Control System
Control System and its Classification
Content
Control System.
Classification of Control System.
Open Loop and Closed Loop Control
System.
Linear and Non-Linear System.
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Learning Objective
Able to classify the type of system.
Understand the mechanism of open
loop and closed loop system.
Differentiate Linear and Non-Linear
System.
Control System
Control
- A means of limiting or regulating something.
System
- A set of connected things or devices that operate
together.
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Control System
Control System
-Control system is a system of devices or set of
devices, that manages, commands, directs or
regulates the behavior of other device(s)
or system(s) to achieve desire results.
Requirement of Good Control System
Accuracy - Measurement tolerance of instrument.
Sensitivity - Sensitive to input signals only.
Noise - Reduce noise effect for better performance.
Stability - For bounded input signal, output must be
bounded.
Bandwidth - Should be large for better response.
Speed - Should possesses high speed.
Oscillation - Should have small numbers of oscillation or
constant oscillation.
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Classification of Control System
Open Loop & Closed Loop Control System.
Linear & Non-linear Control System
Time Varying and Time-invarying Control
System
Open Loop Control System
“ Control action is totally independent of output
of the system. ”
Non-feedback system.
Normally works once and then stops.
Non-automatic.
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Open Loop Control System
r(t) – reference input
u(t) – actuating signal
c(t) – controlled output
Practical : Open Loop CS
When we click for photo from camera.
Computer process the input received from camera.
Final result is printed photograph from printer.
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Examples of Open Loop CS
Electric Hand Drier
Aim To dry wet hands
Input Wet hands
Output Dry hands
Mechanism Hot air is passed on
wet hands
Open or Open Loop
Closed Loop
Examples of Open Loop CS
Washing Machine
Aim To clean cloths
Input Dirty cloths
Output Clean cloths
Mechanism Washes cloth with detergent
for fixed time
Open or Open Loop: System does not
see degree of clenliness.
Closed Loop
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Examples of Open Loop CS
Bread Toaster
Automatic Coffee/Milk Server
Electric lift
Light Switch
Volume on Stereo System
Closed Loop Control System
“System in which the output has an effect on input
quantity in such a way that input quantity will
adjust itself based on the output generated”
Feedback system.
Normally works in loop.
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Closed Loop Control System
r(t) – reference input c(t) – controlled output
u(t) – actuating /manipulated signal b(t) – feedback signal
e(t) –error signal
Closed Loop Control System
Effect of Feedback:-
Error between system input and system output is reduced.
System gain is reduced by a factor 1/(1±GH).
Improvement in sensitivity.
Stability may be affected.
Improve the speed of response
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Practical : Closed Loop CS
Heat from the sun causes the temperature sensor to produce
data.
Received data is processed by computer as graph.
Temperature levels are printed from printer
Practical : Closed Loop CS
Moisture sensor detects when the soil is dry.
Received data is processed by computer and switches sprinkler.
Sprinkler device which is turned on when the computer detects
the need for water.
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Examples of Closed Loop CS
Electric Iron
Aim To press creased cloths
Input Creased cloths
Output Ironed cloths
Mechanism Thermostat and
Bimetallic strip operation
Open or Closed Loop
Closed Loop
Examples of Closed Loop CS
Electric Iron operation
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Examples of Closed Loop CS
Servo Voltage Stabilizer
Water Level Controller
An Air Conditioner
Perspiration
Walking on road
Missile Launched and Auto Tracked by Radar
Comparison of Open & Closed Loop CS
Open Loop Closed Loop
The feedback element is The feedback element is always
absent. present.
An error detector is not An error detector is always
present. present.
It is stable one. It may become unstable.
Easy to construct Complicated construction.
It is an economical It is costly
Having small bandwidth Having large bandwidth
Inaccurate Accurate
Less maintenance More maintenance.
Unreliable Reliable
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Linear System
Control systems which follow the principle of
homogeneity and additivity.
Homogeneity:-
If we multiply input with some constant A then output
will also be multiplied by the same value of constant (i.e. A).
Additivity:-
Suppose we have a system S and we are giving the input
to this system as a1 for the first time and we are getting output
as b1 corresponding to input a1. On second time we are giving
input a2 and correspond to this we are getting output as b2.
Non-linear System
Nonlinear does not obey the law of superposition.
In practical, all systems contain non-linear
characteristics.
Non-linear system exhibit self sustained
oscillations of fixed frequency.
Non - linearities commonly present are saturation,
friction, relay etc.
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Comparison of Linear & Non-linear CS
Linear Non-linear
Obey superposition. Does not obey superposition.
Can be analyzed by standard Cannot be analyzed by standard
test signals. test signals.
Stability depends only on root Stability depends only on root
location. location, initial condition & type
of input.
Do not exhibit limit cycles. Exhibit limit cycles.
Can be analyzed by Laplace Cannot be analyzed by Laplace
transform, Z transform transform, Z transform
Eg:-Purely resistive n/w with Eg:-Magnetization curve or no
constant DC load curve of a DC machine.
Summary
Types of control system.
Importance of feedback.
Practical example of each type of system.
Comparison between the systems.
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