(M, L, T System) (F, L, T System) Length Ɩ L L Area A L2 L2 Volume V L3 L3 Time t T T Velocity (m/s) v L T-1 L T-1 Acceleration (m/s2) A L T-2 L T-2 Force (kg m/s2) (N) F M L T-2 F Mass (kg) m M F T2 L-1 Density (kg/m3) ρ M L-3 F T2 L-4 Specific Weight (N/m3) ɤ M L-2 T-2 F L-3 Pressure (N/m2) P M L-1 T-2 F L-2 Dynamic Viscosity (kg/m/s) (N s/m2) μ M L-1 T-1 F T L-2 Kinematic Viscosity (m2/s) υ L2 T-1 L2 T-1 Power (kg m2/s3) (N m/s) W˚ M L2 T-3 F L T-1 Discharge (m3/s) Q L3 T-1 L3 T-1 Mass Flow Rate m˚ M T-1 F T L-1 Weight W M L T-2 F Torque T M L2 T-2 FL Modulus of Elasticity (N/m2) E ML-1T-2 FL-2
Buckingham Pi Theorem
If an equation involving k variables is dimensionally homogeneous, it can be reduced to a relationship
among k – r independent dimensionless products, where r is the minimum number of reference dimensions required to describe the variables. The dimensionless products are frequently referred to as “pi term”, and the theorem is called the Buckingham pi theorem.
π1 = ϕ (π2, π3, ….., πk-r )
Dr.SSH No. 1 Prove that the discharge over a spillway is given by the relation
√g D H Q = v D2 f ( , D) V
Where,
v = velocity of flow
D = depth of throat
H = head of water
g = acceleration due to gravity
Q = f (v, D, g, H)
f (Q, v, D, g, H) = C
MLT System
Q = L3 T-1 v = L T-1 D=L g = L T-2 H=L
Two reference dimensions (Land T), so choose V and D as repeating variables.
k = 5, r = 2
k – r = 5 – 2 = 3 (Three pi terms are needed.)
π1 = v a Db Q
= (LT −1 )a Lb (L3 T −1 )
= L(a+b+3) T (−a−1)
M0L0T0 = π1
M0L0T0 = L(a+b+3) T (−a−1)
-a -1 = 0 a+ b+ 3 = 0
a = -1 b=-3+1=-2
Q π1 = v-1 D-2 Q = vD2
Dr.SSH π2 = v a Db g
= (LT −1 )a Lb (L T −2 )
= L(a+b+1) T (−a−2)
M0L0T0 = π2
M0L0T0 = L(a+b+1) T (−a−2)
- a -2 = 0 a+ b+ 1 = 0
a = -2 b = -1 + 2 = 1
gD √gD π2 = v-2 D g = = v2 v
π3 = v a Db H
= (LT −1 )a Lb L
= L(a+b+1) T −a
M0L0T0 = L(a+b+1) T (−a)
-a=0 a+ b+ 1 = 0
a=0 b = -1
H π3 = v0 D-1 H = D
π1 = ϕ (π2, π3)
Q √gD H =ϕ( , D) vD2 v
√gD H Q = v D2 f ( , D) v
No. 2. A V-notch weir is a vertical plate with a notch angle ϕ cut into the top of it and placed across an open channel. The liquid in the channel is baked up and forced to flow through the notch. The discharge Q is some function of the elevation H of upstream liquid surface above the bottom of the
Dr.SSH notch. In addition, it depends upon gravity and upon the velocity of approach Vo to the weir. Determine the form of discharge equation.
Vo Q = √g H5/2 f ( ,ϕ ) √g H
Q = f (g, H, Vo, ϕ)
f (Q, g, H, Vo, ϕ) = C
MLT System
Q = L3 T-1 g = L T-2 H=L Vo = L T-1 ϕ = dimensionless product
Two reference dimensions (Land T), so choose g and H as repeating variables.
k = 5, r = 2
k – r = 5 – 2 = 3 (Three pi terms are needed.)
π1 = g a H b Q
= (LT −2 )a Lb (L3 T −1 )
= L(a+b+3) T (−2a−1)
M0L0T0 = π1
M0L0T0 = L(a+b+3) T (−2a−1)
-2 a -1 = 0 a+ b+ 3 = 0
a = -1/2 b = -3 + 1/2 = - 5/2
1 5 Q π1 = g −2 H −2 Q = 5 √gH ⁄2
π2 = g a H b Vo
= (LT −2 )a Lb (L T −1 )
= L(a+b+1) T (−2a−1)
M0L0T0 = π2
M0L0T0 = L(a+b+1) T (−2a−1)
Dr.SSH -2 a -1 = 0 a+ b+ 1 = 0
a = -1/2 b = -1 + 1/2 = - 1/2
1 1 V0 π2 = g −2 H −2 Vo = √gH
π3 = ϕ
π1 = ϕ (π2, π3)
Q V0 5 =ϕ( , ϕ) √gH ⁄2 √gH
Vo Q = √g H5/2 f ( ,ϕ ) √g H
Example. 7.1. A thin rectangular plate having a width w and a height h is located so that it is normal to a moving stream of fluid. Assume the drag, D that the fluid exerts on the plate is a function of w and h, the fluid viscosity and density, μ and ρ respectively, and the velocity V of the fluid approaching the plate.
D = f (w, h, μ, ρ, V)
f (D, w, h, μ, ρ, V) = C
MLT System
D = M L T-2 w=L h=L μ = M L-1 T-1 ρ = M L-3 V = L T-1
Three reference dimensions (M, Land T), so choose w, V, ρ as repeating variables.
k = 6, r = 3
k – r = 6 – 3 = 3 (Three pi terms are needed.)
π1 = D w a V b ρc
= (MLT −2 ) (L)a (LT −1 )b (ML−3 )c
= M (1+c) L(1+a+b−3c) T (−2−b)
M0L0T0 = π1
Dr.SSH M0L0T0 = M (1+c) L(1+a+b−3c) T (−2−b)
1+ c = 0 -2 – b = 0 1 + a + b – 3c = 0
c = -1 b=-2 a = -2
D π1 = D w a V b ρc = D w-2 V-2 ρ-1 = w2V2 ρ
π2 = h w a V b ρc
= (L) (L)a (LT −1 )b (ML−3 )c
= M (c) L(1+a+b−3c) T (−b)
M0L0T0 = π2
M0L0T0 = M (c) L(1+a+b−3c) T (−b)
c=0 b=0 1+ a + b – 3c = 0
a = -1
h π2 = h w a V b ρc = h w −1 V 0 ρ0 = w
π3 = μ w a V b ρc
= (ML−1 T −1 ) (L)a (LT −1 )b (ML−3 )c
= M (1+c) L(−1+a+b−3c) T (−1−b)
M0L0T0 = π3
M0L0T0 = M (1+c) L(−1+a+b−3c) T (−1−b)
1+ c = 0 -1 - b = 0 -1+ a + b – 3c = 0
c = -1 b = -1 a = -1 μ π3 = μ w a V b ρc = μ w −1 V −1 ρ−1= w V ρ
π1 = ϕ (π2, π3)
D h μ =ϕ( , ) w2 V2 ρ w wVρ
Dr.SSH Example 7.2 An open cylindrical paint can have a diameter D is filled to a depth h with paint having a specific weight ɤ. The vertical deflection δ of the center of the bottom is a function of D, h, d, ɤ and E, where d is the thickness of the bottom and E is the modulus of elasticity of the bottom material.
δ = f (D, h, d, ɤ, E)
f (δ, D, h, d, ɤ, E) = C
FLT System
δ=L D=L h=L d= L ɤ = F L-3 E = F L-2
Two reference dimensions (F and L), so choose D, ɤ as repeating variables.
k = 6, r = 2
k – r = 6 – 2 = 4 (Four pi terms are needed.)
π1 = δ Da ɤb
= (L) (L)a (FL−3 )b
= F (b) L(1+a−3b)
F0L0T0 = π1
F0L0T0 = F (b) L(1+a−3b)
b=0 1 + a – 3b = 0
a=-1
δ π1 = δ D−1 ɤ0 = D
π2 = h Da ɤb
= (L) (L)a (FL−3 )b
= F (b) L(1+a−3b)
F0L0T0 = π2
F0L0T0 = F (b) L(1+a−3b)
Dr.SSH b=0 1 + a – 3b = 0
a=-1
h π2 = h D−1 ɤ0 = D
π3 = d Da ɤb
= (L) (L)a (FL−3 )b
= F (b) L(1+a−3b)
F0L0T0 = π3
F0L0T0 = F (b) L(1+a−3b)
b=0 1 + a – 3b = 0
a=-1
d π3 = d D−1 ɤ0 = D
π4 = E Da ɤb
= (FL−2 ) (L)a (FL−3 )b
= F (1+ b) L(−2+a−3b)
F0L0T0 = π4
F0L0T0 = F (1+ b) L(−2+a−3b)
1+b=0 -2 + a – 3b = 0
b = -1 a = 2 – 3 = -1
E π4 = E D−1 ɤ−1 = D ɤ
π1 = ϕ (π2, π3, π4)
δ h d E =ϕ( , , ) D D D Dɤ
Dr.SSH δ = f (D, h, d, ɤ, E)
f (δ, D, h, d, ɤ, E) = C
MLT System
δ=L D=L h=L d= L ɤ = M L-2 T-2 E = M L-1 T-2
Two reference dimensions (M T-2 and L), so choose D, ɤ as repeating variables.
