z =1 + 4( x − v) + 5v =1 + 4 [ x − (3 − y ) ] + 5(3 − y ) = 4x − y + 4
This is an equation of a plane of z = 4 x − y + 4 .
Courtesy of 3D Surface Plotter.
b. We are given < 2sinu, 3cosu, v >. We can see that it is an elliptical cylinder in parametric form: x(t ) = 2sin(t ) y (t ) = 3cos(t ) z (t ) = t
Below is a plot of this elliptical cylinder by MATLAB. The cylinder should extend up and down the vertical axis indefinitely. The maximum extent of the x-axis is ±2, and that of the y- axis is ±3.
Therefore, the projection of the elliptical cylinder on any horizontal z-plane is the ellipse: 2 2 x y 1 + = 2 3 We get a similar plot with Sage using the vector form of the elliptical cylinder equation.
c. We can rewrite this vector equation 〈 s, t , t 2 − s 2 〉 in a more conventional form:
〈 s, t , t 2 − s 2 〉 =r ( s, t ) =〈 s, t , f ( s, t )〉 where ) t 2 − s2 f ( s, t =
Below is a plot of this surface using 3D Surface Plotter, a saddle surface.
〈 s sin 2t , s 2 , s cos 2t 〉 into a function form based on the d. Again, we can rewrite r ( s, t ) = trigonometric identity:
( s sin 2t ) 2 + ( s cos 2t ) 2 = s 2 (sin 2 2t + cos 2 2t )
= s2
We see that we have
x2 + z 2 = y z = y − x2
Below is a plot of the function for the upper half of x-y plane. The lower half is just a mirror image of the upper half. Again, courtesy of 3D Surface Plotter. It is a cone. It looks like it works better using the parametric equations for the plotting. Courtesy of Geogebra’s Parametric Surface.
16-6-2
a.
r (u , v) = 〈 xo , yo , zo 〉 + uu + vv
= 〈1, 2, −3〉 + u 〈1,1, −1〉 + v〈1, −1,1〉
=〈1 + u + v, 2 + u − v, −3 − u + v〉 b. In this problem, we need to use spherical coordinates. The parametrization of an ellipsoid of
x2 y 2 z 2 + + = 1 a 2 b2 c2
is then r (ϕ , θ ) = 〈 a sin ϕ cos θ , b sin ϕ sin θ , c cos ϕ 〉 . In our current problem, we have
1 a= 2 1 b= 2 c =1 The corresponding vector equation is
1 1 r (ϕ ,θ ) = 〈 sin ϕ cos θ , sin ϕ sin θ , cos ϕ 〉 2 2
for π/2 ≤ φ ≤ π, and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
Below is a plot using Geogebra’s Parametric Surface.
We can also use 3D Surface Plotter too.
c. A sphere is just an ellipsoid with a = b = c. And, in this case, we have a = 4. The vector equation is
r (ϕ ,θ ) = 〈 4sin ϕ cos θ , 4sin ϕ sin θ , 4cos ϕ 〉
If we restrict the sphere between z = ±2, we can set
4 cos ϕ = ±2 cos ϕ = 0.5 2 ϕ = ± π 3
1 2 Then, we have the restriction π ≤ ϕ ≤ π for φ, where we still have 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π for θ. 3 3
Below is a plot using Geogebra’s Parametric Surface. It looks like a wheel of Parmigiano Reggiano! 16-6-12
The parametric equation, r (u , v) , of the given cone is
x(u , v) = v cos u y (u , v) = v sin u z (u , v) = kv
The corresponding partial derivatives are
r= u − v sin u , v cos u , 0 rv = cos u , sin u , k
Their cross product is the tiny area of dudv:
i j k ru × rv = − v sin u v cos u 0 cos u sin u k
= kv cos u , kv sin u , − v sin 2 u − v cos 2 u
= kv cos u , kv sin u , − v
The length, L, of this vector is
=L (kv cos u ) 2 + (kv sin u ) 2 + (−v) 2
= k 2 v 2 ( cos 2 u + sin 2 u ) + v 2
= k 2v 2 + v 2
= v 2 (1 + k 2 )
= v 1+ k 2 We are going to tackle the problem in polar coordinates. Now, we need to determine the limits of integration.
First, let us look at the cone. For the sake of plotting, we set k = 1.
Courtesy of 3D Surface Plotter
Second, we will inspect the circle given by r = a cos θ by setting a = 1.
Courtesy of Polar Coordinates Grapher
The limit of integration for θ is from -π/2 to π/2 based on the location of the circle. Notice that we have v → r, and u → θ in our parametric formulation above. Put it all together, the area is given by the following integral, π a cosθ π a cosθ ∫π ∫ 1 + k 2 ∫ π2 ∫ 2 1 + k 2 rdrdθ = rdrdθ − 0 − 0 2 2
a cosθ π 1 = 1+ k ∫ π r2 2 2 dθ 2 2 0 −
a2 1 + k 2 π
∫π 2 = cos 2 θ dθ 2 − 2
π a 2 1 + k 2 θ sin 2θ 2 = 2 + 4 π 2 − 2
a 2π 1 + k 2 = 4
16-7-2
Courtesy of 3D Surface Plotter
The density of this object is given as
σ ( x, y , z ) = 1 + x 2 + y 2
The parametric equation of the given plane is
R ( x, y ) = x, y, xy
where
Rx = 1, 0, y Ry = 0, 1, x
The cross product of these two vectors is
i j k Rx × R y =1 0 y 0 1 x
= − y, − x, 1
The length, L, of this vector is
L= (− y) 2 + (− x) 2 + (1) 2
= 1 + x2 + y 2
The mass of the object is
1 1 =M ∫ ∫ σ ( x, y , z ) 0 0 1 + x 2 + y 2 dxdy
∫ ∫ (1 + x + y 2 )dxdy 1 1 2 = 0 0
5 = 3
The center of mass of the object is
1 1
x= ∫∫ 0 0 y (1 + x 2 + y 2 )dxdy M
11 = 20
By symmetry,
11 y= x= 20
And 1 1
z= ∫∫ 0 0 z (1 + x 2 + y 2 )dxdy M
1 1
= ∫∫ 0 0 xy (1 + x 2 + y 2 )dxdy M
3 = 10
16-7-6
We are given
F= x, y , 3 r ( x, y ) = x, y , 3 x − 5 y
We determine that
rx = 1, 0, 3 =ry 0, 1, − 5
and i j k rx × ry =1 0 3 0 1 −5
= − 3, 5, 1
Finally, we have
∫∫ F= D Nds ∫∫ F (r × r )dA D x y
2 2 = ∫∫ 0 1 〈 x, y,3〉 〈−3,5,1〉 dxdy
2 2 = ∫∫ 0 1 (−3 x + 5 y + 3)dxdy
=−9 + 10 + 6
=7
16-7-11
It is convenient to approach this problem using cylindrical coordinates. Hence, we should
parametrize the cylindrical surface as follow:
r (u , v) = 2 cos u , 2sin u , v
for 0 ≤ u ≤ π, 0 ≤ v ≤ 1. Because we are given y ≥ 0, the range of u is only from 0 to π.
We further obtain
r= u − 2sin u , 2 cos u , 0
r= u − 2sin u , 2 cos u , 0 where
i j k ru × rv = − 2sin u 2 cos u 0 0 0 1
= 2 cos u , 2sin u , 0
The velocity field written in cylindrical coordinates is
F (u , v) = 870 v, 4sin 2 u , 4 cos 2 u
The flux across the given surface is
∫∫ F= D Nds ∫∫ F (r × r )dA D u v
π 1 = 870 ∫ ∫ v, 4sin 2 u , 4 cos 2 u 2 cos u , 2sin u , 0 dvdu 0 0
∫ ( 2v cos u + 8sin u )dvdu
π 1 = 870 ∫ 3 0 0
π 1 = 870 ∫ v 2 + (8sin 3 u )v du 0 0
= 870 ∫ ( cos u + 8sin 3 u )du
π
π cos3 u = 870 − sin u + 8 − cos u + 3 0
We should note that had the surface of the cylinder not restricted to y ≥ 0, which is the upper x-y plane, we would have the flux coming in from the lower x-y plane and coming out of the upper x-y plane. The net flux would be zero.
16-8-4
We are given = F x 2 z ,3 x, − y 3 , the curl of which is
i j k δ δ δ ∇× F = δx δy δz x2 z 3x − y3
= − 3 y 2 , x2 , 3
and we have g(x,y) = 1 – x2 + y2, where
gx = –2x
gy = – 2y
Now, we are ready to apply the Stokes’ theorem to convert the line integral into a surface integral in polar coordinates. The region R is the unit circle.
∫ x zdx + 3xdy − y dz= ∫∫ ∇ × F − g , − g
2 3 x y ,1 dA C R
= ∫∫ R −3 y 2 , x 2 ,3 − g x , − g y ,1 dA
=∫∫ ( −6 xy 2 + 2 x 2 y + 3)dA R
∫ ∫ ( −6(r cos θ )(r sin θ ) + 2(r cos θ ) (r sin θ ) + 3)rdrdθ
2π 1 2 2 = 0 0 ( ) ∫0 ∫0 ( −6 cos θ sin θ + 2 cos θ sin θ ) r + 3 rdr dθ 2π 1 2 2 3 =
2π 1 3 ∫0 5 ( −6 cos θ sin θ + 2 cos θ sin θ ) + 2 dθ 2 2 =
6 2π 2π 3 2π − ∫ cos θ sin 2 θ dθ + 2 ∫ cos 2 θ sin θ dθ + ∫ dθ = 5 0 0 2 0
6 2π 2π 3 2π − ∫ sin 2 θ d (sin θ ) − 2 ∫ cos 2 θ d (cos θ ) + ∫ dθ = 5 0 0 2 0
This is an exercise of applying the divergence theorem to convert a surface integral to a volume integral. First, we need to determine the divergence of the given vector field F, which is
F ∇= ( cos z + sin 2 2 z + x2 + y 2 ) Now, apply the divergence theorem.
∫∫ F Nds= ∫∫∫ ∇ FdV
∂E V
= ∫∫∫ ( cos V 2 z + sin 2 z + x 2 + y 2 dzdydx ) = ∫∫∫ ( (cos V 2 z + sin 2 z ) + x 2 + y 2 dzdydx ) = ∫∫∫ (1 + V ) x 2 + y 2 dzdydx
= ∫ ∫ 1
−1 − 1− x 1− x 2 2 ∫ 1− x 2 + y 2
0 (1 + ) x 2 + y 2 dzdydx
This is promised to be a messy integral. It is best to carry it out in cylindrical coordinates.
∫ ∫ 1
−1 − 1− x 2 1− x 2 ∫ 0 1− x 2 + y 2 (1 + ) x 2 + y 2 dzdydx
