Constmchon of a De Machine

A De Machine
A isa device whi Converts

enera
elechical eneray ito mechanic ener or Via Versa.
Mechanical Eneray Elechel Ereay-Dc Gonentorr
Electical Enera Mechanica Erera-Dc Motor
A De mackine Consits uo main parts.
Stationam pav >
9 Used to producing a magnehie u
Rotahing Pa-
9 u Caled +Re aYmature. The onversion dt
elechmcX eneray into mecRanica! eneray and Yia Versa
akespface in Re aYmature
 e

Yoke or frame

Pole CoTe
Pole Shoe
ATmatuve Core
>Avmatuve Winelig
S Bmch
ield winding
Shat
N
Commutator

Base
 The D Makine Con giits o +Re
olloing pavts
C Yoke or ame
St Re outermos pert o +Re mahine
9 a made ob Cas iron or mal madkines and
Cas Stea and Silicon S+el tor axaer macAines
unctionS:
Act s potheehing Cover Ror mackine
as

Poles.ore ined to Re yo ke. So

dt Serves osa
meckanical Aupporor parts
Cariers mame tie eun prduced by Parts
Gi) Pole Cove a Pole Shoe -
Reld Pole
The 8ield pole Con sists pole Cove and pole Shoe
Pole Core
The pole Cove may be a Solid Stuetuve or made
oLaminations
Laminstions Teduce eddy Curren Qosses
S t u mede d Cest iron or Cast Stel Laminations
unchionm
The gield windim à wouned aTDundRe poe CorYe
Pole Shoe
The pole Shoe u made o6 Cas imn or Casl Steal
uncion:
Supporrs ield winding
+Re
Spreads +Raun in +Re airgap
Due+o lavger Coss Section area Rey reduce
e relue tance oß Re mag netic pak
(iti) Pole Coils lor) 4ield windings
SE Copper wire wound ona kreme
a bormer
and
placed over Re pole.
The Rield windings ave Concaled in Seres wit
eAR o4Rer
TheM are wound in Au a direchion around e
PoleCores So Ral altevnalz N' ond S poles
aYe bormed
Function:
when Currenk
passesRrou +Reze Cils, Rey
magnetise Re poles, i producesRe Tesuived
magnetic an
Gv Armature CoTe
> Je Clindical in Shape and is mounted om
+Re Shat
St made o Crelar
Stampings (laminations)
ilicon Steal inslated
rom eacR otRer
The Laminated Strcture Teduces
eddy Cune- lau
SE Ra 8lots on Re outer pei
Re armature windina
phery to Konse

Jt a made o Silicon teal to Teduce

unciam:
teress
o sces
Toowne Re aYmatAYe winding
>To Totate Re armature
ninding in magmetic hiel
Povide a ve Low reluctance patR
(V) Aymaure Winding
SE Copper wire
a wound on Re Hormev
and placed in slot

There ave two types windings

(a) Lop windin
Number o parallel patR : No. poles A=P
No. bushes
resuired à esmal to o. poles
Useed Bor RisR
Crren, Jou Vo ltge applications
Normell y vsed goY 2enetors Copati
more a n Soo amps,
Lap winding ù one ype
winding witR tuo eeTs
and
it à used in elechic mackine
Evey Coil in Re macRine is
a llied in 2ene wiR Re one
neaYby Cil to ik.

Wave Windina
Number o pavallek pate =2 A2
No. bshes reuired ia elwrys tuo
Used for o Curel, RigR Vol4nje sppichion
Preteed boT aene rehoTs Capaeit len +Ron
Soo amps
 Sn wAve windling, one end part of +Re Coil u allied
to+Re beginning end pare o anotRey Cil uRicR Ra
a Simi lar polarity ike +Re in Cil.
These Cil ave allied in Re weve hom and
Rus k à named wave
os
winding

f
Cil Span

F
Si

(vi) Commutetor
A Commutator Convets alterneting Vo ltage +o a
direc Vo ltge
t u a
CRindital Shmetre
It built up t Legments mede drwn Revd
Copper. The Aegmeat ave AepavaBed fron eaR
otRer by mica Stips
The Segmenld ave Canmnected to Re winding
Commutahr Segm nts wiR
hare drawn o
Copper
Tednce wear and teaY
Mica Lnsalation
unetions :
Colleets +Re Currenkrom Re aYmature uinding
Converts +Re tevnating Curren( o Unidirectim
Curren
J t produces unidlire etione +orqne in motors

(vii) Bush Gear

To Collecl +Re Curren rom e Commuhtor and
a ive ito R Load
msh qear Con sii a (a) 8rushes (b) Bth holders
7ushes
ushe are Staiomary and Test on R Surpnc
Commutators
Then ore made topper, aaphi te T Cavbon

(b Beh holders
The b u s hes are h&d in position by means
bushRders

y ii) Shat
All Re tating perts mounted mRe
are
Shale
'P-ri,.,"4 p)e. ~ 0 p~+io,-, ~ o.. D( &~ '1°A4·rrt'
-> j t' w o_,k.s o.,, -+Rt. ?..-;i-,c; ~e { -tt:.Y4R.,,\~~ ~ ~ ~
eJ e c+ro rr>A~e-fi, i I') J '-' c. +; trr'>
-> -fuv~ 1.1 Q.Qi.u ~ ~et.ih-a ~e+;'-- i., J""d-;(J)') S-4-...~
~ wh~e.v~ °" Condc..\~ttT eu~~ -+R~ \T')~ti~-h·,
.Q.."u 4 ,8-o r c.Q. ~.,, ei-i r V.. -a,e.,,e-+ed
-;, -r\,e, ~i'tte•h'or, ~ ~e i ,.,d"'Clle.( GMF LA <}1V&, bd
-'=- ,e...-n,,,'~ ~~\, l°t'~t.
~O.l"\~

\,J "'en D~ t1.1p pl~ u t,'v~ -h, ~ -6,·e.Pof

t..h'"""i"3 s, -J.Re m"u-o"e,4,i, polU. ..,; II ~ ek rr,i,:: £eel
'-\"~ pn~'4u. ~ J \ . ' -+RcJ. ~"-u P"""
r,oy.J.Q pole -h, Sar,.~ pole -\-R--,v"'~ o.i""t)4'P,

ne.. ~e. ~-YmA~Ye "' '"h>~cl ~ m('JlnS ~ I

p-;,me mo--le-r i-, ..J.R.. m~e.f.i, -B,i&cA, So -tR..t-

~-vmo-.-NA'YC. ~dkt-h,y ltA.+i ~& Ge~c.lot' ~,.~,
it.e,"4n-e, ~ ~11 .Q.;,, ki,. ~ a ~rw:Ai.,'-.J. Y' c.Q.;"'a a.a
"'"°' ~e e=~~ i-1 i..neACACll~ i11 ~'Ym~-ICAve Grw,olc..,-1.Y-.s
0.~t-.TeA'"3 -1-o -t-Ya~~ l ~ °" efecho~~C. i~c,"'-', :
I
I

-n.e ~M.f=.. in-lCAu~ in A~ca.-hAYe i.\ &~. .~~ .

b'a 4Re c.Me cif.
~mt)1c,\-.foY ~ d+.tn-.-4-in3 Vol~~ 1

~ Gmv~ in-+o ~i~ Yo I"",~

ne. dire,t-- Vo 1_,~e i4 4-.1cs,. 4-,, ~e

eA~Mc:J c·yc.w~ ~~~ b~ 1--.u .
Ope 't'~-fiot'l :
7he. e~e.--.-h·~ P°'* u{. o.. <le,,,~-h1 it
( i) Co""~ .. '-1-c,,.. ( ii) Ci'. l'l"l 0. ti"" e.,l;t. 8,-el~
-> Wh~ ~~ C.On~"''--hY V"tlo'let i o ~e m~e.-1-iL i ·ieQeA J.
6-t.f s ~e MO.~e~c.. ~ne.& o.g -Bo-<a ~ne.\ o.n GM i: ~
i ,., ~ ~ u.ef
-->- lek M CM, iD\e--r o.... t i,,~ --h.,.."',., e~ 0 ec.:~~~ y G; \
A Bl. D/ p \AU"' it1 IA M~e. ..j;'- i &t,f p-v,,~IAU.c,f bd
-4-wo pe."<me\r,fJJ. . mA~tA"\ (tn) o.n elec..~n-1'31.~eh
~ ~e. l.ri\ S ielt All ~ ~nec..~el -+-o .Sl,'p 'Jin .t i an-=I
0
c.;\ Sie\e CD «A Cm-,net.+e.cf ~ ~lip o1~3 l2.

➔ B~.thf4 B\ Co\\1"+1 WY'l'W ~ AB ~~ SI

o.n~ ~V'U -h, ~ ~n.R JloJ C..,ac..t(... ML.
-> B~.thaK B2. Co\le,A-s u.."",-~ ~ c.o ~~ sz.
at'\~ ~v~ i.! -+o ~~J P.o~ 0-rG-cM" t,,\L..
-'7 ~ 4>i\ i.4 ~4'=.~tA ,,. ~e o.~-n&.oc.kwi1~ d,ra,-4,~
i" -+Re ma.fp'tAi, ,&·.&d.
_., As. -Hre ~ \ ~ ku o\, ~ . . . posi-J·ion.s i" 4RL.
rt'\A1""e-liL -B,i&tA, -K?a_ ~ J \ .Q;nk,nd ~ ~, ~o
c,_ge.~ e1 ~n~ -Rtne.t. ~ rf'\~i~ c{ E-MF
0 ~'c)d,
B'l1A&h B \ it. Cio nnec.+-e~ 4-o -4-e....-M ,n~ M
(e>.) Posi-1-;,., i : 1M" (); o ·
~
- -
-
..._
- ;, ------. s
-> - -
-
- , )-
>··'7 .

Posi-fion i : 9 :o·
Po Si +.·on 2. : 9 : C,o" •
Po,i 4',"on 3 : (}: , ..
Posi+.on 4 : f) = zio

➔ wh~ ~e Co;\ C.A * po,if;on i, ~e ~'1' Jh,,kt·,,d

~e. le.ii &A Mcl\im...,m.
➔ Bt,\.(~ -+R.. -re.Lt ~ ~~~e c{- ~" ~~~ i.t
lninim1.o1m {_i.,) ;lt
IA l"llinimc.11111

Al: Posik~ 4.,

+lul\ .Q...,.k~e
Rg..h. «{ ~-,e :: MA'"-tmum
4 -f&" = ~ : Mini-~ o

.. EMF :: e :: d ♦ : Minimu"' :::!. o

ti<.-
N

+ \u 1\ ~ n I<.~ -t : Mc.l\.i mu,.,

Ro.k ~ ~cnoc, ~ ~"
~f . M~nimum ~0
-;n; .-
M ·
.. ~M
~
r - e,\
r-;{ "F et, ..._. Mini""'"" ~ 0
 -:;, j., ~-~ po~i-1-i • n
feu~
_Q_.,,k ina 4it
8 ~ I " M i l' irnun,
➔ Q.Jc- ~e -rc.+e .(
~e-n3t 4 18,.JI u
rr) A ')t in,un,

.J: lu'J\ Q.,, kA~t = Minin,uM

R,J.:. 4r ~,~ "6 ~"
ol
~
+ -- M A'" "'""'
· EMF'.: J ♦ • M-."-imu"')
tit='-
➔ j) iyec.+,·o~ 4 i ,iJIA~ 6=-M~ C:... Je+-e.vm,.-·u~Dt b'c1
+IBM i-,a' s ~ ,~l--- .g"~ ~
~ U-Ayye.~\.- -ffow S "'OWPHJAY~ if'\ l.onJ'-'C.."nl" C,D ~nJ
upwc.yfAS i" C.O,,otv."+o-r A-8
~ J) \ rec.Mo,- er{ Cu-vyenl-- CA. .Q__~LM BA

➔ ~e. iY'\dtA~ EMf:. &A oJ +ev~+.· in Y)e-.~ve

E E

-. TI,£ c.l~l-~ oi,.",>i.l-- i,,g Corwev-4-«.I -1,, o..

Unic:Hr&-f;~..Q ~c..-1-ptAI- o-r A Dt D'""'P.J.. b~
~"~ ~e 'lip 1'i"'3£ b~ ~m~~ ~~
oy ~pll_l- ~
Generated EMF
EMF Equation d a De GeneatoDT
Let
un lpole im ueber
Z tot number o avmature ConductoYS

No. Sl.ts x No. Conductors (&lot

PNo. eneatar poles
A No. in avmatre
pera llel paths
N :
OYmeture o tation in revsuHon per minute (RPs)
E EMF incduced in any pavalle patk in aYmatve

GneeTated EMF 6a EMF aeneated in any one og

Pavclek pak u) E
Avevage EME eneated | ConduchoT = d VoleC:'n
d
No
lun Cut|Conductor in one Tevoluhon: de: 4 P weber

No. orevolution Second N bo

Time or one vevoluthon, dt : 6 Second

Accorelin+o Femday's Lent o Elecho magnete rduehon

EMF enerated / Concduetor : d¢

dE

6o/N
PN Vole
for a Simplea wave - sound Geneator

No.peralle patRs 2
No. Conductor (in Serta) in one paR
EME GGeneted paK :
PIN
6o

Fa $ZPM Yoll
20

For a Simpen Lap wound Gienertor

No. afParalle pahs P
No. uConduttor (in Series) in one pak

EME Geneated lpa pes )

6D

Vole
6o
Sn Geneenl
GGeneatkd EME Vole
60 A

A 2 or Simpten wave uindig

AP or Simplex Lap Winding
A1So,
F ) *7«)
where 2TN = Angur
Types ~ Dl. G,e,,e-rJ\4o~
B"'se-' "., ~
G,&--,tT~-hv.s t:AY~ cl"'~;
~o°'
r,,e ~ e1''4 .f.+;
8-ollows
fiec,( AS
0 ,, o c.

f.,,e,; -4--.f.io,, me-~ aivi"3 l"Ppla 4o ~ 8'·e:0c,/

wi"olina
DC G,e.ne. T":hY
,L
J:
Se pl>\Y"- ttl~ ~,.~ +eat
DC 6,e,, e.:~-h, -r

Lo113 Shl.attl- Compoun-1 ''-•* ~hu1tl- 6,,,~~

6tet1~-hy G,~e,a.-n,-y

! I
! l l
Cum~ IA +ive. Dife,e--.-1-i.Q eu~~ve
Comp~"-' lcrmpOU"~ (ompounc:t
1.. Sep~¥~+eQ~ '°"G-t +eol Dl Gwen~~-r
71.e 1)•n,...~'f w.Re-re ,6;eRd wineli "3 L,I
e""'4tttA o~ e--,,1t1sec:1 b~ °" e,,,.ffi,,J ..1, ~OIAfU

(4 (.a\lt..\ M .&pr--.+e.Oa ~.Jecf .Dl'. ...,.,._ffl'

L.oNf
V

r L - LolMA Ui-\Yl'&.l\l- Ro.. .. A--tmc.-hMe Res.,"""""

r" - A-.~~Y , Cunel\.. R& - +"; eid Re tis -4',.t,CL
r 8 - +i ~e-\ Cunenl- E,a - ~ YA¼~ EMF

( i ') O"'+-pt.J- pow~r : P= v .r ,_

(i,·) :r A. : ~ '-

( i1'i ) sb App1~·"a "" '-

E-~ - r~ e°' -" =o
:. ~" = \I + -.#\ 12A.
2 . Se\€- e11'4·4ecA De. Ga~m'
. A de. '<le,,,~-j,oy ~ .g,. de! Windi nr 0.. '(e,

e1\CA ~" bd ~e (:uyye."~ S1App"'ec4 bQ ~e ae.,,~~l'

l.Uet & °'"'e Cl..',~~ M Se\~ ~c.. +e~ Dl G,e..-,~~YS

'"Thi~ i& ~~ +o ~ p-,op'--i ~ -resi~~

m~'l'le4i.tm1 J.e.ye ...&ome. ~)\ L-!, ~°''""~
i" ~e pol~ a{ ~e mA~ine.

Resi~~ MA1 ne+i,m

~ p~p~~ ~ ~e M~~ M~~~
+D -re+--ir\ ~e m~~e-\-i, pi,;)~i 8"~ "'t~ 4Rc.
~ov'J2 ~ ~ m~ne+;s,n a CA..\ne."t-, l).) u..11~ M
ae Si o\~ l'V')AQ ne.-fun,

jr\ /4CA~ ~~i"e-& ~e b;~ t;J il'\eli,ti

CA Ye °'
i"'+e 1 CG'Y\nec.-fed «.J, ~ ~e Y ~ ~"(t! w i"di nQ .
~e ~eQA lc;ls ,-,,~ be e i~ey i " Se'riu c4J i,,
p-..y6'1\cR CY P'---'4-~ i., p-.y..\\cR Co\~ p~1+.la in SeY'U
wi~ ~e. ~ym~ffiYe Wil\dtna

S~ & e'llc.i-1-e..A .!)(. G, e,,e,,s.-h>'Y' ~ A Ye. e,\Aui ~'o:l 04

ti> S hu"t: 6\~"'...,.,.
(jiJ .Se:~~ 6'~~..\,,y
Q_ii) Ul°Mpau"e\ 6'e.t1~+oy
(.i l S hu"t-- Gt~-h-f
A ,a~"-r' °'"wRic2i 49-e. ,8;del 1,1i11.Ai1 i4
Co Me,.,4-u\ i 'I p "''""' I\& 4o 4Re o..Y,.,. <1.-h..V'e. w incli"'3
~ C.-\\e~ CM ~ Sh'-'n\:- Q~-h>Y.
:r~ i, <., , 0 c,...f.p"t powe..- : \I ·!._
t (.i•] Po.,,.t; ~~~~: '&lA
t
E"cJ L o-.-1 (1ii) :r,._ : 'I"L + I-'1,
V Qvl I,~ : _v_
Rs" - _ Rsh

(. V) ~~ - T" R4 - \f : 0
.·. f~: \/ + I4f-,

..
.
--
l-o._: Tt. +'s:h
-M,r e.MecA+{e powet' -h> ~ 1 -+Ae .Q~
C«.A"'"'e-rk T 1.. si.,c,,J.°' b~ ~ ,·~ o.'t'ld I , n S'hacJIJ be
AmJJ. . · ·· Rs h ~ '(r)~ e ~ .g,~ Te.Ai.1~ ..-,u_ ~ncl
v,. rt) ~k, ~ r-t;"' ~d ~ Yn ~ ~ ~ :,., 1wi<t.& .
·: I'ch t.& ..1, R,h ~ t-
()i) Se'rie-& G.~~-h,y
A Se-ne& ~~+ol .
~ one ·,,, ~i~ ~
-e,·e.ec:1 ...,,nc,1,·,,a i-1 ecnrie"'-1 ir, S~u wi~ ~e
O.-Ym4'~Y e. wi., °'i{l .

(•, Ov.~- po~i1 = \J ·I'-

(iiJ :rA : I ,e : J t-

(iii) Pcwe-t ~e.t"t~+e.l i,,

~-rm-.+cA,e

~e k-nu Wi~ina (A'"fner. ~ Q..,uf

~i.,U.
Cu1-t~\:- 4-Re Y~ ~ (~ S\--.o---'ol be ~,$
; . ~ se CA dui~t c:I wi ~ ~ -h...,..,.s c{
~ ,e, k w-ive
 • - - - ..-- •~ ~• ::J I "'la ;:J ~ 6\ b .~ \"1 ID. !!I ... ,

I
(,ii) (o,,.,poun-1 6;e.ne_ "Pl~T' l
I

. ~ ~ .V. ~ (l~-h.Y i " Ji c». !e-.i 'hov"1 ~ :

-!,do\ "''"'~'cJ v.. U>nriec..~ in Se1'ie.& ancl ~ -1-t.t, ..1 I
~ wi...c1,·, io\ p........ ne.e wi ~ ~ 0,"Yl'Y)"--h..'1'~ winclind , i
,,,ea MC c..lo.ui8,•e.c.1 ~ I
(~) Lond ,thu,.l• 'a~~-4-.-,, (.bJ Shol(- ,>.u11l- ene-..-hr
0
Compoun-1 ae.t,~-\oYS ~Ye ~ 0 &A.l~ i·~ tM
(i \ Cum.J.-'h~~ ~Pgu"~ 4a~~+.Y (.i•'J....!) i {M-e,,~4;~ !
I
Cim-pcx-.~ 06,Y>~Y !
(i) Cum~4,;v~ Cova,pc,un-\ G,e-,,~,'8y

Tse ~J)
D' ~& ~)\ pn~t.4ud '" ~
--i..-..----h
~e,,iU 8-,~~ Wit"cA1'n3 °'"'~ ,h.4,t.
!'sh -~~--------r,? R,... ~JD\ -.Jincli"a ~~ ¼ ~,-~
c"t' SCAppox· ~ o.f-Re-r' a- "'
Saic--1 +o Joe u-trr')~ti\l~
Compo-un-t ae.r,~-h>T .
(ii l .!) iff,e-<e,,,+;-Jl ~ pDIA"-' G,e,n.,..-4.»r

8~ ~& ~1l p-ri>'1aAuJ ,,, ~

Tse ~ e -ne.-& ~ ·e.Do\ wind•'nd G.rt~ ,hu,i-
.C,·&"' cJ ir,eJ,',-.a ~.f +o oppoW
!°sh
e"~ o -w<e -r, i.k- ~ ...&Aict +o be
~i ~6-ffk.R C&n-r»f»M"-' ~~
(~) Loti 0 4'""-tnc.- Co-1"1paunol Gt~-h,-
. A t~._-41,.,. io .Ji c», ~e t hu11l- ,8;J}c>I "''"" '<I
I-' Cmne~ ·,,, p~-.«l\e.D D.(.YOtS ~ ~e-i,~
[o,., binA+.-...... ~ -+ke, ~u. e,;
&cit wi ..c( ,·,..a 011ol -IRt_
0-Yn,.r..-h:A.Ye W ind j fl a i.,_ u to~ Do,\ "- ~ .t h~11(• Co:,,,.pw,,,j
?j""'M+a-t,
{il O~l-- po~eY:V!a ..
-t (ii) Po~et 4a~+..t i.,
V lo~ O\'YtnA~Ye. : E=3IA
- ~iiJ r--..:
I,~
- o~) TA = TL +rs 1i
(\/) :r,~ ~ ~
R.s1,
('Ii) ~ - "
1-. fl-. -lie IZ(e :o -
F~: V-+ r~ R" +14fcc.
'<J .: V-+ I .. (~... +r,~)
(b) S' ho-,<- Sh.."\- Comf"IA""' G.~-hl" ·: T".: ls~
8n ~•St -f-Re S hunl- -8,&~ Wil"Jina t..\ lonr,~~c:f in
pt:.Y411& t.,J i ~ ~e °'ym a½-TAtt t.Nil\dina ~ t I an~ ~i.t
pc. y1, 11-eQ Com bi .,..,+;6Yl IA Gmne..+.!cl in ~e,,,;~ w i~ ~
se,y;~ -&'~°' Wit\.f itt • (i ') C?"'-.J.pc.J-- powtr: \J!:t..
R(& l &.. (ii) PowlY fl&t,~ ;,,
l~ U T
~----.-----1 A 'lM"--hAYe : ~ ...i."-
-t {i,"i) :r-. : ! ch +.Ise. I ,c. =1L •
V (iv') 7A: XL-+!,>, l', .. ~ Vn•/R.sJ,
- (v) Vi~: V + I'sc. Rs~
Reh
~; 1 tr~ -1A e6' -f sc. e,c - "; o '
Ga : V-,. ,!-. R"' + 1'Sc R,e
Losses and ¬icieny De Grenenr
The
elticieneg oa
mackine u Re i o
De
R e oupi to +Re inpuk
Egiiena ) Owt pu
Tnpw
The ole amoun o inpu eneratoa D
mahine is no available a Re ouwp becne
RVarios Lossesking place in R
makine dunng Re prote elechomeenicak
eneran Convevsim,
Tn pul- =
Owkput + Losseg

The
The loeseskkes place in a De makine ave
1. Copper LoSses
2. Iron locs eT) Core Loes T) Magnetic Loss
osS
3. Meanical Loss
4.Copper Lots
The lossaking plae dueo+Re Cvre
PeowingRrngR +Re windingl wRick u mede ot
Copper) ü Called as
Coppe Loss.
(a) Armature Coppe Lots -
22Ra
(b) Shunte pield Gppe hoss -

ISK Rsh
(e Senes bield Coppey Lots Ise Rse

2. Ton Loss (or) Maqn etie hoss

Cove Loss CoT)

oss and Eldy

These otses un clude Hteresis
Current ots
to Re o t i m t tR iron Cove
These a e due
4Re aYmeture in Re maqne tie un R
aimost Constant.
ild poles. These losses a r e
a)Hysteresis Loss (wR)
Thisdueto +Re Teversel magnetisaim
i
R e armature Core. Evem portion +Re tatinga
Core Passes Unde NS pole alternately, Rere
+Rereb
ataining S&N Polanty reApechively. The Core
Under goes One Com plee Cyle maagnehie nevetal
alter passing Under one pair poles
WR ) Man

(b) Eddy Currea Loss We)

when armature Core wtates, &uts +R
maqnetie eun. Henu an EmF u induced tRe in
Causes a Cuvren-to
bod
body Re Core, wRiR
Civculee in Re body o Re Core, wRik i Caled
as +Re eddy Curreat. Te oss due to R eo
+Ris Current u Called as eddy Cuweat los,
we k Bnan watts

3. Mechanizal Loss
(a)ieim Lo SS These Losses ave
(b Windage Loss amos Constan

Stray o s

The manetie and mecRanical Losses

loss.
tone+Rer ave Called aa
St
Maqnehic Loss Meamical Loss
Stray Lo tS :
 9.

Cons tant Loss

For Shun and Campound macRine heve Re
tield Current u Congthant, Re Shunte freld
Coppe ocs alko Constant
i
Thus +Re Stmy oss along wiR Shunt ield
Copper ots u Called as Con ctan or Stareling
Lots.
Constant loss 7
CoT)
Stmy Loss+ Shunt ield Goppe
Standing Loss Loss

Variabe Lots
As he load increases, +Re avmature Cune
Vanes. The aYmature Current
dependen
on R Load. Se Re aYmature Copper lots
Variea wi 4 Ra load. +Re avmanre Copper
los a Called aa Vanable Dos
Vanahe Loss A AYmatue Coppe Loss

T o t Loss = Cong tant Loss Vaiae Loss

To + LosS =
We+T Ra
Power S+ag a o DC GeneratoT
Various power S+ages a a De Gienetor are

A B

Mechanicl Electic Pouer| Eleetic

Powerinp Derelope
in Armatwre
Power
Oukpuk
Owpul | EgTa t
Driving gin =VI wats

r o n and
Copper
ichion Losses Loses
1. Mechonica e bgiiency
: Power dereloped in Armetur
Mehenical power inpu

2. Elechical EBiciene
Electie Power Outpuk
De in Avmatwre
VI

Power Devedopedl EaLa

3. Overa ERicieney or Commerciad Eiieny

De Glechic Poner kput

Mehaniak pewer inpuk
e m * Ne
I Genern

. Pow x ioo
Pin
Pin Pouk + Lossa
Pouk
. Pouk+Losse
Condition for Monimum Eiiency in D Generatr
Sn a DL Generator
Generetor Onk pu : VIL

Ta: TL+ Ish Tsh u Veny Amal k Can be

neglached
Gienerator Output VI
Genemtor Tnp Oukpuk+ LoEse
Losses : Vana Docs +Congtan Aoss

IRa
Constont o ss Shunt Co ppey ots + Stray Lots

Gheneatr Enpu Op+ Losse8

: VI + IRa+ We

.
. icien ): Outpak V2
Tnpa VI+Ra+We
On diin numemtor and denomi notbr bVI

V+T*RA+We +R+
Vi
Shodd be
or Eicieny to be mani mum, denomintor minimum
b y Manima. Minima Theorem,

o+
 W
VT

We
NT2
Ra We

TRa We
Vanake Lots : Constane Los
Ghenerator eltiieney iu manimum wRen T Ra : We
u Vaia loss u esnalto Consenl-s .

The Load Curea Correspon.cding to marimum ekticieng

à given
IRa : We
T We
Ra
.T
Ra
 Characte istics o a De Generator
The working behaviour o a De gentntov
d
Under ei eren Conelitions are Svolied ane
Re 7aph (o7) CurveaehiLitim +Re intervekton
are
between Vaiens Conditions (or) quanti ies
Called a Reracentic Curves
a p i cRaraeteuhie
Tpical a Dc o are
No Load
aentahot
Open Cirai (or
Ci Magmtisaion (6T)
cRameteis-is
ii) Jnternk os Tol Reventi
(ii) Ent+ernel (oT) Load (oT) Perprmanu uves
Ci Magnitisetion Raracteritis - E Vs I
shows Re relation betwesn Re EMF
SE Load and R
in +Re ameuve a no
geneateol
ieleCurenl ek a given ined Spee

Cii) Intevnal Chameteristis E Vs Ta

-

lationship behween Re
SE aives Re Te
avnmatwre ater
EMFE acmally inelncecl in Re
allowing bor +Redemagneising ebe Canvear
aYmatare Teaeion anel
eaTma t r

Vs TL
Gii) EnteYna kameteiis V behween Re
Re relationship
JE ivs Re Load Current TL
tevminelR Voltage V and
 Chametoichs a Sel enuted De Generehor
3 Peint
A Starer

T
2.20V R
De SI
Supp'y
i

Open Cireit ov
No Load or Magnetindion cher.
keapRe Buith S2 in open. Close s| and make
motoro run a mted Speed by Vaing Ri. So
+Re aeneratot alo uns ak Re Tated Speedl
N o hen+Re tiekd Current T = o, a small
Value Vae u 2eneahed Called residunl
Vae CR) dus to Re propery d residel
magneism
(sa)
Now Re sPT à dosed and Supply 4
2iven to
reld winding
Now Navging R2 R Bield enittion
Varied and Corresponding VaRuus Veltae
u noted
Eo and
inereme in T4
4 dT EoT
Eo nereases
>The ineveme in Go 4 | +Re Satumion poinl
ater kick Re Core aetsSaturated and
Eo Temains Cmstamt,
 Re Line R ine
Go
oce Curve
GMF

R
A
T Th
To d Re Line
SE ua +angen drawn to Re initia
posiiont Liner porion occ Curve n
e ongin, o meal Re Curve ak +Re point P.

To ind Cntial veaistance CRe)

The Slope AP will aive +R Value o
Critinl Tesishanca Rc.
Le E be Re Vo lHage Corve ponding
o point P and T be Re ield Curvea c poinl- P
Cihical Resistane Re : Eo

Coitica Resisance u Re manimum Velue ot

ield resistante aboVe which R ils
maikine tails
to encite.
 To drw Rg ine
Give Supply to freld uinlig
22 R3 ve Connec a Voltmeter
D
Supp auwiS and an
ammet in Sers uiRit

y Vagin R in Sheps
note down +Re Tendings Vand
Plo Re mph behwean V and Tg. This
gives +Re RG Line
The R Rine ú ntended o mee Re oec al
Point Pa. Je u entended to me Re Y-anis
a point x. *'x: Eo is +Re Tated no load
EME
No
7 No load EMF obained Re poin
weve Re oce and R ine intev sec enkolher.
ind Ciical Spead Ne
To
Take any Valne oield Curen I2 s
point on Re X-anis and etend ik upwavds
J e Cuts Re Re line ak poink A and R line
a poin 8.
C iical Spead Ne BC x N ated
Ac
Ciieal speed u Apead Corvespoin to Citiol
Te sistance
C C itien Apeed ü Re mi nimumApead + R
aenemtoY below uRich Re malkine i l s te eaite,
(ii) Entemal hoaYacterstia. V VsIL
ARer Voltmehe Teads Tated no Load Volge
dote DPST2 and load Re generator and or
each load note down V and TTL
Bu a 4R Doad incveases Reve u a
dop
in Volte due o
Avmature resistane op aRa
ATmatur e Tenctien elrop
N
T Amatwve Tesien dp
AYmuve Tesis ente dop
EtemaR Aar.

(ii) Itevnal chaTacteis tie - E VsLa

gt ia obtained by adding Ta Ra dap
o R e etevna haractershies
EV+ Da Ra

T , t e n d heratithiu

Entena chavecheitties

T
characte isties oa De Generator
The working behaviouY ofa De qentntov
Under eerent Coneliions are uolied and
Re a7aph (oT) Curves eshibiti Re intervektion
between Varions Condiions (ov) uaniies are
Called as CRaraLeiie Curves
Thpica cRaraelenihie De aeneeot are
Ci Manhsaion (6T) Open Cirni (or No Load
i) Sntern& o Toal heraeei i cRemeteiis
Cii) Enterne (oT) Load (or) Perppmanu Curves
Ci Magnitisetion Raracteritics - Eo Vs
EmF
SE shows Rerelation between e
Load and Re
generateol in +Re avmeture a no
Giele CaTenl ck a qwenned Speed

ii Irtevnal Chameteisties E Vs T
9Eives Re Telakionghip behwep R
EMF E atnally inelncedl in 4Re avmahure alter
efoek
allowing or Re demag neisingarma tur Carvenk Da
aYmatrure Teation and Re

Vs TL
Gi) EnteYnal Kaneteiis- V
behwean Re
JE ives Re relationship
texminalR Votage V anedRe Load Current TL
charateristhis aSepamtely nuted De Generbr
iNo Load Saturatiam Cuve Eo Vs T
SauraHon
A G l e .

Vrated
De T
Supey Rsh

8ebeurehien
6o

Fg 4*
The ield
u enited a em
Sepemte Supply
and Re Supply Vo Itage à Veried bya Theosm
Jnitiolly +Re made to u n a dk
aentrater u
moveY
ted Apeed by aing Re prime
Now +Re R a Varie aned tRe ammet ard
Voltmeter Tecdings ave noted
Ammet IR Voltmete Eo
The R a adjusted UnilRe Eo Tenekes
k t e d terminek Vo ltge
As T increnses ¬o also incvesses Unil

Core Satumted and after Satuahion e

polesRe Curve becomes Cansant
 charnetorchics
i) Ltevnal and EnternaR
Theield Thestak á adjus ed Unil Re
no ond EME Te«cRes Re Value o ted
tevmin& Vo ltage
Now +Re ield Cuwent u kept Constant
aRis Value
Now Re qenestor u Londed and Re temind
Hee u obined
No Hage
Vo mRe Voltmet
The trminal vol+efe St«rts doping Re
Load incvesses

AYmamre
Reetien Dup E V + . Ra
Avme r e
Enhena Resiaane Dop
Ra)
V)
IA
(a Armanve Reaction Daup
The distance bereen Curve O A ak eve poin
Locdinm Conditim aives avmatwe Temien dnp
Due o avmatuwve Tenahon R un á reduad So
+Re induud Emp u aks reduced
(b Armatmre Rsishanu Dup ( Ta Ra Drop)
A s +Re Loed ineveates, Re Loed Curent TL ineren
Rence Da, aluo ireveases So +Ri 2.R« dp inevo
V : ¬ DaRa As TaR incremes +Re Valuu otv
deerenes at R loadsd Condi tim.
characte ristics oa De Generator
The woTking behaviour ofa De 2enentor
Under i eren Coneliions are olied aned
+Re 7Aph (oT) Curves ehibitim +Re intervekton
betwee Varions Condiions (oT) uaniies are

Called as CRaracetic Curves

Tpial
p i cRaraeteihie a De aeneot ave
No Load
ci Magitisation (or) Open Ciruit (or)
cemeteisis
i) Sntene o Totl chevmteit
Cii) nternd (oT) Load (ov) Pezfprmana Cuves
Magnitisetion Aayecteitis Eo Vs
Vs 9
Ci
-

EMF
e shows Re relation betwesn Re
aYmeure a n o oad and +R
enerteedl +Re in
riel Currenl ek a aivenned Spee

i i Itenal CRameterstia E Vs T
SEives Re Telaionship betwepn Re
EMFE atually inelnced in Re aymathuve alter
allowing or +Re demag netising ebe Gurren- Da
aYmature Teaion and Rearma tur

V« IL
CGii) EnteYnal ckeveeteitiu- V
betweenRe
JEives Re relahionship
Current TL
texminak Voltage V and Re Load
 Characteris tiu a Series Grenerntor
w
s e Rse
TL

Ci EateTna cRavectenstiu - V v IL
>Only when Re loed increms
Re Load Currek IL
inc rees
Ta : L: Tse Tse clhot
A s Re Curren +Rrng
+Re Aeies fild
JL
uinding
Tse incveases Re
increes So EME ineveMe4
S o we gek a mising characteistiu, decremes
in Voltae due to avmatuve Teautiom dwp u
neible nealiie as lomp4Yed to incveme in EMF

i) Intemal Chevacdteistiu
-
E VsTL
Thema chev.
S obsinecl b
TARA+
TatRe+ Rie) adding Ta( Ra+Rse)
dp o entemmR
Enternad
Phar. chameteisthiu.
 Characte nsties oa De Generator
The working behaviour of a De genentor
Under li erenlt Conelitions are Stuelied and
Rea7ph (ov) CuveehiLitim +Re inter yektion
betwe Vanous Condiions (or) quanti ies are
Called a CRavaceitic Curves
THpica cRaraeteiuhie a « De genet are
Ci Magmtisation (or) Open Civni (or) No Load
i) Jntern o Tohhevatetis cRemeteisis
iii) Enhernel (pT) Load (oT) Pezpmanu Luwes
i Magnitis=tion Raneteritis Eo Vs
Seshows Re relation between Re EMF
2eneatel in +Re armetuve a n o Load and R
iele Curen eka qhenned Spee

Ci) Irtevna Chamereristics - E Ys Ta

9Eives Re Telationthip behresn Re
EMF acmally inoluceol in +Re aYmatwre alher
allowing for Re demag ne ising ebes
aYmatuve Tenion and e arma thr Curreat a

Gi) Enternal ckeneteihs- V N TL

Re relationship beween Re
JE rives
Currenk I
teminel Volthage V and +Re Load
 Charaeterisia a Compownd Genbedor
oVer Compound
Camuive
l a Compound
Compounel
Uneler Capaund Gene

Diereil Cmpaund
Greneator

( Cumuleive henerathr
S Seies hiedd aids shMnt hied k u Calld
as Cumulative Compond qenermtor. Clea hied as
(aOve Compound
Rated Vole a load à 2reate Ran load
no
Yolme
Cb Undey Compowndl
Rated Voltage a loadl u en Ran no oa Voleje

Ce) Elat Campound

Rated Voltaye ak load Reted no load VolHge
(2 Dierenia enpoune
3& Leies field vield *
oppose Shunt
Called diherntia Campeune aenemor
EMF Equatim DC Gieneator Solved Probems tho1
-

Pro blen 1
A 4 Pole wave wound De
2eneator Ras
So Slots ond 24 onduchr | slot, The un ]peeu
lo mwb. Detemine R EmF inducad in Re aYmewre,
i it u otaing al-a Apeed boo pm.
Solution
Given datn
Numbe Poles =P4
wave wound De Gemerahr :. No. s Parelle peR A :2
No. Slots = So
Condactor pe Slot: 24
To no. Candmehrs 2
: Candueors No.Ches
Slo
z 24 * 5o : 200
lu pe pde d: lo mub: lo Xl wb
SpeLd N boo pm

Indncad EMF
E N Z x P
bo A

E lo XIx 1200 x boo (

bo

E 240 Volts
Pro bem 2
An 8 pole De 2enerntor Res Soo avmature
CondnetoYS and a f un use
D.os of ublpole
whet ill Le +Re EMF aenented i t a ap
Connected and runs ak 1900 pm. wRat mu be
ReApeael a wRi u RatoLbe diven to
Produce +Re Åame EMF u, ik u wave wune?
Soluiom
Given Data:
when Lap Comneete,
No. o Poles P 8
No. Parelle pa+Rs A P 8
Z: Soo oOS ub N 1200 pm E:?

Inducd EMF E pNzx

O DS X Soo X1200
6o

E Soo Vo lts

when wAve Canneted, A:2

Spead r Same EME
E NZ x

E xbo xA E xbo xA
N N :
czP c zP
Speed N Soo x bo X2
O.OS x Soo x 8

Spead 3o0 pn
EMF Eqation DC Genemtor - Solved Probems # 02
Poro bl em 4
A 4 pole D qenermtor
ak 7So pm runs
and genermtes an EMF 240V. The wmatAre
wave wounel and Ka 142 Conduetors. 34 Re
ota u n prom eatR pole is o-ol4s ub, hk
+Re aakage Co bicient
Soluhn:
Given Data
No.Ples P= 4 Speed N: 7So pm E-240v
Z: 792 wave
waund A 2 p 0 . o l 4 swb
Lealcoe Co eieie TotR Pun/pole
Usel Reun /pole
Griven tRt, Tota Reun pole o.o14s wb
Usefl/pole Can be Calcalated from
E N2 *
Ex6o xA =¢ 4 : E xbo xA
NZ P N Z PP

240 x bo x 2
7So x 792 x 4

O O12)2 b

Osef Apode 4 : OO12/2 wb

a : Totl n pole
Leakage Coelficienk Usel Bun pole
O014S
O1212
 Proben 2
The armatre
a b pole D aenermtor
Resa wave winding Contining bSo Conduetovs.
Calcwlate Re
+Re aenemted EMF when tRe n per
Pole 0. oss wb, and Re Apead u 300 2pm.
Calcalals ReApeed ak wkith Re avmatare
muat be diven to aeneste an EMF SSov
Rettan pe pole u reduted o 0-oS wb
Giiven Datn:
(o No. Poles6 wave ind ing. A 2
Z: 6So
-0-0-0 do= o. o ss ub N:3oopm
wRen E sso V o-os5 wb, Speed i?

(E4NZ P O.osS x So x 3oo

60

E S 36-25 V

NP

EE xbo xA
NP
Coo x bo x 2
:
N
0.oS x bso x 6

N 4 333.46 pm
Prole em 3
A
dynamo Ras a Tated armature Currenk
a whak u Re Curent per pah G
2So A.
+Re avmature Re armature winding ia
ap or wave Conne cted. The machine a
12 poles.

Solution
Given Data: Ia : 2So A P 2
(a Lap Cm nected
No.
parnllul patR A: P : 12
Curren per parllel pat Ta : 250
A
Curren per parmllel pat 20.8 33 A

(b Wave Cannecte
No. Parallek paR A =2
Curenk pe pellel pak d =
20 12sA
THpes o De Genemor Sved Po oms #o1
Problen 4
A 2SoV, lo kw Separately
entited D
aenerator has an in duced EMF 2 ss Volt
ak full 2oad. 3R Re brush dop à 2v
per
per bsh, Calculate Re armature Tesistanca
Re aenemtor.
Given Dat: T
V 2So V
TL
P: lo kw = lo X1o w V

EMF F 2s5 v
Buh drop 2v/Bush
There will be mi nimum 25S
two bushes L
'Tot bmch drop = 2 x2 =4V
Armature Resistante Raa ?

Outpu Power
P: V TL
P V. Ta L Ta Iu]
3
Ta : loX
2So
40 A
or a Sepamh enuted De Genemtor,
E V+Ta Ra + Bush dmp
E-V-2aRa Bshdp =o
E V - Bsh dp Ta Ra
:

Ra E -V-Bush dop 255- 2So-

Ta 40
R O02S
Prvblem 2
A De Series ene tatr kas an Ra: D: S
and Rse =o.o3 A. t drives a Road e soA.
JE Ras s/ Coil and total S4o Coils on
+Re aTmature and u diven ak
ISoo pm
pn.
Cal cu late Re tevminal Vo ltage ak Load.
Assume +pole lap p e winding Flun
per pole is 2 mub and totR bush dwp: 2V,
Given Data
Armature Resis tance Ra : o S
SeieKeld Resistante Rse : 0.03
TL:So A N Soo pm
P4 Lap indling: A P:4
Tohbrush dop 2V
-3
u n pe pole d : 2 mwb : 2Xio wb
No. urns /Coil1 6
No. ils : S4+

se No. Conductors 2x No.

urns
Z 2 xT
Ta '.No. turns : No.suvws
Coil
Ras
x No. i l s
6 x S4o
No.tums 32
Z 2xi = 2 * 324o
Z648o
For De Serics qentater,
V+
V+TalRa +Rse)+ Bush drop
V Fa-Ta (Ra +Rse) Bush doop
Indnced EMF
E NZ
bo
2x1Xx 6480 xISoo x
bo
2324v
For Seres Tu: So A
qenemBor, Ia
.Teminal Volt»me is
V 5a- Ta Ra+ Rse) - B s h d p
V 324 SooS+ D.03) - 2
29s. S Vol
Types of De Gieneraot - Solved Pro blems # o2
Problem 1
A 4 Pole Dc Shunt qenemtor wiha
Shunt ield Te sistanu o loo and armature
Te sistance o 1A Kas 318 wave Connec ted
Con ductors in i armatuve. The Paa per pole
is O. 02 wb. J a loael Te sistance lo
Connected across he armature ermina
and e qenertor u diven at ioo o pm,
Calculate Re poweT absrbed by Re Load.
Gtiven Data:
No. poles P= 44 Tsh
R Rsh loo n Ia
Ra : 1n

Z 318
wave Connected: A: 2 Rsh
O.02 wb
RL lo
N looo pm

ATmatYe Curven
Ta : IL +Tsh

Ta Reh
R

oD

Ja O.1)
Gieneahed EMF

Ea NZ
60
x P. o02 x378 x lo00 x 4:

bo
Ea 252 Volts
Termi na Voltage u
V E-
T Ra
V 2Ss -0 ll Vxl
V : 25S - o.llV

V+o.1V 2 5 S
V 255
Y 2SS

V 227 Vole

Load Current i
TL 227 22.7 A
RL
Power ab&or bed by Road
P: V. TL
P 227 x 22.7
P SIS3 watts
Problem 2
A
A
Curen o
Lon 200
Long Shun
A
Dc
o
load
qenerator deli veys
SooV, The Tesistanc o
a

aTmature, Sei es and Shunt eld are 0.03

0.0IS and I5o A, Calculate +he EMF induced
in Re armature. Allos a brush Contace drop ot
per brush,
Gven Data: Tsh Ise T
Load urrenk TL: 200 A Rse
V SooV

RA O 03 RA
Rse 0IS -n
Rsh
Rsh ISo
Brush doop I V l Brh
T o t beh d2op : 2*
2V

For Lons Shunt genemtor

Ta IL+Ish
TL V
Rsh

La 2 oo t Soo
ISO

Ta : 2o3. 33A
Generated EMF

E V +Ta Ra +Rsh)+ Brush dp

Ea Soo 203. 33(0.D3 +0.DIS+2
E S).1S Volt
TApes o De Genemtor- Solved Po blems # os
Poblem 1
AShort Shunt DC qenerator delivers a Qoad
Curren o 200 A ak soov,. The Tesi'sance o Re
armatwre, Senes and Shun i d d are oo3 a ,
O. DIS and ISo . Calcula te tRe 5MF incucedl
in Re aYmature, Allow a brsh Contace dopp
o 1v per brush.
Give dlata .
Load Current IL : 20o A
Rse
Ise
V= Soo v
Ish
Ra: 0.03
Rse : 0.0IS
Rsh: So Rsh
Brush doop I v/8rush
T o t brash drop: 2V
For Short Shunt DL henemtor
Ise IL : 2oo A
Ta IL + Zsh

Tsh Vsh_ Generated EMF

Rsh V + Ta Ra + Tse Rse
E
bw Vsh : V +Zse Rse +bmchdoop
Vsh = Soo+ 2oo x O.0IS Ea SOo 203.3S3 *0-03
Veh = So3 V +200 x O.oIS t+2

No, Ta : IL + Tsh
I L + Vsh
Rsh
2o0
2o0So3
Iso
Ta 203 3s3 A
Pav blem 2
A 20 kw, 200V DC shun aenertor hs
an armaure ond tield re sistance o 0.os
and ISon TepecHvely. Determine Re o t
power devekoped in Re armature.
Given oata:
P: 20 kw: 2o x i ww
V 2oo V

Ra: Oosn Rsh So

Power developed in armare Pa ?
Pa: Ea Ta V+ Ta Ra
Da: T Ish
3
TL
a/s 20 X1o
200
looA

Tsh V 200 3 3 A
Rsh ISo
I a : TL + Ish
Ta : Ioo 3 3 3

Ta lol 33 A
Ea V + Ta Ra : 200 + lo1.33 x D.oS
v
E 20 S. 0665
Power developed in atmatre
Pa Ea: Ta
Pa 2b S. obbSx ldl 33

Pa: 20 779. 388 w

THpes o De Gentrator Solvedl Pao blems # o
Pro blem 1
The Tesistance o he hield Cirui o
Shunt enited De generator u 200 , The
Ourpul oRe geneTator u lookw, Re terminak
Vol tageu SooV and tRe enereted EMF à S25v,
Calcu late a)e armature Tesistanu b) Re
Value o genemhed EMF Wen Re Ot pu o
bo kw, i +Re termina Voltage à S2oV.
Given data
3
Rsh20on Power P: loo kW loo xID W
V SooV E: S25s
)Avmatare Resistana Ra: 2 Ea V+ Ta Ra
3
TL looX1D 200 A
Soo

Ish V Soo 2.5A

Rsh 200

Ta: TL+Tsh 200+2.S 2o2.S A

Ra 52- S2S-So O:1234
202S
(b Ea: ? Ran Pover P: bo kw, Y : S20V
IL P: bo XIDuS. 3846 A Tsh :
S2e 26A
S20 Rch 2oo
La: TL +Tsh : NS.384b + 2.6 17. 846 A

E V+ TaRa : S20 + 17.4846 O.1234

E S34 ssv
Pro blem 2
A 4 pole De Shunk generator wiRa wave
wound armature having 310 Condnetors Ras t
Supply a Load of Soo Lamps ea olo0w ek
2SoV. Allowing lov o r Re Voltage dro p in
Re Conntctingeods between +Re generator
and Re oad and brush dmp o 2.
Calculate Re Speed a wick +Re 2enemior
should be diven. The un per pole u 20 muw
and Ra : O.o5 and Ksh : 6 s ,
Given olata:
No. o poles P 4 wave winding. A: 2
Z: 31o V 25oV 20mwbmub 20 Xiub
Ra: 0 oS Rsh 6Sn To tbrmth dop 2V
Drop in leads lov
Load og Soo amps eack loo w à
P: Soo x loo : Soooow

Soo00 200 A
2So

Tsh V+ Vo lHaAedaop aCos Xeaol : 2So +10. aA

Reh 6s
Ta :TL +Tsh : 200+ 4 : 204A
Grenemted EMF E V+ Ta Ra + Bush drop + lead dnp
E 2So + 204 x0:oS + 2+10
272 2V
bu
NZ x N= 6xbo xA 272.2
P
x6ox. 390
2 0 X1
2
N l46.2 pm
Losses and Efficieno De Genetr- Solved P.en
The armature and ield resstances a
loV, Shun eneTRdor Tunning a &oo pm are
o.12 and Ss Tespectivel. It Supplies 2220
lamps eacR Tated
a l bo , 1oV, Thefrieton and
windage, Core loss
Re machine u eqnl to

Calculate a) Armaure Co pper loss on

410 w,

l l 9oad and Shuntidd CopperAoss

)MeRonicel, Elecic and oVerall eiciencies.

Gven olata:

V lloV N: 8oo pm Ra: O.12- Rsh SS

22 lamps of bow each

bo I320o w
Power Outpul- : P: 220 loss 4low
.

Core loei Stmy =

and Windage lots +

=
iction
Loss
(a Armature Copper
For Shunt genemtoT, Ta : TL +Ish

Tsh :
Rsh SS 2A
Power outpu, P V.IL
TL 32.00 12o A

I a : IL + Ish : 120 + 2 122A

(122)x0.12 786
Armature Copper Loss : Ia'Ra :
2
Loss Ish Rsh : (2) x sS =
220w
Shun ield Copper

11 86 +220 2006 w
To Coppey locs
Total loss = Totl Copper loss Stm los
2006+ 4lo

Totlloss 2416 w

(bE iciendes
Mechanice pouer inpue Power inpuklots
13200 + 2416
I S 616 w
Power developed in avmature: Mecania Sh loses
Inp
ISblb - 410
IS2ob w

Meehanica Eieney )m : Poe developed in armh

Mec. power in pu
m IS206 xI
X100
IS6lb

m47.371.
Elechil Eien e :
lechicalpower Oupu
Pouwer developed in armahwre
e 3200 X1oo
IS206
De8b. 8 1

Overoll ov Commeread Ebicieney Elec ic poue Outpo

MecRanical inpuk
e 3200 x 100: &4 52
Sblb
 osses ond 6iciency DC Generator
Solved Poblems 02
A
A Shun generator Kas a fll Aoad Current o
16 A al 22V. The Stray losses, are 720w and
Re Shuntield Coil Tecistance iu ssa.6
Ras a ull Loed ebticiency oR 88. ind tRe
Value a armature fe sis tance Ka, Also ind Re
Load Curren
Gaiven dato;
Corresponding to manimum
giciend
IL 19b A V 220v
Stray lotS : 72ow Rsh: Ss

To gind Ta
Ish V 4. A
Rsh
TL16 A
Ta TL+Tsh 116 + 4 2oo A

Togind avmature Copper loss A Ra

Power oupuk : V. TL : 220x 116 = 43120 w

Power

E
icienc PoweT Ohpuk
Power Tpu
Power inpsk Power Dukpkk
E iciene
43120e
O88
Poweinpm 49000 w
Tot os :
Inptt Owpu
4900 - 4312

Tot oss S8to

Shuntield Copper Loes : Tsh Reh

C 4 ) x ss
:880w

Constant Loss Stmy loss Shunt ield Ca loss

720
72088o
we l6o0w

ATmatwe Copper oss Tot Qoss Constant oss

: S88o - 16oo
4280

b ATmature Copper Leis T R a

Ra : Armature Coppev loss

Ra: 2 &o
(2o0) 2

Ra : J07
Fo maimum elieiene, Ia" Ra We
Curren a manimu e 8bicienes,
I We 6oo 122 28 A
Ra o-401
 Loss,s ~"" e,&g-;Git,,,, ..
De:. 6,e,,,eT11.-h»y
So\vec-1 'l'?T>b\~. s # o3
Th~ ,6ollow ind "'A'n'\ pe-r4-.,n.s +o ~ Sho-t~ S'nu"~
Compo1And cael?eT~+oT :
'RA.; o,o 4 f<se = o -o.2s..n.
..n. ~"~: 4s..n.
Con+-.,l- d-rvp pe,, b~sh :: 1. v
M~~ e.+it. ~o s.s. : 2 · S: k. w
Me~~,,,·c-..Q )A,~ : I kW
+,·1'1..1 +Re. ~~CA·e-a o ,&. ~ene1Z--lo1" t,1\.,e,, ·J J.e]Ne,1s
400 A M' 4iO " ·
G, ive,.,, oiP- +-.. :
'RA. :. O• o 4-"- ~ s.e = o •o .2 ~ .n. Rs"' : 4-S ..n.
eAnp ~ ~'X\c},
Cot\+..t.l- :: i \J
·.. To+J b~, h cAwp 'Vb : l ><., : 2 V
MAtne+i , _D.o c.s : 2 · S' l<W :. 2 · S Xto"S w
Mtt-i~"icJ ~~s : \ kw : , x 103 ~
]: a.. : C..o o A V : 4,4-0 \J

Du-+p,J- powe Y :. V * I.._ ~ 4-4-0 ~ ff.oo = 176000 w

-Fi:>Y Sho,<. S.hul\l• Co--pOCAI'\~ ~e ... e.,-4'4-e't
I ,h : V~ h :. \/ + Ts~ f se.
R,\, R,h
bcJ. ! s e. : :r c.. : <.,..oo A
: . T sh : V + Ts~ Rte :: 44-0 + 4-00 >< o •0.2~
~,~ ~~

-S h
1' :. lo A
~ ~
.!. tA .: 1' L. -,.. T .t 1,
::. 4-00 + IO
7 1A -:.. 4-1 o A
 '2..
A -Yfl'III-NA-tc. Co pP"' LOU = T"' R.... = (_4,.tb) ,._
'2.
0 . °'t ~ ~7?:!+. ":!

Shu"~ ~&~ ~ ~c.s : r,,;- x. ~,~ :(lo} l-x ifs = ~~o ':

Se-n1..1 ,&ie.12~ Coppt-t Jlos& : T~! Rse :(4,oo)'1x 0 ,02,-:. ~ w

_,__.

B~.r \.\ io ss :. \/ b * :I~ : 2 x 4-1 o = 8' 2 o w

- --
To~\ loc.se,& : AY,,.,~+1,\~~ Copptl' Locs + °'~""~ ,&;eDtA
C.Oppf1 Jo,-' + -&,·.J~
S:e-ries Coppit Roes+
M°'1"•4'·t. .R.o,, + Mec..R"n1'c.J .L,c, +
Q,utS h Q.o,,s
:. To-4-J io tt~ = b 72.4- + t.,..~oo + 4- 00 0 + %2.o + 2 •s x,; t
3
I x.10

Po.,. ..
r ..p* powe,, :. Ot,J,p~ ~ ➔ ~C£e.&
I"'P* Powe,..r : \ 7 booo + \"' ~'+lf-
= I q S~4-4- w~:US C

E f/r• c.,; ,_,. 'a , ~ ow-p~ A, N ,-,, "' , "o

Xn p&J- Powe "I
Y) : I I b oo O X Io O
l°I ~ ~ 4-lt
Y) = ~o '/.
~------- ....
 Lo$Ses a11ol E~e,.i~ _ J)c.. Gt&ie-r..-h,,..
SolVttA P~ ~u,.s # o~
-H ,,I>\ +Re. e,M;c.. e.,c.a o.-\- -&u 11 iout <:1..,i,1 ho-I! L '-"I,
,Bov A 12.oo Kw , boo V, S hu11l- 'de-ri!IPl-lo-r IM•·, -I-Re
+1 \owir\~ e,(~~
'R~ ~ D, oos Jl. 'Kth : bo..n. lc~d, dn,p; l v pe,,t b"Mh
IV\ec.-hAl\ icJ °'"~ i Tor> Qou ~ T~+ed ..Q.o~ = .2.o kW
G11ve.n M~ :
D~p~ pow'-'1 :. tJ..oo l<."1 = 12.oo ~103 w
R~: O· OC>> ..n. R,h: E»o..n. ":. l,oov

BTIA, h °'-rar :. t" pe-r b"\1A,"' :, To4Jl b11Aeh °'4° vb: lV

9"\ec.,hAnicJ + :r...,,..,, !o,s : s~ tHi : 2 o l<W: .2o Jl.to3 w

3
/2.oo x 10 : .2ooo A
600 - --

:. -l. IA : - L
J. + -:J. th : 2 000 +I0 : 2.. 0 10 A

l
Mt~ + !"MM Los£ : 2-o x,o w
-.,....-.---
To ..J ~s. £ :. Coppe, L°' ' -t- Sh.A"~ ~~~I•
1-\-ytt>~+wt.
+ B-ru, ~ L, l -t l"\ec..i " 1:~..,, ~u
To +J !ou :. 20 2-00
1
+ boo o + C.,..o2..o + 2.o )(
3
10

To+ J ~ s.s : ~02 .20

'3
: /2.oo x,o + S"o 2.2o : /2C 'ou ow

E ff,tA 1-fl'cJ ' = D&J--p~ >e. 100 : /2.00 X 10

3
)( IOO :
2n p"'4- 12.s ouo
E~'- t e..-~ ~ h,d Jloo.tA !
14,,.\f JloA421 D~ ._.\ - P : 12..oo x,0.1 = boo X lo.3 w
2. •

· ·. Lo~ -' (My yw ,

· T T"
* h• If J'O'-''-' 'IL =f. : hot:>X 10
3
= 1000A
- A : - C. + !'CI , : looo -t- IO : IO IO A
V 600 ---

: Vb ~ l ~ ; 2 X. 101 0 = 2D2 o W
l ....__. ....
MecR + x~ Lou : 20 l<.w :: 2.o X I O = 20, 000 w
:. To+c.f J2.ou :. S" loo + 600 0 + ,l.o.2o + 2o ooo #u:wJ ---

,. ~ Jo,s = '3:S 12.0 w

,-.._,

I'np J- :. OJ-pc-J-- + iA,s : boo x,o:J t ~l ).2.o : b 3 3 12.o: ;

---.,

'1 '+·7 b 1/.

 Lo~U ~"" e~c.iem ~ -
DC. G.ene.-r~+ot'
~o\'leol Pn ~~ # oS
A I 0., d ~ hCA"l- Co,,,pou"e:4 'o er,e YA-toy t::Ae, \i Ve"f S 0...

~II j,o14,J Cu.n-e.nl- o,&- 8'00 A o.,_( . . ~oov. ~e tl-,ut\l-'

-¼iJ~ 'Tetis~n CQ. tA 100..n. . Jhe vYl~~r,e+it. ~no( '('f)eJ,,A,_,·c.,g
Jl o ,,es ! otn bi ,,eol o. y,e. ePJ"J ~ 12. l'-w . '3 ! 4'?e ~ I\ J o-.o(
e ,&8-;c. ie~~ ~ C"'\~\ J:i ti ) A"Y'r,iA.+t.\ve --r~ t i.t-h:.>tu.
~2. 'I. /

R~ Q"°' Se Ti~ ~e..Dd ~esis.+-.-,u. ~~ ~~ 'R"-: 2. Rs.e

(_ii) L., 0 .....1 C O'Y "'( e.S pOrd j "'3 -h. \'Vl "'- ,c.i"'" l'I e Is&,(.< e,,,~
G, ive.., ~~~ :

IL:. Qoo A V:. ~o•\J ith: too.A. , : q2, '/.

3
MTe-h 'c. -+- N\e~" icd !ocs.-u : .Sf-c, 0-o, s. : 12 kW : 12 Jt~

E * c-i ._'<J : D c.J-pcJ.

xt\ pJ.
po'-'.,,
powd,t

.: '-tnp.J. powe~ : D~ p.J.. powf'f :. 4-0000 0 = t,. '!'iJ!!:

e-.8-fri~ie-,,,, 0 ,,2. ~

To-kl .Dou-a : T"'P~· - D.J-~

: lf-34-182. •6087 - 4-00000

= '34-i82. ·
-- .....,.._v,w
bo8~
"'-"'
~-~

Ish ~ _v_ -
-- S'oo
Rt ~ 100

:I"'- =- 1''- -t T ~Ji ~ ~oo + s :. Bos A

---
To-hJ bua ; A-.m-..~ve t!..oppe,, ~, + S'-'\A"~ ~tDtA
Copr»t .R.ou • S.e-rie& .&; d~ 6>p~ .Lu+
Mo..r,e.+i, .D.o" t t\'\ecl""i~ .Lou
~ 1 3
3+182 •bo& 7 = 'I,?-,~ + Tth Rs.h + Tse Rse ;- t2x10
~ 4 ;!2 -608; = (8 os-)lx. R" + (.c) 1 x ,oo + (tos)l.)(. R~e
+ 12.ooo
3' 41&2 , l:,08 i (&o~) l. ( R4'- + R,e) ;- ILt,-~oo
:
3't+-;a 2. • b087:. (a- o~) 2 ( 2 Rse. + R,e) -t- 14-~oo [ ·.· ~ :. 2.~
'llt782. , bo& i : (..ao$) 2.><- :! R.se t \y.. Soo
3 ~18 2 . boi 7 - 14,.~oo = I~ 4-4-0,; R,e
Rse. -::. 3 't-182 · boe 7 - /f+-Soo
I ~ t.,..4-07 S'
R,e : 0 , 0104-3 ..n..

b.J- RA :. 2 • Rs~
~ 2 ,c. 0 · 01043
.: R... : 0-02.0~..I\.

Co~,+-"l-- ~,l w, :: ~.,-~ l.oc.s + Sh-..~t: ~·JD( c."' \0,1

: I~ JC 103 + (~) 1 >t 10 o
We. = If+. ~~o ~
TL ...k- M._'ll ini~ c.,"~ = j:;t;:. =Jli.,.S:oo : &3"3 -7.?A
RA.. o · o.zoa& ~ • -

= V ~ :r._ A-\- ,,.,~~

~ ~00 )( &-:s-:s. 73
: ,.,. ,, ' ' ~ yJ
~ 4-tf>.
..,. • •w
a,r 11.v-1
r ,,._,.........