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Unit-2
Wireless Local and Personal Area
Networks Topic 1 IEEE 802.11 Architecture (1) Explain the Protocol Architecture with neat diagram? Answer : Protocol Architecture Protocols defined specifically for LAN and MAN transmission address issues relating to the transmission of blocks of data over the network. In OSI terms, higher- Layer protocols are independent of network architecture and are applicable to LANs, MANs, and WANs. Thus, a discussion of LAN protocols is concerned principally with lower layers of the OSI model.
This architecture was developed by the IEEE 802 committee and has been adopted by all organizations working on the specification of LAN standards. It is generally referred to as the IEEE 802 reference model.2 Working from the bottom up, the lowest layer of the IEEE 802 reference model corresponds to the physical layer of the OSI model and includes such functions as • Encoding/decoding of signals (e.g., PSK, QAM, etc.) • Preamble generation/removal (for synchronization) • Bit transmission/reception
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(2) Explain the Physical layer of the 802 model ? Answer: Physical layer of the 802 model In addition, the physical layer of the 802 model includes a specification of the transmission medium and the topology. Generally, this is considered “below” the lowest layer of the OSI model. However, the choice of transmission medium and topology is critical in LAN design, and so a specification of the medium is included. For some of the IEEE 802 standards, the physical layer is further subdivided into sublayers. In the case of IEEE 802.11, two sublayers are defined: • Physical layer convergence procedure (PLCP): Defines a method of mapping 802.11 MAC layer protocol data units (MPDUs) into a framing format suitable for sending and receiving user data and management information between two or more stations using the associated PMD sublayer. • Physical medium dependent (PMD) sublayer: Defines the characteristics of, and method of transmitting and receiving, user data through a wireless medium between two or more stations.
(3) Describe the Physical layer functions?
Answer: Above the physical layer are the functions associated with providing service to LAN users. These include • On transmission, assemble data into a frame with address and error detection fields. • On reception, disassemble frame and perform address recognition and error detection. • Govern access to the LAN transmission medium. • Provide an interface to higher layers and perform flow and error control.
LLC protocol data unit (PDU)
This control information is used in the operation of the LLC protocol. The entire LLC PDU is then passed down to the MAC layer, which appends control information at the front and back of the packet, forming a MAC frame. Again, the control information in the frame is needed for the operation of the MAC protocol. For context, the figure also shows the use of TCP/IP and an application layer above the LAN protocols.
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(4) Explain the MAC Frame Format ? Answer:
The MAC layer receives a block of data from the LLC layer and is responsible for performing functions related to medium access and for transmitting the data.
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As with other protocol layers, MAC implements these functions making use of a protocol data unit at its layer. In this case, the PDU is referred to as a MAC frame. The exact format of the MAC frame differs somewhat for the various MAC protocols in use. In general, all of the MAC frames have a format similar to that of Figure 11.7. The fields of this frame are as follows: • MAC: This field contains any protocol control information needed for the functioning of the MAC protocol. For example, a priority level could be indicated here. • Destination MAC Address: The destination physical attachment point on the LAN for this frame.
LLC PDU in a Generic MAC Frame Format
Source MAC Address: The source physical attachment point on the LAN for this frame. • Data: The body of the MAC frame. This may be LLC data from the next higher layer or control information relevant to the operation of the MAC protocol.
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• CRC: The cyclic redundancy check field (also known as the frame check sequence, FCS, field). This is an error- detecting code, The CRC is used in virtually all data link protocols, such as high- level data link control (HDLC)
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