EMERGING TRENDS Introduction: Emerging trends are the state-of-the-art technologies, which gain popularity and set a new trend among users. some emerging trends that will make a huge impact (in the future) on digital economy and interaction in digital societies. 1. Artificial Intelligence (AI): ▪ Artificial Intelligence endeavors to simulate the natural intelligence of human beings into machines, thus making them behave intelligently. ▪ An intelligent machine is supposed to imitate some of the cognitive functions of humans like learning, decision making and problem solving. ▪ Examples: The intelligent digital personal assistants like Siri, Google Now, Cortana, Alexa are all powered by AI.
2. What is a Knowledge base:
A knowledge base is a store of information consisting of facts, assumptions and rules which an AI system can use for decision making.
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3. Machine Learning: ▪ Machine Learning is a subsystem of Artificial Intelligence, wherein computers have the ability to learn from data. ▪ It comprises algorithms that use data to learn on their own and make predictions. ▪ These algorithms called models. ▪ These models are first trained and tested using a training data and testing data, after that they are used to make predictions about new and unknown data.
4. What is Natural Language Processing (NLP):
▪ It deals with the interaction between human and computers using human spoken languages, such as Hindi, English, etc. ▪ An NLP system can perform text-to speech and speech- to-text conversion. ▪ Machine translation is a rapidly emerging field where machines are already able to translate texts from one language to another with fair amount of correctness. ▪ Another emerging application area is automated customer service where a computer software can interact with customers to serve their queries or complaints.
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5. What is Immersive Experiences? ▪ Immersive experiences allow us to visualize, feel and react by stimulating our senses. ▪ It enhances our interaction and involvement, making them more realistic and engaging. ▪ Immersive experiences have been used in the field of training, such as driving simulators, flight simulator etc. ▪ Immersive experience can be achieved using virtual reality and augmented reality.
A)What is virtual Reality?
▪ Virtual Reality (VR) is a three-dimensional, computer- generated situation that simulates the real world. ▪ The user can interact with and explore that environment by getting immersed in it while interacting with the objects and other actions of the user. ▪ At present, it is achieved with the help of VR Headsets. ▪ Its application in military training, medical procedures, entertainment, social science and psychology, engineering and other areas where simulation is needed for a better understanding and learning.
b) Augmented Reality: ▪ The superimposition of computer generated perceptual information over the existing physical surroundings is called as Augmented Reality (AR).
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▪ It adds components of the digital world to the physical world, along with the associated tactile and other sensory requirements, thereby making the environment interactive and digitally manipulable. Note: Unlike Virtual Reality, the Augmented Reality does not create something new, it just alters or augments the perception of the underlying physical world through additional information.
6. Robotics: Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of technology requiring applications of mechanical engineering, electronics, and computer science, among others. Robotics is primarily concerned with the design, fabrication, operation, and application of robots.
7. ROBOT: ▪ A robot is basically a machine capable of carrying out one or more tasks automatically with accuracy and precision. ▪ it can follow the instructions given through computer programs ▪ Sensors are one of the prime components of a robot. ▪ Robot can be of many types, such as wheeled robots, legged robots, manipulators and humanoids. ▪ Robots that resemble humans are known as humanoids.
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8. Application of Robot: ▪ Robots are being used in industries, medical science, bionics, scientific research, military, etc. ▪ NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission is a robotic space mission to study about the planet Mars. ▪ Sophia is a humanoid that uses artificial intelligence, visual data processing, facial recognition and also imitates human gestures and facial expressions. ▪ A drone is an unmanned aircraft which can be remotely controlled or can fly autonomously through software- controlled flight plans in their embedded systems, working in conjunction with onboard sensors and GPS.
9. BIG DATA: ▪ With technology making an inroad into almost every sphere of our lives, This results in the generation of data sets of enormous volume and complexity called Big Data. ▪ Big Data not only represents voluminous data, it also involves various challenges like integration, storage, analysis, searching, processing, transfer, querying and visualization of such data. ▪ Big data sometimes hold rich information and knowledge which is of high business value, and therefore there is a keen effort in developing software and methods to process and analyses big data.
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10. Characteristics of Big Data: Big data exhibits following five characteristics. A) Volume: The most prominent characteristic of big data is its enormous size. If a particular dataset is of such large size that it is difficult to process it with traditional DBMS tools, it can be termed as big data.
(B) Velocity: It represents the rate at which the data under
consideration are being generated and stored. Big data has an exponentially higher rate of generation than traditional data sets.
(C) Variety: It asserts that a dataset has varied data, such as
structured, semi-structured and unstructured data. Some examples are text, images, videos, web-pages and so on.
(D) Veracity: Veracity refers to the trustworthiness of the
data because processing such incorrect data can give wrong results or mislead the interpretations.
(E) Value: Big data is not only just a big pile of data, but also possess to have hidden patterns and useful knowledge which can be of high business value.
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11. Data Analytics Data analytics is the process of examining data sets in order to draw conclusions about the information they contain, with the aid of specialized systems and software.” Uses: ▪ Commercial industries: To enable organizations to make more informed business decisions. ▪ Science and technology: It can be useful for researchers to verify or disprove scientific models, theories and hypotheses.
12. Internet of Things (IoT):
▪ The ‘Internet of Things’ is a network of devices that have an embedded hardware and software to communicate (connect and exchange data) with other devices on the same network. ▪ For example, if a microwave oven, an air conditioner, door lock, CCTV camera or other such devices are enabled to connect to the Internet, we can access and remotely control them on-the-go using our smartphone. ▪ Internet of Things offers farmers to access detailed knowledge and valuable information of their soil condition. ▪ The Internet of things can play an important role in the management of road traffic in large cities.
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13. Web of Things(WoT): Web of Things (WoT) allows use of web services to connect anything in the physical world, besides human identities on web. It will pave way for creating smart homes, smart offices, smart cities and so on. 14. Sensors: ▪ A smart sensor is a device that takes input from the physical environment and uses built-in computing resources to perform predefined functions upon detection of specific input and then process data before passing it on. ▪ This is possible with the help of two sensors, namely accelerometer and gyroscope (gyro). ▪ The accelerometer sensor in the mobile phones detects the orientation of the phone. The Gyroscope sensors, tracks rotation or twist of your hand and add to the information supplied by the accelerometer.
15. SMART CITIES :
▪ The smart city makes use of computer and communication
technology along with IoT to manage and distribute resources efficiently. ▪ Every sphere of life in a city like transportation systems, power plants, water supply networks, waste management, law enforcement, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals and other community, Smart city services work in
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unison to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services. Example:
▪ The buildings of Smart City use sensors to detect
earthquake tremors and then warn nearby buildings so that they can prepare themselves accordingly. ▪ The bridge of Smart City uses wireless sensors to detect any loose bolt, cable or crack. It alerts concerned authorities through SMS. ▪ The smart tunnel also uses wireless sensors to detect any leakage or congestion in the tunnel.
16. Cloud Computing:
▪ Cloud computing is an emerging trend in the field of
information technology, where computer-based services are delivered over the Internet or the cloud, and it is accessible to the user from anywhere using any device. ▪ The services comprise software, hardware (servers), databases, storage, etc. ▪ These resources are provided by companies called cloud service providers and usually charge on a pay per use basis, like the way we pay for electricity usage. ▪ Example: To store our photos and files in google drive/google photos.
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Advantages: ▪ cloud computing offers cost-effective, on-demand resources ▪ . A user can avail need-based resources from the cloud at a very reasonable cost.
17. CLOUD SERVICES :
A “service” corresponds to any facility provided by the cloud.
There are three standard models to categorise different computing services. These are a. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) : The IaaS providers can offer different kinds of computing infrastructure, such as servers, virtual machines (VM), storage and backup facility, network components, operating systems or any other hardware or software.
b. Platform as a Service (PaaS) : PaaS provides a platform or
environment to develop, test, and deliver software applications. To run Python and MySQL online, we can avail a pre-configured Apache server from cloud having MySQL and Python pre- installed. In PaaS, the user has complete control over the deployed application and its configuration.
c. Software as a Service (SaaS) : SaaS provides on-demand
access to application software, usually requiring a licensing or subscription by the user. While using Google Doc, Microsoft Office 365, Drop Box, etc., to edit a document online, we use
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SaaS from cloud. Government of India has embarked upon an ambitious initiative — “GI Cloud” which has been named as ‘MeghRaj’ (https:// cloud.gov.in).
18. GRID COMPUTING :
A grid is a computer network of geographically dispersed and
heterogeneous computational resources. Unlike cloud, whose primary focus is to provide services, a grid is more application specific and creates a sense of a virtual supercomputer with an enormous processing power and storage. Grid can be of two types— 1. Data grid : used to manage large and distributed data having required multi-user access 2. CPU or Processor grid : where processing is moved from one PC to another as needed or a large task is divided into subtasks.
19. What is the difference between Grid computing and
IaaS cloud service?
In IaaS cloud service, there is a service provider who rents the
required infrastructure to the users. Whereas in grid computing, multiple computing nodes join together to solve a common computational problem.
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20. Differentiate between cloud computing and grid computing with suitable examples.
Cloud Computing Grid Computing
It follows Client Server It follows Distributed Computing
Architecture Architecture
More flexible Less flexible
User has to pay for the services User does not pay anything after the he/she is using. setup.
Resources are managed centrally Resources are not managed centrally
in Cloud Computing in Cloud Computing
21. How to Set up a grid?
connecting numerous nodes in terms of data as well as CPU, a middleware is required to implement the distributed processor architecture. The Globus toolkit (http://toolkit.globus.org/toolkit) is one such software toolkit used for building grids, and it is open source. It includes software for security, resource management, data management, communication, fault detection, etc.
. 21. BLOCK CHAINS :
▪ The blockchain technology works on the concept of decentralized and shared database where each computer has a copy of the database.
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▪ A block can be thought as a secured chunk of data or valid transaction. ▪ Each block has some data called its header, which is visible to every other node, while only the owner has access to the private data of the block. Such blocks form a chain called blockchain. ▪ .
22. Application of Blockchains:
▪ The most popular application of blockchains technology is in digital currency. ▪ blockchains are being seen as one of the ways to ensure transparency, accountability and efficiency in business and as well as governance systems. ▪ in healthcare, better data sharing between healthcare providers would result in a higher probability of accurate diagnosis, more effective treatments, and the overall increased ability of healthcare organizations to deliver cost- effective care. ▪ land registration records, to avoid various disputes arising out of land ownership claims and encroachments. ▪ A blockchain-based voting system can solve the problem of vote alterations and other issues. Since everything gets stored in the ledger, voting can become more transparent and authentic.
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