The document discusses the advantages of hybrid electric vehicles over conventional vehicles, including better fuel economy from regenerative braking and reduced engine idling. It also compares the torque-speed and efficiency curves of battery electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, and internal combustion engines. The document then describes the series hybrid powertrain configuration and its advantages over other hybrid architectures.
The document discusses the advantages of hybrid electric vehicles over conventional vehicles, including better fuel economy from regenerative braking and reduced engine idling. It also compares the torque-speed and efficiency curves of battery electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, and internal combustion engines. The document then describes the series hybrid powertrain configuration and its advantages over other hybrid architectures.
The document discusses the advantages of hybrid electric vehicles over conventional vehicles, including better fuel economy from regenerative braking and reduced engine idling. It also compares the torque-speed and efficiency curves of battery electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, and internal combustion engines. The document then describes the series hybrid powertrain configuration and its advantages over other hybrid architectures.
The document discusses the advantages of hybrid electric vehicles over conventional vehicles, including better fuel economy from regenerative braking and reduced engine idling. It also compares the torque-speed and efficiency curves of battery electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, and internal combustion engines. The document then describes the series hybrid powertrain configuration and its advantages over other hybrid architectures.
● Energy savings in hybrid vehicles: An HEV cannot plug into off-board sources of electricity to charge the battery. Instead, the vehicle uses regenerative braking and the internal combustion engine to charge. The vehicle normally captures the energy normally lost during braking by using the electric motor as a generator and storing the captured energy in the battery. In an HEV, the extra power provided by the electric motor may allow for a smaller combustion engine. The battery can also power auxiliary loads and reduce engine idling when the vehicle is stopped. These features result in better fuel economy without sacrificing performance.
● Advantages of HEVs: 1. Efficiency-improving technology such as regenerative braking which is not available in conventional vehicles. 2. Less engine idling and efficient engine operation leading to better fuel economy. 3. Better drivability since electric motor characteristics better match the road load. 4. Potential to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. 5. Reduced fossil fuel consumption.
● Torque vs. Speed curve for motor and IC engine:
Torque (N.m.) Motor
IC Engine
Speed (rpm)
Low-speed torque is available in HEVs and BEVs due to electric traction motor.
1 ● Efficiency vs. Speed plots at peak torque for different powertrains:
Efficiency (%)
BEV
Fuel Cell EV Diesel Gasoline Atkinson Engine Speed (rpm)
The efficiency of the BEV from battery to the output of the electric motor can be very high, including battery losses. The fuel cell vehicle has a much lower efficiency than the BEV, but at close to 50% to 60% is much higher than the IC engine options.
● Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC): It is the ratio of fuel mass consumption rate (dm/dt, gm/sec.), adjusted to 1 hour, divided by engine output power (Peng ). Peng Engine efficiency (ղ) can be defined as, ղ = dm = 3600/(BSFC ∗ Q) ( )∗Q dt
Where, Q is the fuel combustion rate in kJ/kg.
Therefore, Engine efficiency is inversely proportional to BSFC.
● Series hybrid powertrain:
The series-hybrid combines the best attributes of the IC engine and the BEV. It combines the powertrain efficiency of the BEV with the high-energy-density fuel of IC engine. The well- designed series HEV runs the IC engine in a high efficiency mode and the engine output is converted via two electric drives in series in order to supply the mechanical energy to the drivetrain. However, placing two electric drives in series means that the energy processing can be more inefficient than desired. In the series hybrid configuration, the engine is electrically coupled but mechanically decoupled from the transmission.
2 The architecture of a series hybrid powertrain is shown below,
Wheel
Engine Inverter Mechanical
Generator/Rectifier Motor Transmission
Battery
Mechanical Wheel Electrical
Figure 1: Architecture of a series hybrid powertrain
Advantages: 1. The engine operates at its maximum efficiency point thanks to the buffering of excess power. The smaller, more efficient engine and greater use of electric power helps reduce harmful gas emissions in series hybrids, 2. Simple speed control due to a single torque source connected to the wheels, 3. Using an electric machine as the only torque source eliminates the need for a multi-gear transmission, 4. Simple packaging as the IC engine and the generator can be mounted separately from the traction motor.
Series hybrid as a range extended mode: When the battery is depleted in any certain condition, the vehicle can be switched to the extended range mode. In this mode, the IC engine will power the generator that supplies the average power for the electric propulsion motor. Additional power for acceleration will be provided by the battery.
