UNIT II

HYBRID ELECTRIC DRIVE TRAINS

HYBRID ELECTRIC DRIVE TRAINS:

The term hybrid vehicle refers to a vehicle with at least two sources of power. Hybrid-electric
vehicle indicates that one source of power is provided by an electric motor.Theother source of
motive power can come from a number of different technologies, but is typically provided by an
internal combustion engine designed to run on either gasoline or diesel fuel. As proposed by
Technical Committee (Electric Road Vehicles) of the International Electro technical
Commission, an HEV is a vehicle in which propulsion energy is available from two or more
types of energy sources and at least one of them can deliver electrical energy. Based on this
general definition, there are many types of HEVs, such as:
the gasoline ICE and battery
diesel ICE and battery
battery andFC
battery and capacitor
battery and flywheel
Battery and battery hybrids.

Most commonly, the propulsion force in HEV is provided by a combination of electric motor and an ICE.
The electric motor is used to improve the energy efficiency (improves fuel consumption) and vehicular
emissions while the ICE provides extended rangecapability.

Energy Savings Potential of Hybrid Drivetrains

In terms of overall energy efficiency, the conceptual advantages of a hybrid over a conventional
vehicle are:
Regenerative braking.
A hybrid can capture some of the energy normally lost as heat to the mechanical
brakes by using its electric drive motor(s) in generator mode to brake thevehicle
More efficient operation of the ICE, including reduction of idle:
A hybrid can avoid some of the energy losses associated with engine operation
at speed and load combinations where the engine is inefficient by using the

even substitute for it. This allows the ICE to operate only at speeds and loads
where it is most efficient. When an HEV is stopped, rather than running the

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 engine at idle, where it is extremely inefficient, the control system may either
shut off the engine, with the storage device providing auxiliary power (for
heating or cooling the vehicle interior, powering headlights, etc.), or run the
engine at a higher-than-idle (more efficient) power setting and use the excess
power (over auxiliary loads) to recharge the storage device. When the vehicle
control system can shut the engine off at idle, the drivetrain can be designed so
that the drive motor also serves as the starter motor, allowing extremely rapid

Smaller ICE: Since the storage device can take up a part of the load, the
ntinuous load
and not for the very high short-term acceleration load. This enables the ICE to
operate at a higher fraction of its rated power, generally at higher fuel
efficiency, during most of thedriving.
There are counterbalancing factors reducing hybri
Potential for higher weight.

Although the fuel-driven energy source on a hybrid generally will be of lower

power and weight than the engine in a conventional vehicle of similar
performance, total hybrid weight is likely to be higher than the conventional
vehicle it replaces because of the added weight of the storage device, electric
motor(s), and other components.

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Electrical losses.

Although individual electric drivetrain components tend to be quite efficient for one-way energy
flows, in many hybrid configurations, electricity flows back and forth through components in a
way that leads to cascading losses. Further, some of the components may be forced to operate
under conditions where they have reduced efficiency. For example, like ICEs, most electric
motors have lower efficiency at the low-speed, low-load conditions often encountered in city
driving. Without careful component selection and a control strategy that minimizes electric
losses, much of the theoretical efficiency advantage often associated with an electric drivetrain
canbelost.
HEV Configurations
In Figure 2 the generic concept of a hybrid drivetrain and possible energy flow route
is shown. The various possible ways of combining the power flow to meet the driving
requirements are:
i. power train 1 alone deliverspower
ii. power train 2 alone deliverspower
iii. both power train 1 and 2 deliver power to load at the sametime
iv. power train 2 obtains power from load (regenerativebraking)
v. power train 2 obtains power from power train1
vi. power train 2 obtains power from power train 1 and load at the sametime
vii. power train 1 delivers power simultaneously to load and to power train2
viii. power train 1 delivers power to power train 2 and power train 2 delivers
power aton load
ix. power train 1 delivers power to load and load delivers power to power
train 2.

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 Figure 2:Generic Hybrid Drivetrain [1]

The load power of a vehicle varies randomly in actual operation due to frequent
acceleration, deceleration and climbing up and down the grades. The power
requirement for a typical driving scenario is shown in Figure 3. The load power can
be decomposed into two parts:
i. steady power, i.e. the power with a constant value
ii. dynamic power, i.e. the power whose average value is zero

Power [kW] Power [kW] Power [kW]

Dynamic Power
Average power

0 0 0

Time [s] Time [s]

Figure3:Loadpowerdec
ompositin

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In HEV one powertrain favours steady state operation, such as an ICE or fuel cell.
The other powertrain in the HEV is used to supply the dynamic power. The total
energy output from the dynamic powertrain will be zero in the whole driving cycle.
Generally, electric motors are used to meet the dynamic power demand. This hybrid
drivetrain concept can be implemented by different configurations asfollows:
Seriesconfiguration
Parallelconfiguration
Series-parallelconfiguration
Complexconfiguration
In Figure 4 the functional block diagrams of the various HEV configurations is
shown. From Figure 4 it can be observed that the key feature of:
series hybrid is to couple the ICE with the generator to produce electricity for
pure electricpropulsion.
parallel hybrid is to couple both the ICE and electric motor with the
transmission via the same drive shaft to propel thevehicle

Fuel I
C Fuel IC Mech.
tank engine coupler
tank engi
Generator
ne
Generator

Power
Electric converter Electric
Battery
motor (elec. motor
coupler)
Power
Battery converter
(elec.
coupler)

Figure 4a: Series hybrid [1] Figure 4b: Series-Parallel hybrid[1 ]

Fuel IC Mech.
tank engine coupler
Fuel
IC
tank
engine
Mech. Po wer Motor/
coupler converter Generator
Battery
Power Electric Batt
converter motor

ery
Power Electric

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Series Hybrid System:
In case of series hybrid system (Figure 4a) the mechanical output is first converted
into electricity using a generator. The converted electricity either charges the battery
or can bypass the battery to propel the wheels via the motor and mechanical
transmission. Conceptually, it is an ICE assisted Electric Vehicle (EV). The
advantages of series hybrid drivetrainsare:
mechanical decoupling between the ICE and driven wheels allows the IC
engine operating at its very narrow optimal region as shown in Figure5.
nearly ideal torque-speed characteristics of electric motor make
multigeartransmissionunnecessary.
However, a series hybrid drivetrain has the following disadvantages:
the energy is converted twice (mechanical to electrical and then to
mechanical) and this reduces the overallefficiency.
Two electric machines are needed and a big traction motor is required because
it is the only torque source of the drivenwheels.
The series hybrid drivetrain is used in heavy commercial vehicles, military vehicles
and buses. The reason is that large vehicles have enough space for the bulky
engine/generator system.

Fueltank

MotorSpeed

Vehicle Speed

Motor Traction Mech.

Engine Generator Rectifier motor Trans.
controller

Engine DC
Operating
DC
region

Battery
EngineSpeed pack
Electrical
coupler
Battery Traction
charger
Battery charge

Figure 5: Detailed Configuration of Series Hybrid Vehicle [1]

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 Parallel Hybrid System:
The parallel HEV (Figure 4b) allows both ICE and electric motor (EM) to deliver
power to drive the wheels. Since both the ICE and EM are coupled to the drive shaft
of the wheels via two clutches, the propulsion power may be supplied by ICE alone,
by EM only or by both ICE and EM. The EM can be used as a generator to charge the
battery by regenerative braking or absorbing power from the ICE when its output is
greater than that required to drive the wheels. The advantages of the parallel hybrid
drivetrainare:
both engine and electric motor directly supply torques to the driven wheels
and no energy form conversion occurs, hence energy loss isless
compactness due to no need of the generator and smaller traction motor.
The drawbacks of parallel hybrid drivetrainsare:
mechanical coupling between the engines and the driven wheels, thus the
engine operating points cannot be fixed in a narrow speedregion.
The mechanical configuration and the control strategy are complex compared
to series hybriddrivetrain.
Due to its compact characteristics, small vehicles use parallel configuration. Most
passenger cars employ this configuration.
Series-Parallel System:
In the series-parallel hybrid (Figure 4c), the configuration incorporates the features of
both the series and parallel HEVs. However, this configuration needs an additional
electric machine and a planetary gear unit making the control complex.
Complex Hybrid System:
The complex hybrid system (Figure 4d) involves a complex configuration which
cannot be classified into the above three kinds. The complex hybrid is similar to the
series-parallel hybrid since the generator and electric motor is both electric machines.
However, the key difference is due to the bi-directional power flow of the electric
motor in complex hybrid and the unidirectional power flow of the generator in the
series-parallel hybrid. The major disadvantage of complex hybrid is higher
complexity.

POWER FLOW CONTROL:

Due to the variations in HEV configurations, different power control strategies are necessary
to regulate the power flow to or from different components. All the control strategies aim

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 satisfy the following goals:
maximum fuelefficiency
minimumemissions
minimum systemcosts
good drivingperformance
The design of power control strategies for HEVs involves different considerations such as:
Optimal ICE operating point: The optimal operating point on the torque-
speed plane of the ICE can be based on maximization of fuel economy, the
minimization of emissions or a compromise between fuel economy and
emissions.
Optimal ICE operating line: In case the ICE needs to deliver different power
demands, the corresponding optimal operating points constitute an optimal
operatingline.
Safe battery voltage: The battery voltage may be significantly altered during
discharging, generator charging or regenerative charging. This battery voltage
should not exceed the maximum voltage limit nor should it fall below the
minimum voltagelimit.

POWER FLOW CONTROL IN SERIES HYBRID:

In the series hybrid system there are four operating modes based on the power flow:
Mode 1: During startup (Figure 1a), normal driving or acceleration of the
series HEV, both the ICE and battery deliver electric energy to the power
converter which then drives the electric motor and hence the wheels via
transmission.
Mode 2: At light load (Figure 1b), the ICE output is greater than that
required to drive the wheels. Hence, a fraction of the generated electrical
energy is used to charge the battery. The charging of the batter takes place till
the battery capacity reaches a properlevel.
Mode 3: During braking or deceleration (Figure 1c), the electric motor acts
as a generator, which converts the kinetic energy of the wheels into electricity
and this, is used to charge thebattery.
Mode 4: The battery can also be charged by the ICE via the generator even when the vehicle
omes to a complete stop (Figure)

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 F E
F E

G T
G T

B P M
B P M
Figure 1b: Mode 2, light load
Figure 1a: Mode 1, normal driving or acceleration

F E
F E

G G T
T

B P M
B P M
Figure 1d: Mode 4, vehicle at stop
Figure 1c: Mode 3, braking or deceleration [1]

B:Battery G: Generator Electrical link

E: ICE M: Motor Hydraulic link
F: Fueltank P: PowerConverter Mechanical link
T: Transmission (including brakes, clutches and gears)

Power Flow Control in Parallel Hybrid

The parallel hybrid system has four modes of operation. These four modes of operation are
Mode 1: During start up or full throttle acceleration (Figure 2a); both the ICE
and the EM share the required power to propel the vehicle. Typically, the
relative distribution between the ICE and electric motor is80-20%.
Mode 2: During normal driving (Figure 2b), the required traction power is
supplied by the ICE only and the EM remains in offmode.
Mode 3: During braking or deceleration (Figure 2c), the EM acts as a
generator to charge the battery via the powerconverter.
Mode 4: Under light load condition (Figure 2d), the traction power is
delivered by the ICE and the ICE also charges the battery via theEM.

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 F E
F E

T
T

B P M
B P M
Figure 2b: Mode 2, normal driving
Figure 2a: Mode 1, start up

F E
F E

T
T

B P M
B P M
Figure 2d: Mode 4, light load
Figure 2c: Mode 3, braking or deceleration [1]

B:Battery G: Generator Electrical link

E: ICE M: Motor Hydraulic link
F: Fuel tank P: Power Converter Mechanicallink

T: Transmission (including brakes, clutches and gears)

Power Flow Control Series-Parallel Hybrid

The series-parallel hybrid system involves the features of series and parallel hybrid systems.
Hence, a number of operation modes are feasible. Therefore, these hybrid systems are
classified into two categories: the ICE dominated and the EM dominated.
The various operating modes of ICE dominated system are:
Mode 1: At startup (Figure 3a), the battery solely provides the necessary
power to propel the vehicle and the ICE remains in offmode.
Mode 2: During full throttle acceleration (Figure 3b), both the ICE and the
EM share the required tractionpower.
Mode 3: During normal driving (Figure 3c), the required traction power is
provided by the ICE only and the EM remains in the offstate.
Mode 4: During normal braking or deceleration (Figure 3d), the EM acts as a
generator to charge thebattery.

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 Mode 5: To charge the battery during driving (Figure 3e), the ICE delivers
the required traction power and also charges the battery. In this mode the EM
acts as a generator.
Mode 6: When the vehicle is at standstill (Figure 3f), the ICE can deliver
power to charge the battery via theEM

F E F E

G T G T

B P M
B P M

Figure 3a: Mode 1, startup [1] Figure 3b: Mode 2, acceleration[1]

F E F E

G T G T

B P M
B P M

Figure 3c: Mode 3, normaldrive[1] Figure 3d: Mode 4, braking or deceleration[1]

F E F E

G T G T

B P M B P M

Figure 3e: Mode 5, battery charging duringdriving[1] Figure 3f: Mode 6, battery charging duringstandstill
[1]

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The operating modes of EM dominated system are:
Mode 1: During startup (Figure 4a), the EM provides the traction power and
the ICE remains in the offstate.
Mode 2: During full throttle (Figure 4b), both the ICE and EM provide the
tractionpower.
Mode 3: During normal driving (Figure 4c), both the ICE and EM provide the
tractionpower.
Mode 4: During braking or deceleration (Figure 4d), the EM acts as a
generator to charge thebattery.
Mode 5: To charge the battery during driving (Figure 4e), the ICE delivers
the required traction power and also charges the battery. The EM acts as a
generator.
Mode 6: When the vehicle is at standstill (Figure 4f), the ICE can deliver
power to charge the battery via theEM

F E F E

G T G T

B P M B P M

Figure 4a: Mode 1, start up [1] Figure 4b: Mode 2, acceleration [1]

F E F E

G T G T

B P M
B P M

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 F E F E

G T G T

B P M B P M

Figure 4e: Mode 5, battery charging during driving [1] Figure 4f: Mode 6, battery charging during standstill [1]

Power Flow Control Complex Hybrid Control

The complex hybrid vehicle configurations are of two types:

Front hybrid rear electric
Front electric and rearhybrid
Both the configurations have six modes of operation:
Mode 1: During startup (Figure 5a), the required traction power is delivered
by the EMs and the engine is in offmode.
Mode 2: During full throttle acceleration (Figure 5b), both the ICE and the
front wheel EM deliver the power to the front wheel and the second EM
delivers power to the rearwheel.
Mode 3: During normal driving (Figure 5c), the ICE delivers power to propel
the front wheel and to drive the first EM as a generator to charge thebattery.
Mode 4: During driving at light load (Figure 5d) first EM delivers the
required traction power to the front wheel. The second EM and the ICE are in
offsate.
Mode 5: During braking or deceleration (Figure 5e), both the front and rear
wheel EMs act as generators to simultaneously charge thebattery.

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 Mode 6: A unique operating mode of complex hybrid system is axial
balancing. In this mode (Figure 5f) if the front wheel slips, the front EM
works as a generator to absorb the change of ICE power. Through the battery,
this power difference is then used to drive the rear wheels to achieve the axle
balancing.

F E FT F E FT
FP FM FP FM

B RP RM RT B RP RM RT
Figure 5a: Mode 1, startup Figure 5b: Mode 2, full throttle acceleration

F E FT F E FT

FP FM FP FM

B RP RM RT B RP RM RT
Figure 5c: Mode 3, vehicle propel and battery charging Figure 5d: Mode 4, light load

F E FT F E FT

FP FM FP FM
B RP RM RT B RP RM RT
Figure 5e: Mode 5, braking or decelration Figure 5f: Mode 1, axil balancing

B:Battery FM:Frontmotor FP: Front power converter FT: Frontaxel

transmission E: ICE F: Fuel tank
RM:Rear motor RP: Rear power converter RT: Rear axle transmission[1]

Electricallink
Hydraulic link
Mechanicallink

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In Figures 6a-f all the six modes of operation of front electric and rear hybrid is shown.

F E FT F E FT

RP RM RP RM

B FP FM RT B FP FM RT
Figure 6a: Mode 1, startup Figure 6b: Mode 2, full throttle acceleration

F E FT F E FT

RP RM RP RM

B FP FM RT B FP FM RT
Figure 6c: Mode 3, vehicle propel and battery charging Figure 6d: Mode 4, light load

F E FT F E FT

RP RM RP RM

B FP FM RT B FP FM RT
Figure 6e: Mode 5, brakingordecelration Figure 6f: Mode 1, axilbalancing

B:Battery RM:Rearmotor FP: Front power converter FT: Front axle

transmission E: ICE F: Fueltank
RM:Rear motor RP: Rear power converter RT: Rear axle transmission[1]

Electricallink
Hydrauliclink
Mechanicallink

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