Contents
Introduction: ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Time expression: ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Tense: ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Comparison sentences: ........................................................................................................................... 2
Trends: .................................................................................................................................................... 2
Percentage: ............................................................................................................................................. 3
PARAPHRASE: .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Transitions: ............................................................................................................................................. 6
trends...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Introduction 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Compare 2............................................................................................................................................. 12
preposition ............................................................................................................................................ 14
2- verb sentences .................................................................................................................................. 15
B. subj + slightly increased ................................................................................................................. 17
C. A slight increase + verb .................................................................................................................. 17
D. Subj + Verb + a slight increase ....................................................................................................... 18
E. V ing, subj + verb.......................................................................................................................... 18
Introduction:
The chart/table provided reveals/ illustrated ..
It is clear from the table that
As can be seen from the chart,
Time expression:
- Over the period _____ to __________
- In the period from ___to____; between__and__
1
- From that time on
Tense:
- Past simple
- Past perfect: by the end of the century, the rate of urbanization has
doubled.
Comparison sentences:
- A is twice as likely to be hurt as B and three times as C
- A is more than three times as often as B
- A uses 50% more milk than C
- To increase ten-fold
- A doubles/ triple
- There are 100 more people in class A than in class B
- Two-fifths of the class are girls
- Currently, approximately 600 languages still exist, the majority of which
are under threat
Trends:
- A-b-c Reach a plateau in 2012, before declining suddenly in 2014
- Rose and fell within a narrow range
- Stabilize
- Continue to stagnate(stop making progress), after 12 year of tremendous
growth
- Experience an unprecedented rise
- A peaks at x%
VERB(extremely quick)
UP SOAR- unemployment rate soared to 18%
LEAP the shares leapt in value from x to Y
SURGE it then surge to a value of 90$
Bounce back
DOWN Plummet- the shares plummeted to an all-time low
The shares plummeted to 2$ per share,
the lowest level in ten years,as against10$ per
2
share in 200.
Drop drop by xx% (small decree)
Slump (fall my large amount) Prices slumped by over
50%; there was a slump in profit.
DECLINE- a marked decline
Reach a plateau the inflation reached a plateau
It is evident that.
Upward/downward trend throughout the period
Level out (at) remain stable at -
Adjective
Steady Steady, gradual, consistent
small Modest, slight, marginal
Sudden/quick Dramatically, suddenly, substantial, significant,
exponential
(eg. To increase exponentially )
- The US was ahead with an increase of 10% and China came second
with 8%
- The US ranked in the worlds top five car manufacturer in 1985, but
slipped to seventh in 1990 and plummeted to tenth in 1995
Percentage:
- , accounting for/ constituting/ making up xxx%
PARAPHRASE:
Here are some simple changes you can mak e:
graph = line graph
chart = bar chart
diagram = figure
3
shows = illustrates (or 'compares' if the graph is comparing)
proportion = percentage
information = data
the number of = the figure for
the proportion of = the figure for
people in the USA = Americans
from 1999 to 2009 = between 1999 and 2009
from 1999 to 2009 = over a period of 10 years
how to produce = the process of producing
in three countries = in the UK, France and Spain (i.e. name the countries)
Tip:
"The figure for / figures for" is a great phrase that not many people use (e.g. the
graph shows figures for unemployment in three countries).
1 Solution: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle
2 Damage: Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize
3 Give: Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford
4 Culture: Develop, cultivate, foster
5 Advantages: Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength
6 Defects: Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness
7 So confused: Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle
8 Key: Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial,
indispensable, imperative
9 That: Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be
convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced
10 Protection: Protect, conserve, preserve
11 to ensure that: Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge
12 Harmful: Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental
13 Requirements: Request, demand, needs, requisition
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14 Elimination: Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away
15 Lead: Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure,
induce, generate
16 Thus: So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence,
accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this
17 Up to: Grow to, rise to, increase to, go up to, climb to, ascend to, jump to,
shoot to
18 Down to: Dip to, fall to, decline to, decrease to, drop to, go down to, reduce
to, slump to, descend to, sink to, slide to
19 Remained stable: Level out, do not change, remain stable, remain still,
remain steady, be stable, maintain the same level, remain unchanged, be still,
remain the same level, stay constant, keep at the same level, level off , stabilize,
keep its stability, even out
20 Sharply: Dramatically, drastically, sharply, hugely, enormously, steeply,
substantially, considerably, significantly, markedly, surprisingly, strikingly,
radically, remarkably, vastly, noticeably
21 Smooth: Steadily, smoothly, slightly, slowly, marginally, gradually,
moderately, mildly
22 Declared: Allege, assert, declare, claim
23 Place: Happen, occur, take place
24 Reasons: Reason, factor, cause
25 Development: Development, advance, progress
26 Useful: Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding, advantageous
27 Effects: Influence, impact, effect
28 Clear: Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear
29 Total: Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up,
occupy, hold, compose
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30 Compared with : Compared with, compared to, in comparison with, in
comparison to, by comparison with, by comparison to
31 Contrast: By contrast, in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary =,
conversely
32 Show: Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent,
describe
33 About: Approximately, almost, about, around, nearly, roughly
34 Wave: Fluctuate, go ups and downs, display a fluctuation, demonstrate a
fluctuation
35 In fact: Practically, in practice, essentially, in essence, in reality, in effect, in
fact, as a matter of fact, it is a fact that
36 In other words: Namely, that is to say, in other words, to put it like this, to
put it differently, to put it from another way, to put it from another angle.
Transitions:
The doctor will see you next week. Meanwhile, you have to rest as
much as possible.
Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not.
AS WELL AS BEING A GREAT TEACHER, SHE IS A TALENTED COOKERS
STUDENTS MUST RESPECT THEIR TEACHERS. IN THE SAME WAY, THEY
SHOULD RESPECT THE ELDERLY
----
Table:
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The table provided reveals a number of differencesbetween the six major metro
systems worldwide in terms of city, length and carrying capacity.
It is noticeable that the more recently established metro systems are shorter
than the older ones.
As can be seen from the table, London was the first city completing its metro
system in 1863 with 1100 km in length, which is also the longest system during
1863 and 2001. The shortest metro system comes to Kyoto one with only 11 km
in length.
It is also noticeable that the Tokyo system, which was completed in 1904, owned
the highest carrying capacity with roughly one and a half millions per year
though its length was only 149 km.
There was also a significant trend that the later the system was the shorter it
was. In fact, the first four systems were all over 100 km in length, whereas the
later were even shorter than 15km.
By way of conclusion, the table suggests that the six major metro systems
worldwide varied both in its length and carrying capacity.
The table provided reveals a number of differences between the six major
metro systems worldwide in terms of age, length and annual carrying capacity.
One particularly interesting fact highlighted by the figure is that the
more recently established metro systems were shorter than the older ones.
Completed in 1863, the London underground is the oldest of the metro system
listed and also the longest, extending for 1100 kms. Likewise, the second oldest
system is also the second longest: built in 1890, the Paris metro is some 594
kms in length. In stark contrast, however, the Kyoto and Los Angeles metro
systems established in 1980 and 2001 respectively- are far shorter. The former
covers a mere 11 kms and the latter just 14kms.
With regard to yearly carrying capacity, the metro systems listed in the table
vary greatly. The Tokyo metro is equippedto carry the largest number of
passengers, at xxx million. With xxx million, meanwhile, the Paris system
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has the second largest carrying capacity. The systems with the smallest
capacities are those of Kyota and WDC, transporting just xxx and yyy mil
people per year respectively.
By way of conclusion, the table suggests that the six major metro systems
worldwide varied both in its length and carrying capacity.
Vocabulary:
- Considerably shorter/farer
- In stark contrast,
So, my suggested essay structure for task 1 look s lik e this:
1. Introduction: what does the chart show?
2. Overview / summary: what are the most noticeable features?
3. Specific details: try to write 2 paragraphs.
trends
Upward downward
Rise Decrease
Increase Go down
Go up Decline
Soar Plunge
Climb Fall
Rocket Drop
Grow Plummet
Jump slump 1 (~ plummet)
Surge shrink
Leap = sudden + large slide from .. to
amount
This year profits plunged by 40%
Other trends
slide (from ) (to ) to become gradually lower or of less value:
1
Fall suddenly and by large amount
8
Shares slid to a 10-year low.
Shares leapt in value from 476p to close at 536p.
surge (in / of sth) a sudden increase in the amount or number of sth; a
large amount of sth:
# a surge in consumer spending
# We are having trouble keeping up with the recent surge in demand.
# After an initial surge of interest, there has been little call for our services
(noun) Upward downward
increase decrease
growth fall
jump drop
rise decline
surge a surge
leap
(adjective) small - slow (Adverb)
slight slightly
moderate moderately
steady steadily
slow slowly
Gradual Gradually
marginal marginally
insignificant insignificantly
Large - quick adverb
Significant
Sharp
Rapid
Dramatic
Marked
Considerable
substantial
Steep = sharp
9
See/ experience / suffer + a/ an + adj + noun
The number of tourists to Leeds Castle saw a dramatic increase in 1999
The population experienced a slight fall from 1975 to 1980
Sales figures saw a minimal fluctuation over the whole period
Eagle numbers suffered a dramatic decline during the 1980s.
Consumption of breakfast cereals enjoyed a sudden jump compared to bread
products.
Other trends
Stay roughly the same
Exceed
Rise above
Fall below
Remain constant
Reach a peak
Hit the trough
Take a dive
Rebound = bounce back = rise again after fall
Level out at (around)
Narrow to 1000
10
The number of students enrolled at the college stayed roughly the same from
the first year recorded to the next.
Sales of British cars exceeded that of European cars in the UK in 2001
Consumption of beef rose above that of chicken for the first time in 1977
In 2001, traffic accidents fell below previous numbers
After reaching a peak of 300m in 2000, sales declined rapidly and hit a
trough in 2005.
Illiteracy rates stopped rising and have remained constant until this year
Sales of CDs took a dive after the introduction of legal downloads
------------
Just under / nearly
steady downward trend
marked upward trend
stayed at this level
another small drop
the figure shot up by 25% (Informal)
Unemployment then remained stable until
11
the rate of unemployment fluctuated a great deal during this time.
Introduction 2
Compare 2
---
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-------------------------------
-------------------------------
1. The majority
In fact
2. The second largest
They represents.
3. New Zealanders , who made up . (e.g. a tenth), were almost the third
largest group.
4. The number of e.g workers from other nationalities was
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preposition
80 85
Increased TO 85
Increased BY 5
An increase TO 85
An increase OF 5
An increase AT wrong
Increased AT wrong
Stood AT
Peaked AT
Leveled off AT
Stabilized AT
A level OF
A peak OF
Reached no AT
Reached 65%
Reached a peak OF 65%
Fluctuation go up and go down
Fluctuate verb
Fluctuating adjective
Erratically adverb
Avoid WEAK verbs (is, are, was, were, has, have, had, got)
Full time education had 100,000 men in 1991. correct but weak
Full-time education recorded / accounted for / registered 100,000 men in 1991. -
stronger
The males were 21 years old correct but weak
The males decided to marry at 21 years old - stronger
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2- verb sentences
There were only 100,000 students studied full-time. wrong
There were only 100,000 students studying full-time. correct
There were only 100,000 students who studied full-time. correct
Men accounted for 100,000 took part in full time education. wrong
Men who took part in full time education accounted for 100,000.
The number of men participated in part time education rose to 150,000.
The number of men participating in part time education rose to 150,000.
The number of men who participated in part time education rose to 150,000.
RUN ON sentences / comma splices are two or more complete sentences
connected by nothing or by only a comma
I love you, you love me. wrong
1. use a full stop
I love you. You love me.
1. use a semi colon
I love you; you love me.
1. use a conjunction (FANBOYS)
I love you and you love me.
1. use a subordinate conjunction
I love you while you love me.
1. make the second clause subordinate or part of a phrase
I love you loving me.
I love you with you loving me.
1. use ; conjunctive adverb,
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conjunctive adverbs should not be part of two complete sentences
I love you. Meanwhile, you dont love me.
I love you; meanwhile, you dont love me
Conj + conjunctive adverb
I love you, and, in addition, you love me.
Subordinate conjunction + conjunctive adverb
I love you while, in contrast, you dont love me.
While there were many men studying full time. wrong (incomplete sentence)
While there were many men studying full time, only a few of them studied part
time. - correct
While there were many men studying full time but only a few of them studied
part time. wrong ; redundant (but and while); incomplete sentence
While there were many men studying full time, only a few of them studied part
time. - correct
Moving on to the females who studied full-time registered 200,000. incomplete
sentence
Moving on to the females who studied full-time, THEY registered 200,000.
correct
Moving on to the females, the number of those who studied full-time registered
200,000. correct
Following by always wrong
Followed by correct
A is followed by B.
A took up the biggest number, followed by B.
Following A, B also took up a big number.
Slowly vs slightly
Overall trends do not give only one trend
Marriage
- men married later than women
- the gap between them is getting smaller
- both men and women got younger in the first half; older in the second
half
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FURTHER EDUCATION
- males and females?
- Full time and part time?
- Increase or decrease?
Oscillated
Wavered
The line exhibited an increasing fluctuation with the figures ranging between
10% and 30% at the beginning while there was a wider gap of 50% in the
figures at the latter half of the study.
There was a fluctuating increase over the period of the survey, specifically from
10% to 40%.
A. There was + a sharp increase
In terms of students coming to class late, there was a sharp decrease from a
massive starting figure of 90% to only as much as 10% by the end of the study.
Over a 5-year period
Throughout the duration of the period
Within the covered period
During the survey
1. describe the numbers
2. add an introductory modifier
3. add a time element
4. vary structures
5. vary structures within sentences
6. use strong connectives
B. subj + slightly increased
As can be seen, the line slightly increased from a relatively unnoticeable 40%
to a hefty 60% during the period of the survey.
An already significant 40% to an even higher 60%
C. A slight increase + verb
A slight increase from a relatively unnoticeable 40% to a hefty 60% was
experienced during the period of the survey.
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Was experienced was shown, was displayed
Can be seen, can be observed, can be noted
Occurred, happened, took place
D. Subj + Verb + a slight increase
The line exhibited a slight increase from an unnoticeable 40% to a hefty 60%.
Exhibited displayed, experienced, showed, went through, registered
E. V ing, subj + verb
Starting from a relatively unnoticeable 40%, the line increased slightly to a
hefty 60%.
Increasing slightly from a relatively unnoticeable 40%, the figure stood at a
hefty 60% after 10 years.
The figure rested at a hefty 60% in 1995, reflecting a slight 20% rise over 10
years.
F. TIME ELEMENT + VERB + a slight increase
The period witnessed / saw a slight increase from.
The 20th Century saw a slight increase from .
1995 experienced a slight increase .
Starting at 40%, the figure increased remarkably to a massive 80% and
then experienced a plateau before dropping significantly by 35%.
At the beginning of the study, there was a remarkable doubling to
80% where the figure stayed stagnant for a 5-year period before dropping
suddenly to 45% which was still slightly higher than the original figure.
Starting from the trivial 10%, the line experienced an erratic increase to 30% in
the period.
The line experienced a considerable increase from only 10% to 30%, although
there were several fluctuations along the way.
The considerable increase from 10% to 30% was marked by ups and downs
throughout the period.
The figure fluctuated continuously but the general trend was upward.
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