TU-Pattern IA Practical

ExaminationMBBS II year [19th

Batch]NMC, BirgunjIBMS-
Biochemistry
CASE STUDY/OSPE
Instruction:
1.5 minute time will be given for each case or OSPE.
total 20 questions, two mark for each.
Slide will be changed automatically.
Read carefully and answer to the point.
 Spot 1
A 19 year old woman presents to the OPD with complaints of amenorrhea for well
over three months. She is unmarried and denies having sexual partners. Her
Blood Picture is as follows:

LH: 120 mIU/ml (14-200)

FSH: 200 mIU/ml (21-200)
Prolactin: 140 ng/ml (3-18).
What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Ovarian Failure
b) Polycystic Ovarian Disease [Right option]
c) Dysgerminoma
d) Teratoma of the ovary
 Spot 2
A. Acetyl-CoA is formed inside the mitochondria and fatty acid synthesis takes place in
cytosol. So Acetyl-CoA can enter fatty acid synthesis at the stage of:
a.

a. Citrate
b. Oxaloacetate
c. α-Ketoglutarate
d. Fumarate
e.

B. Which of the following hormones is not released by the anterior pituitary?

b.

a. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
b. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. growth hormone
 Spot 3
A 40 yrs male came to the emergency with nausea & severe abdominal pain radiating to
the back. It was also found that he was a chronic alcoholic.
Laboratory findings are as follows:

a. What is the likely diagnosis?

b. Why there is hypocalcemia?
Acute Pancreatitis.
Increase Lipase  Increase TG lysis  Increase FFA  Binds Ca++ 
Ca-saponification  decrease Ca++ absorption  Hypocalcemia.
 Spot 4
A 60 year old patient with a history of a stroke a month back presents to the emergency
with complaints of Fever, Cough, Shortness of Breath and Lethargy.
The Medical Officer on duty sends for an ABG Analysis, which looks like this:

pH: 7.47 (7.35-7.45),

s%O2 = 85%,
paO2 = 78 mm of Hg (80 – 100 mm of Hg),
paCO2 = 25mm of Hg (35 – 45 mm of Hg),
HCO3- = 20 mmol/L (22 -26 mmol/L),
Cl- = 106 mmol/L(100 – 110)mmol/L
What is the diagnosis?

Respiratory Alkalosis [Partially compensated]

 Spot 5
A 21 year old female presents to the general OPD with pallor, light-
headedness and exertional dyspnea.
The medical officer sent for blood investigations:

Hb: 8.7 gm/dl,

Total Count: 4500 / mm3
Serum Iron: 45 µgm/ml (70-140 µgm/ml),
TIBC: 520 µgm/ml (200–400 µgm/l),
Serum Ferritin: 8 ng/ml (14-203 ng/ml).
What is your probable diagnosis?
Iron deficiency
Anemia
 Spot 6
An infant of 6 months old brought to the Hospital following an attack of
moderate convulsion about 2 hour back.
On examination, child was found to have delayed milestones, not holding
neck and could not sit. The mother also gave the history of mousy odour in
child’s urine.
Child is not gaining weight according to his age.

The case is highly suggestive of:

Phenylketonur
ia
 Spot 7
When a patient with Jaundice is evaluated, his sclera are examined for yellow
discoloration. Which of the following components of the sclera contribute to
this clinical finding with their high affinity protein for bilirubin?
a) Elastin
b) Collagen [Right option]

c) Reticulin
d) Desmin
 Spot 8
Write significance of HbA1c
estimation.
Significance of HbA1C estimation:
Used to evaluate glycemic index over the period of 6-8 weeks.
Used to predict the risk of complications of DM.
 Spot 9
Write significance of Anion Gap
estimation.
Anion GAP = [Na+ K] – [HCO3- + Cl-]
Anion GAP estimation helps in differential diagnosis of Metabolic
acidosis.
Accumulation of Organic acid: Increased Anion GAP
Accumulation of Inorganic acid: Normal Anion GAP
 Spot 10
A 25 year female patient visited to gynecologist with complaints of difficulty
in getting pregnant, irregular menstrual period, decrease concentration and
weight gain. Blood investigations revealed:

A. Write the clinical condition associated with it.

B. What are antibodies directed against thyroid antigen?
A. Hashimoto’s Disease
B. Autoantibodies:
A. Anti-TPO antibody
B. Anti-Tg antibody
C. Anti-Thyroid Microsomal Autoantibody
 Spot 11
A 35 year old patient presents to the ER with complaints of less than an
hour of chest pain, radiating to the axilla.
You suspect a MI and send for cardiac markers.
Which among the following cardiac markers is the best to diagnose this
patient?

a) Myoglobin [Because history of chest pain is less than an

hour]
b) CK-MB
c) Troponin I
d) LDH
 Spot 12
List causes of Dilutional Hyponatremia.
 Spot 13

Rothera’s
Test

Write two clinical condition where this test is positive.

Starvatio
n
DM
 Spot 14
Write significance of De Ritis
ratio.
Normal: 0.8
Reverses in:
Alcoholic Liver
Disease
Chronic Liver Disease
MI
 Spot 15
A 50 yrs. male patient visited to the surgical OPD of UCMS with chief
complaints of urinary incontinence, painful ejaculation, swelling of lower
limbs, weight loss.
The blood examination revealed:

A. What is the possible diagnosis?

B. Name two oncogenes?

BPH or Prostatic Carcinoma

AKT1 and MYC Proto-oncogenes
 Spot 16
A 18 year male came to OPD with complains of tiredness and lethargy.
He had noticed that he become dizzy when he stood up and also
noticed skin pigmentation on the palmer crease.
His blood tests were:

A. What is your provisional Diagnosis?

B. What may be the acid base status in this condition?
Addison’s Disease
Decrease GC & MC  Decrease H+ secretion  Metabolic Acidosis
 Spot 17
A. Enumerate liver functions tests
LFT B. Write the clinical significance of serum albumin test.
Total Bilirubin
Direct Bilirubin
Indirect
Bilirubin
SGOT Serum Albumin level is normal in Acute liver disease.
SGPT Half life of Albumin: 20 days.
ALP Serum Albumin level decreases in Chronic liver disease.
5’-NT
γ-GT
Total Protein
Albumin
PT
 Spot 18
A 48 years obese male had severe retrosternal pain & profuse sweating.
He was brought to emergency in unconscious condition. His BP at the
time of admission was 160/100 mmHg & pulse 88/min.
The biochemical investigation shows following results:

A. What is your provisional diagnosis?

B. Calculate LDL cholesterol level.
Acute Myocardial Infaction
LDL = Total Cholesterol – [HDL + VLDL] = 270 – [35 + 60] = 175 mg/dl.
 Spot 19
A. The set of results that most accurately reflects severe renal disease is:
a.

a. Serum creatinine 1.0 mg/dl, creatinine clearance 110 ml/min, BUN 17 mg/dl
b. Serum creatinine 2.0 mg/dl, creatinine clearance 120 ml/min, BUN 14 mg/dl
c. Serum creatinine 1.0 mg/dl, creatinine clearance 95 ml/min, BUN 43 mg/dl
d. Serum creatinine 3.7 mg/dl, creatinine clearance 44 ml/min, BUN 88 mg/dl

B. Which out of the following amino acids is not required for creatine
synthesis?
b.

a. Methionine
b. Serine [Right Option]
c. Glycine
d. Arginine
 Spot 20
A 65 years gentleman was received at the emergency
department of a UCMS teaching hospital.
His initial laboratory results are:

Metabolic Acidosis due to DM

Anion Gap: 36.4 [case of HAGMA (Organic
acidosis)]

A. What is the likely diagnosis?

B. Calculate anion gap and interpret it.
Write the Principle, normal value and clinical significance of Total
Cholesterol estimation.

Calculate the Random Serum Cholesterol from the given values;

OD of Standard: 0.22
OD of Test: 0.49
Concentration of Standard [200mg/dl]
 TU-Pattern IA Practical
ExaminationMBBS II year [19th
Batch]NMC, BirgunjIBMS-
Biochemistry
CASE STUDY/OSPE
Instruction:
1.5 minute time will be given for each case or OSPE.
total 20 questions, two mark for each.
Slide will be changed automatically.
Read carefully and answer to the point.
 Spot 1
A 35 year old female came to OPD of CMC-TH because of skin pigmentation,
obesity, moon face, hypertension and muscle weakness.
The biochemical findings are as follows:

A. What is your provisional Diagnosis?

B. What is the acid base status in this disorder?

A. Cushing’s Syndrome
B. Increase Cortisol  Increase H+ secretion Metabolic Alkalosis
 Spot 2
A 59-year-old man has been admitted. He has a 90-minute history of
severe crushing chest pain. His ECG shows 3 mm ST segment elevation.
After a provisional diagnosis of AMI, laboratory investigations were sent.
A. Name three biomarkers for the diagnosis of AMI
B. Which one of is an early marker of MI?

A. Mb, CK-MB, LDH, TnI, TnT

B. Mb
 Spot 3
A 10 hours old premature baby born at 32 weeks is brought to emergency room of
CMC-TH.
On examination the baby had tachypnea, bluish discoloration of skin, retraction of ribs
and grunting sound.

A. What is provisional diagnosis?

B. How this condition can be diagnosed in pre-natal period?

A. Respiratory Distress Syndrome

[Hyaline Membrane Disease]
 Spot 4
A. Justify LDL as bad cholesterol.
Oxidized LDL taken up by Macrophage, Macrophage transforms into foam cells 
Foam cells participates in Atherosclerosis.
B. Cholesterol from oxLDLs are taken by monocytes/macrophages in the vascular wall by:
a) LDL-receptor
b) Apo E receptor
c) Scavenger receptor type A (SR-A)
d) Scavenger receptor type B (SR-B)
 Spot 5
A 50-year woman presents with intolerance of fatty foods, pain in the right
side of abdomen, yellowing of eyes and passage of clay colored stools.
Her laboratory investigations revealed:

T. Bilirubin: 20 mg/dl
D. Bilirubin: 16 mg/dl
ALP: 800 IU/L
SGPT: 90 IU/L
SGOT: 100 IU/L
A. What is the likely diagnosis?
B. What could be the result of Prothrombin time?
Obstructive Jaundice
Obstruction to bile flow  Bile salt can’t reach intestine  decrease
emulsification and micelle formation  decrease vitamin K
absorption  vitamin K deficiency  decrease γ-carboxylation of
glutamate of coagulation factors [II, VII, IX, X, XI]  decrease
activation of coagulation factors  elevated Prothrombin time.
 Spot 6
An 32-year-old female with no significant past medical history presented
with a history of weight loss & heat intolerance.
She had a fine tremor of her fingers.
The clinician ordered thyroid function tests .

A. Primary Hyperthyroidism
A. What is the likely diagnosis? B. Grave’s Disease, Thyroid carcinoma
B. Give one cause of above condition.
 Spot 7
A 45 yrs female patient visited to the Gynecologist with chief complaints of
shortening of breathing, diarrhea, lower abdominal pain, weight loss,
abnormal vaginal discharge. ECG was normal.
Her blood findings are:
A.

A. What is the possible diagnosis?

B. Name two markers for germ cell tumor?
A. Ovarian Tumour
B. CEA, AFP
 Spot 8
A male patient of 40 yrs came to biochemistry laboratory with requisition of
creatinine clearance test .
Urine creatinine value is 80mg/dL
Serum creatinine value is 0.88 mg/dL
Rate of flow of urine is 1000 mL/24 hrs.
Calculate & Interpret.

Creatinine Clearance: U.V/P = 63.131ml/min

Patient is having CKD [Stage II]
 Spot 9
A. Microalbumin level indicated for DM, HTN & Early Kidney damage ranges
from:
a.

a. 15 -20 mg/24 hrs urine

b. 50 -150 mg/24 hrs urine
c. 30-300 mg/ 24 hrs urine
d. < 30 mg/ 24 hrs urine
B. Over what period does an HbA1c measurement reflect the glucose control?
b.

a. Previous 24 hours
b. Previous 7 days
c. Previous 30 days
d. Previous 6–8 weeks
 Spot 10
A 35 year old female presents with complaints of weight loss, diarrhea, tremors
and inability to sleep at night. She had bulging eyes and an enlarged thyroid gland.
Thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) was strongly positive.
Further biochemical investigation revealed:

A. Grave’s Disease
B. Thiocyanate, Propylthiouracil,
Methimazole

A. What is the most likely diagnosis?

B. Name two inhibitors of T3/T4 synthesis?
 SPOT 11
Define Uncouplers.
Mention any two Uncouplers with their mechanism of
action.

Agent that inhibits ATP synthesis by dissociating or uncoupling oxidation from

phosphorylation at one/ more of the phosphorylation site. So, oxidation takes place
without ATP synthesis.

Thermogenin [Free energy  Heat energy]

2,4-DNP (proton ionophore) [defeats proton gradient]
Valinomycin [Defeats Proton gradient, Transports K+ in exchange of
H+ .
Oligomycin: Closes F0 subunit
 Spot 12
A 53 year obese male patient visited to medical OPD for routine health
checkup. On physical examination following values were obtained.

A. Suggest the provisional diagnosis. Diabetic Nephropathy

B. Write ADA criteria to diagnose DM.
 Spot 13
A heavy alcohol drinker with yellowish discoloration of the body in MOPD of
UCMSTH has following reports:

A. What is the probable diagnosis of above patient?

B. Why albumin level is low in this patient?

A. Alcoholic Liver Disease

B. Decreased albumin synthesis  half life of Albumin
is 20 days  Albumin level is low.
 Spot 14
Biochemical investigations of moderate edematous patient are as follows:

Urine shows the presence of albumin and blood.

A. What is your probable diagnosis?
B. Why there is high cholesterol in this patient?
Nephritic Syndrome.
Hypoalbuminemia  compensatory mechanism leading to increased
globulin synthesis  Increase ApoB100 synthesis  Increase VLDL
synthesis  Increase LDL synthesis.
 Spot 15
A 42 years man on physical examination reveals xanthelasmas and bilateral tendon
xanthomas. There is also family history of CVD.
Serum cholesterol level of 340 mg/dl and a high LDL/HDL were observed. He was given
prescription for simvastatin.
A.

A.

A.

A. The likely cause of this is due to deficiency production of:

A.

a.LCAT
b. LDL receptor
c. Fatty acyl CoA synthase
d. CETP
B. Write down the mechanism of action of simvastatin.
A. Inhibits HMGCoA Reductase  decreases Cholesterol synthesis
 Spot 16
A 45 years female patient visited to the Gynecologist with chief complaints
of shortening of breathing, diarrhea, lower abdominal pain, weight loss,
abnormal vaginal discharge. ECG was normal.
Her blood examination showed:
What is the possible diagnosis?

Ovarian Tumour
 Spot 17
A patient was admitted in Emergency with following lab findings:

A. What is your probable diagnosis?

Ketosis due to starvation.
B. Name the ketone bodies.
Acetotate, β-Hydroxy Butyrate, Acetone.
 SPOT 18
List causes of Depletional Hyponatremia.
 Spot 19
A baby urine turned into dark color on standing in
lab. Benedict’s test was positive.
Paper chromatography confirmed absence of
glucose. Blood homogentistate level was very high.
A. What is your provisional diagnosis?
B. Write biochemical basis of it?

A.
Alkaptonuria
 Spot 20
A 14yr girl was admitted to a children’s hospital in coma.
On examination she was dehydrated, showing Kussmaul’s breathing.

A. What is the likely diagnosis?

Diabetic Ketoacidosis
B. Write basis of Kussmaul’s breathing.
Increase Acetoacetate  Increase Acetone.
Increase Acetoacetate  Metabolic Acidosis  respiratory compensation 
Hyperventillation [Kussmaul’s breathing]  Acetone in breath [Fruity Smell]
Write down the principle, normal range and clinical significance of Serum
Creatinine estimation.
A 50 years old man of 72 kg body weight came to NMCTH Birgunj and gave
blood sample. Calculate his Serum Creatinine from the following values:
OD of test: 0.33
OD of Standard: 0.22
Concentration of Standard: 2 mg/dl.
Also calculate his eGFR.
 TU-Pattern IA Practical
ExaminationMBBS II year [19th
Batch]NMC, BirgunjIBMS-
Biochemistry
CASE STUDY/OSPE
Instruction:
1.5 minute time will be given for each case or OSPE.
total 20 questions, two mark for each.
Slide will be changed automatically.
Read carefully and answer to the point.
 Spot 1
A 12 yrs boy was admitted in Paedriatics unit because of swelling of the body.
On investigations following laboratory findings were obtained:

A. What is the likely diagnosis?

As 24 hour Urinary protein is > 3.5 gm, it is case of Nephrotic Syndrome
B. Why there are increased cholesterol & TG in this patient?
 Nephrotic syndrome
↓
Massive proteinuria
↓
Hypoalbuminemia
↓
As compensation increase globulin synthesis
[ApoB100]
↓
Increase VLDL synthesis [Increase TG]
↓
Increase LDL synthesis [Increase Cholesterol]
 Spot 2
A 53 year obese male patient visited to medical OPD for routine health checkup.
Following values were obtained from the blood of the patient:

A. Suggest the provisional diagnosis.

Diabetic Dyslipidemia
B. Calculate LDL cholesterol level and interpret.
LDL = Total Cholesterol – [HDL + VLDL]
LDL = 243- [20 + 70] = 153 mg/dl
Increased LDL [Borderline risk for
LDLc
Desirable: < 130 mg/dl Atherosclerosis]
Borderline: 130-159 mg/dl
High risk: ≥ 160 mg/dl
 Spot 3
A. Which NPN fraction constitutes nearly half of the NPN substances in the blood?
a.

a.

a.

a.

a.

a. Urea
b. Creatinine
c. Ammonia
d. Uric acid
e.

B. The rate limiting step of Bilirubin metabolism is:

b.

a.

a.

a.

a.

a. Catalyzed by heme oxygenase

b. Uptake of bilirubin by liver parenchyma
c. Conjugation of bilirubin
d. Secretion of bilirubin into bile
 Spot 4
A. Ammonia levels are usually measured to evaluate:
a)

a) Renal failure
b) Acid-base status
c) Hepatic coma
d) Glomerular filtration
B. A technologist obtains a BUN value of 61 mg/dl and serum creatinine value
of 3.1 mg/dl on a patient. These results indicate:
b)

a) Renal failure
b) Pre-renal failure
c) Gout
d) Muscle injury
 Spot 5
A. Creatinine clearance results are corrected using a patient’s body surface area
to account for differences in:
a.

a.

a.

Age a.

b. Dietary intake
c. Sex
d. Muscle mass
B. How many high energy phosphate bonds are used for synthesis of a molecule of
urea?
b.

a.

a.

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4 [Rxn1 involves 2 ATP  2 ADP, Rxn 3 involves ATP  AMP]
d. 5
 Spot 6
A. When the substrate enters the ETC through the FAD linked dehydrogenase, the
ATP yield is:
a.

a.

a.

a.

a. 4
b. 3
c. 2
d. 1
e.

B. Cytochrome oxidase is inhibited by all of the following EXCEPT:

b.

a.

a.

a.

a. Carbon monoxide
b. Hydrogen sulphide
c. Oligomycin
d. Cyanide
 Spot 7
A. Renal threshold & Tm of glucose are as:
A.

A.

270 mg/dL & 300 mg/min

a.

b. 180 mg/dL & 375 mg/min

c. 300 mg/dL & 270 mg/min
d. 160 mg/dL & 320 mg/min
B. What is the mechanism of release of ALP.
A. Obstruction of bile flow  Regurgitation of Bile  Irritation of epithelium of

biliary canaliculi  increase gene expression for ALP  Increase ALP synthesis
 Increase ALP release.
 Spot 8
Biochemical basis of Hyperphosphatemia & Hypocalcemia in chronic renal disease.

Chronic Renal Disease Decrease 1-α- hydroxylase

↓ ↓
Decrease GFR Decrease Calcitriol synthesis
↓ ↓
Decrease Calbindin synthesis
Decrease Phosphate excretion ↓
↓ Decrease Calcium Absorptiom
Hyperphosphatemia ↓
Hypocalcemia
 Spot 9 Tests included in Lipid profile
test
Enumerate Lipid profiles with normal values. 1. Serum Total cholesterol
2. Serum Triglyceride
3. VLDL
4. LDLc
5. HDLc
 Spot 10
A 36 year male came to TUTH for his medical check up to go to Qatar.

What further laboratory investigations would you request for the

confirmation of DM?
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
 Spot 11
Differentiate Nephrotic syndrome & Nephritic syndrome on the basis
of lab investigation.
 Spot 12
Use of T3, T4, TSH level to differentiate
Primary & Secondary hyperthyroidism
Primary & Secondary hypothyroidism
 Spot 13
A 18 year male came with complains of tiredness & lethargy. He had noticed that
he become dizzy when he stood up & also noticed the skin pigmentation on the
palmer crease. are:

What is the possible

cause?
Primary Addison’s
Disease
 Spot 14
Significance of Anion Gap estimation.

Anion GAP = [Na+ K] – [HCO3- + Cl-]

Anion GAP estimation helps in differential diagnosis of Metabolic
acidosis.
Accumulation of Organic acid: Increased Anion GAP
Accumulation of Inorganic acid: Normal Anion GAP
 Spot
15
A 41 year old female visited the NMCTH Birgunj. Her complaints were fatigue,
weakness, lethargy, decreased concentration, decreased memory over last 18 months.
She also gained 10 kg over last two month with central distribution of weight & neck
obesity. Physical examination revealed with body weight of 85 kg, palmer erythema,
& hirsuitism. Her BP was140/100 mm Hg.

What is your provisional diagnosis>?

Why is there low K+ & increased glucose level?
Write the reason behind central obesity, Alkalosis.
 ↑ Na+ reabsorption  Hypernatremia

↑ K+ secretion  Hypokalemia
Decreases Gluose Uptake
Increases Gluconeogenesis ↑ Cortisol ↑ H+ secretion  Metabolic Alkalosis
↓
↑ Blood Glucose
[Adrenal Diabetes] ↑ Lipolysis
[Peripheral >
Trunk]

Uneven
Distribution
[Trunk >
Peripheral]
Central
Obesity
 Spot
16
A 45 year old man has decreased libido & decreased Sexual function.
A large pituitary tumour is found.
Prolactin level is 20 μg/L. [Normal: < 15 μg/L]
Testing of his Pituitary-Gonadal axis most likely will show:
A.

A.

A. Normal Testosterone & Low LH

B. High Testosterone & Normal LH
C. Low Testosterone & Low LH
D. High Testosterone & High LH
 Spot
A 72 year old woman complains17 of fatigue, dyspepsia & shortness of
breath. Her daughter informs that she has slight memory loss &
occasionally complains of numbness in her legs.
Her lab diagnosis reveals Hb of 10.2 g/dl & MCV of 110.
A. What is your diagnosis?

B. What other biochemical tests you can go for differential diagnosis.

A. Megaloblastic Anemia
B. [Serum B12, Serum Folic Acid, IF level, FIGLU Excretion test,
Autoantibody to Parietal cells, Autoantibody to IF]
 Spot
18 complains of RUQ pain.
A patients with Jaundice

What is your Diagnosis? [Obstructive Jaundice]

Write the biochemical basis for increase in bilirubin in this condition.
Decreased Bile flow  Regurgitation of Bile  Conjugated bilirubin enters blood]
What other enzymatic markers you will go for confirmation? [5’-NT, Gamma GT]
 Spot
A 54 years old construction 19
worker was brought to emergency room of
Hospital.
In morning, he suffered a bout of hematemesis during lifting of heavy weights.
He is chronic alcoholic. He also has complaints of dental caries, bleeding gum.
Liver felt firm, abdomen was distended and some edema was noted. Urine
specimen was yellow.

A. What is your probable diagnosis?

B. Why AST is more than ALT?
C. Biochemical basis of Hypoproteinemia.
A. Chronic Alcoholic liver disease
B. Both mAST & cAST released  Thus AST > ALT.
C. Decreased Albumin Synthesis  Hypoalbuminemia.
 Spot
20 problem, was on corticosteroid & low
A pregnant lady having some obstetric
dose phenobarbitone therapy.
A baby was delivered by caesarean section on 35 th weeks of gestation & baby
weighed only 2.2 kg at birth.
Neonate developed jaundice on 3rd day. Serum Bilirubin was 18mg/dl.
The baby was treated by phototherapy & Bilirubin declined to normal in 8
weeks.

Answer the following:

A. What type of Bilirubinemia you would expect?
B. Why was low dose phenobarbitone therapy given?
C. Write basis of Phototherapy.
A. Unconjugated Bilirubin
B. Phenobarbitone stimulates UDP-Glucuronyl Transferase
C. Phototherapy Done to convert water insoluble bilirubin to water
soluble form, thus easily excreted & decrease total serum bilirubin by
4-5 mg/dL/day.
Write Principle of estimation of Serum Albumin. [2]
Write Normal Value of Serum Albumin [1].
Write Clinical significance of Serum Albumin. [4]
Calculate Serum Albumin from the following values:
[3]
OD of Test: 0.14
OD of Standard: 0.20
Concentration of Standard: 6 gm/dl