be quite a lot smaller than ... (to) be considera bly higher/ lower ... (to) be precisely the same as ...
(to) be just / particu larly the same as ... (to) be remarkably similar (to) be a little smaller than ...
(to) be more or less the same as ... (to) be proportiona lly similar (to) be practically the same as...
(t o) be different in every aspect/ way (to) be virtually the same as ... (to) have many common features including ...
(to) be considerably higher... ranging from ...to... (to) be approximately the same as ... (to ) be over three times as great as ...
(to) have certain aspects in common (to) be dissimilar in every respect (to) be sign ificantly fewer ...
(to) be substantia lly more than ... (to) contrast sharply (to) be marginally higher/ more than ...
(to) be three times as many/high as... (to) be almost the same as .. (to) be comparatively high/ low
The same number/ percentage of. .can be seen... (to) be fractionally/ slightly more than ... (to) be larger by a narrow marg in
(to) d iffer widely (to) be nearly as many as... (to) be fractionally less popular than ...
The largest proportion of...is clearly evident (to) be considerably/noticeably greater... The (second) highest ... whereas ...
The widest/ biggest difference can be seen ... (to) be by far the highest/lowest... The widest/largest difference can be seen in...
(to) be as opposed to ... The greatest proportion of... (to) be outnumbered by ...
(to) have more than doubled ... (to) vary greatly/ widely/ tremendously The highest/greatest/lowest proportion of...
(to) show a sharp/ stark/st riking contrast to .. . The second h ighest percentage ... ... by/in comparison with ...
(to) make up ... whereas... There are certain/several similarities... (to) stand at ...while... and ... respectively
The highest figures... whilst... On the one hand,...whereas... on the other (t o) be remarkably similar to...
(to) be outstripped by a/an (wide/ oven"lhelmlng) margin (to) be outstripped by a narrow margin (to) contrast markedly/vividly/ strikingly
 Report La nguage - Ta sk 1 ( AC}
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Approximat ion (quantity & extent & degree)

Well over/ Just over Only a small m inority of A significant minority of Almost two thirds

Just under/ Well under Around/ Nearly/ Almost The majority of More t han

The overwhelming majority of Roughly/ Approximately A low quantity of Not much

Five out of ten Within a range of 60% More t han one-th ird Just below

A tiny fraction of ... With over hal f a million Roughly a quarter of A slightly more than a f ifth

A sl ightly less than a third A mere fraction of A great deal of... A significant percen tage of

Few/Very few/ Quit e a f ew Three quarters The v ast majority/ Most Almost all

A very small number of Roughly one in fi ve A mere/ modest 5% Over half

(to) be in the minority/ majority A considerable amount of... A small number of... A sma ll amount of ...

Exception
Except (for) ... A part from ... I A side from ... I Not included/excluded

Paraphrasing ( Rephrasing / Restating I Rewording I Rewriting )

The graph shows the trends ... between ... and ... The graph provides information about the changes ...

The graph gives/ provides/ presents information about/on ... The graph shows/reveals/concerns how ...differed

The graph shows the results of a survey carried out to determine... The graph depicts how ... has/ha ve changed

The graph shows/ demonstrates/ reveals the differences... The graph shows the changes (that took place) .. .

The accompanying graph gives a breakdown of.. . The graph provides an overview of... namely.. .

The graph gives data about... and is divided into three categories The graph clearl y displays and compares ...

The graph shows/ highlights the proportion of ... The graph shows the changing patterns...

The graph shows the degree and direction of change... The illustration presents data / information on ...

Describing predictions
It is predicted/ anticipated that...will ... by ... It is estimated that ... in/for the foreseeable fut ure

It is forecast (ed) .../ projected that... It is expected that .../ The future implicat ions of...

Another prediction/ projection/ forecast /anticipation ... Predictably, the rate will ...

Referring to a diagram
From figure I it Is clear that.../ As the graph shows... As indicated/illustrated In the graph...Reportedly... At first glance ...

According to the graph/ data shown ... At first sight, it can be clearly seen that... As can be observed/seen/viewed ...

Comments
The most striking/ outstanding /notable feature ... It should be underlined/stressed that... Another (considerable/key) feature .. .

Another (significant) feature/aspect/point ... It shou ld be emphasised that. .. It is interesting to note .../ Interestingly...

The initial impression from the chart is .. One unusual feature of the graph is.. ./surprislngly Another interesting point...

The most obvious point/ change... It is noticeable that ...reflecting ... Predictably ..., it indicates/implies/ suggests...

It is (clearly) evident that... ... perhaps a reflection of... It is notable/noteworthy/ remarkable that...

It s hould be noted that ... Another distinguishing feature ... It is important to note that ...

Comparison Contrast
(Just) like/ Equal ... stri king/stron g/ close resemblance On the other hand Neverthe less

Identical (ly)/Similar (ly) Compared to/I n comparison with In I By contrast Even though

The same as By comparison While I Whilst Conversely/ On the contrary

(to) resemble As (adj) /(adv ) as Whereas Although

Conclusion
To conclude ... It can be inferred that... Overall ... It is evident t hat...

To sum up ... (Relatively/ Broadly) speaking On average .. On the whole...

To .;ummerise/ In summary All in all ... It can be deduced ... It is clear that ...
In general. ../ Generally speaking... I t is obvious that ... It can be concluded .. . In brief...
Report Language - T ask 1 ( AC) 7

Paraphrasing ( system /process)

The illustration shows how sth works/ functions The diagram shows different parts of sth and how sth operates

The diagrams show the stages in the development of sth The diagram shows the process/ procedure in which sth Is done/(P.P)

The diagram shows how sth is done/(P.P) The diagram shows the stages involved in the production of sth

The diagram shows the process by which sth is done/(P.P) The chart shows how to do sth and is divided into... main sections

Describing an object ( Structure)

(to) consist of (to) include/ be included (to) be made up of

(to) be (sub) divided into two sections (to) have three components (to) have four parts/sections/seg ments

(to) comprise/ be comprised of (to) constitute (to) be composed of

(to) contain (to) be constructed of (to) be structured

Describing an object ( Shape)

Square(n)/Square( adj) Rectangle/Rectangular Cylinder/Cylindrical Pentagon/five-sided/Pentagonal

Oval/Oval Lozenge/-shaped Sphere/Spherical Hexagon/six-sided/ Hexagonal

Circle/Circular Diamond/Dome/ Balloon -shaped Triang le/Tr iangular Heptagon/seven-sided/Heptagonal

Cone/Conic/Conical Parallelogram/-shaped Trapezium/-shaped Octagon/eight-sided/Octagonal

Pyramid/Pyramidal Cube/ Cubic L IT I UJ V·shaped Pear/Ball/Heart/Star -shaped

Describing an object ( Connection)

(to) be joined (to) be connected (to) be supported

(to) be attached (to) be linked (to) be fixed

Describing an obj ect ( Location)

(to) be located/ situated (to) be placed (to) be positioned

Function
The function/ purpose/role of sth is to do sth The function/ purpose/role of sth is doing sth ... with a view to doing sth

(to) prevent/ stop sth from doing sth (to) be inte nded to do sth (to) serve to do sth

(to) allow sth to do sth (to) be basically/ primaril y designed to do sth (to) be meant t o do sth

(to) enable sth t o do sth ... in order/ so as to do sth ... with the intention/aim of doing sth

This is the process in which sth is done (to) be useful/necessary for doing sth ... for the purpose of doing sth

Sequencers
First( ly)/ Initially In the first place Subsequently Prior to

To start/ begin with Meanwhile The next phase/stage During this process

(Soon) Afterwards Simu ltaneously Then/ Next/ Later Ev entually

At the next stage/ The next stage Concurrently Once this stage Is completed... At the end of the process

Following this After that At t his stage Finally

Maps/ Spatial relationships

Between Next to/ Beside To the north/south/east/west of Behind

Midpoint (Directly) opposite/ across from I n the back ( of) Parallel to

(Exactly) In the m iddle of Along Alongside Around/surrounded by

Adjacent to Edge On either side of... In front of

Neighbouring On the right/left side In the right/left hand corner At the top/ bottom of

' Maps (usually passive voice)

(to) be located/ sit uated/ sited ... (to) be (re) built/ erected/ (re)constructed ... (to) be removed/ cleared/ demolished ...

(to) be pulled down and replaced by ... (to) be made way for ... (to) be extended/ (re)developed ...

(to) be transformed/ converted I turned into... (to) be modified ... (to) be doubled/enlarged/added/ halved...