rEm fmd; yd mÍlaIK fmd;

Ydlj, jeãug c,h wjYH nj y÷kd .ksuq'

tl u m%udKfha fmdaÉÑ foll tl u m%udKfha me< folla isgqjd tl

me<hlg fyd¢ka c,h oukak' wfkla Ndckhg c,h fkdoud ;nkak' Èk
lsysmhlska miqj oelsh yels foa fuh jkq we;'

ks.ukh
fuys § c,h oeuQ Ndckfha me<h m%dKj;a j ;sfnk w;r c,h fkdoeuQ
Ndckfha me<h ue, ù f.dia we;' tu ksid Ydlhl jeãug c,h wjYH nj
;yjqre fjhs'

hï NdKAvhla fmdf<dj u; ;,a¨ lsÍu fyda we§u isÿ l< wjia:d

 r¿ fmdf<djla u; ;,a¨ l< fyda we§u isÿ l< fyda wjia:djla
 iqug fmdf<djla u; ;,a¨ l< fyda we§u isÿ l< wjia:djla

iqug fmdf<dj r¿ fmdf<dj

 fuu wjia:d ms<sn| w;aoelSï ,nd §ug isiqka fhduq lrkak'

 jvd;a myiqfjka ;,a¨ lsÍu fyda we§u fyda isÿ l< yels jQfha l=uk
wjia:dfõ oehs úuikak'
 tu NdKavh u wdk; ;,hl by<g ;,a¨ lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrkak' tys §
uqyqK ÿka wmyiq;djh úia;r lsÍug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

-1-
  tjeks ld¾hhla myiq lr.ekSu i|yd lmams fhdod .; yels nj fmkajd
fokak'

hula ;,a¨ lsÍfï myiq wmyiq nj

iqug fmdf<dj r¿ fmdf<dj

iqug ^uDÿ& ìul hula ;,a¨ lsÍu myiq h' kuq;a r¿ ìul hï fohla ;,a¨
lrf.k hdu myiq fkdfõ'

lmams Ndú;fha jdis

nEjqï iys; ;ekl hï fohla by<g ;,a¨ lsÍug jvd lmamshla Ndú;
fldg by<g .ekSu myiq fõ' úYd, nrla by<g .ekSug nyq, j fuu lmams Ndú;
lrhs' ^Wod#- fodUlrh&

lmamh
s y÷kd .ksuq'

fujeks lmams u.ska hï nrla by<g .; yels h' ^Wod#- <s|lska j;=r we§u"
úÿ,s fidamdk" fodUlrh&

-2-
 oñ< cd;slhka úiska ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk flda,ï ieris,s
 fï i|yd isiqkaf.a yelshdj,g .e<fmk wdldrfha ks¾udK N+ñfhys iqÿiq
ia:dkhl we| tajd j¾K .ekajQ fmd,al=vq fhdod .ksñka w,xldr lsÍug
wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
 uqia,ï
s cd;slhka yd oñ< cd;slhka úiska ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk w;a, fhdod
.ksñka lrk urf;dkaä ieris,'s
 fï i|yd isiqkag ;u w;af,ys igykla lvodishla u; msgm;a lr ta ;=<
úúO rgd we£ug wjia:dj ,nd §u l< yels h'
 isxy, yd n¾.¾ cd;slhka úiska W;aij wjia:djka i|yd ks¾udKh lrkq
,nk ieris,s fï i|yd ksfji w,xldr lsÍu i|yd fhdod.; yels my;
oelafjk wdldrfha lvodis ks¾udK isqÿ lsÍug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

Wod#-  fi'ó' 20 muK È. m<, we;s iup;=ri%dldr j¾Kj,ska hq;a

lvodis my; rEmigyk 1" 2" 3" 4 rEmj, oelafjk mshjr
wdldrhg kjd .kak'
 th 5 jk rEm igyfka oelafjk wdldrhg lvodisj, fldgia
fjka fkdjk fia lmd .kak'

-3-
 fï wldrfha lemqï fh¥ lvodish kej; iïmQ¾Kfhka È. yßkak' ^rEmh 6&
 tys ABCD jYfhka olajd we;s fl<jrj,a tla lr .ï ;jrd .kak'
 fï wldrhg ilia l< fldgia lSmhla tlg tl;= lr w,xldr ieris,,
a la
ks¾udKh lsÍug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'

Ydlhl fldgia

 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lrkak'

 my; øjH isiq lKavdhïj,g ,ndfokak'
 l=vd m%udKfha ldâfndaâ fmÜáhla (5"x5"x5" muK m%udKfha&
 kQ,a pqïnl
 lvodis weuqKqï lgq

-4-
 úúO j¾K lvodis
 úúO j¾K lvodisj,ska l=vd m%udKfha iuk,hka" ud¿ka" l=re,a,ka yd u,aj,
wdlD;s lmd .ekSug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
 wdlD;s isiqkag fyd¢ka o¾Ykh ùu i|yd ldâfndaâ fmÜáfha fome;a;la
^m%;ú
s reoaO me;s 2lska& lmd bj;a lr .kak'
 ldâfndaâ fmÜáfha há me;af;a isÿre folla ^iqÿiq ÿrlska& úo .ekSug isiqka
fhduq lrkak'
 kQ,a 2la tu isÿre ;=<ska hjd weuqKqï lgqj,g wuqKd" tu weuqKqï lgqj,
i;a;aj wdlD;Ska r|jd .ekSu i|yd u`. fmkajkak'
 ldâfndaâ fmÜáfha by<ska o isÿre folla úÈkak' ta ;=<ska kQ,a folla hjd
tajdfha fmÜáh ;=< we;s fl<jrj, pqïnl len,s folla .eg .ikak'
 ju; iy ol=K; Ndú; lrñka wdlD;s fj; pqïnl len,s <x lr p,kh
lrñka i;=gq ùug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

ks.ukh
pqïnlj,g f,day wdl¾IKh jk ksid f,day weuqKqï lgq /| jQ wdlD;s fkdjeà
mj;S'

wm tÈfkod Ndú;d lrk úúO WmlrK yd NdKav Ndú;fha § hï hï foa

.eg .eiSug isÿùu
 fufia .eg.eiSu Ndú; lsÍu ksid tu NdKav yd WmlrK Ndú;h myiq ùu'
tu NdKavfha WmlrKfha wdrlaIdj yd l,a meje;au mj;ajd .ekSug
bjy,ajk nj o fmkajd fokak'
Wod#-  im;a;f
= õ f,aih
 fldKavh f.d;d .eg .ik máh
 lEu fmÜáh .eg .ik w;a msiakdj
 fujeks foa Ndú; lsÍfï§ .eg .eiSug yqrejla ,eîu i|yd iEu isiqfjl= u
my; oelafjk l%shdldrlfuys ksr; lrjkak'
 ta i|yd fikaáógr 30 muK È. fikaáógr 4 muK m<, frÈ máhla yd
rjqï yevhla iys; l=vd ,S lene,a,la fyda ng lene,a,la fyda ne.ska iEu
isiqfjl=g u ,nd fokak'
 tajd fhdod .ksñka .eg .eiSfï uQ,l
s l=i,;d ,nd .ekSug isiqkag wjia:dj
,nd fokak'

-5-
  fï wdldrhg u isiqka /f.k wd lEu fmÜáh yd w;a msiakdj fhdod .ksñka
lEu fmÜáh ;=< we;s wdydr msg;g fkdtk fia wdrlaI;
s j th .eg .eish
yels wdldrh isiqkag yqre lrjkak'
 ksjerÈ j w;a msiakdj .eg .eiSfuka wdydr wmf;a fkdhk nj;a" mdi,a
nE.h msßisÿ j mj;ajd .; yels nj;a fmkajd fokak'
 tfia u c,h /f.k tk fnda;,h ksjerÈ j jeiSu;a" th isria j nE.h ;=<
r|jd .ekSu;a jeo.;a jk nj o u;= lr olajkak'
 fï wkqj ;ud ks;r Ndú;d lrk WmlrK ksjerÈ j mßyrKh lsÍug wm
úiska mqreÿ mqyqKq úh hq;= nj o isiqkag wjOdrKh lrkak'

í,ekalÜ ueiau
 í,ekalÜ ueiau ms<n
s | uQ,sl yqrelï ,eîu i|yd isiqka my; i|yka
l%h
s dldrlfuys ksr; lrjkak'
 ta i|yd fi'ó' 20 muK È. yd fi'ó' 10 muK m<, ì%iag,a fndaâ
lene,a,la" gemeiaá% b¢lgqjla yd jQ,a kq,la ne.ska iEu isiqfjl=g u ,nd
fokak'
 tu ì%iag,a fndaâ lene,af,a fome;a; my; rEmfha olajd we;s wdldrhg
í,ekalÜ ueiau Ndú; lrñka ueiSu i|yd isiqkag wjYH Wmfoia ,nd
fokak'

-6-
úúO foa fhdod .ksñka wdydr j¾.j, wdlD;s ks¾udKh lsÍu
Wod#-

 ne¨khla mqïnd lg .eg .id ta jgd .ï ;jrd ne¨kh fkdfmfkk fia uqx
weg we,ùfuka fo,a f.ähla ks¾udKh
 ì;a;g lgq fhdod .ksñka jïngq f.ähla ksujd th j¾K .kajd lgqjla
fhdod ilia lsÍu'
 fgdksla uQäj, oï mdg lvodis w,jd ñÈje,la ks¾udKh lr .ekSu'

w;S;fha uq;=ka ñ;a;ka c,h msßisÿ lr .ekSug isÿ l< foa yd j¾;udkfha
isÿ lrk foa
w;S;fha c,h msßisÿ lr.;a l%u j¾;udkfha c,h msßisÿ lr.kakd l%u
 b`.sks weg$ w`.=re c,hg oeóu  fmrk Ndú;h (filter)
 frÈlvlska fmrd .ekSu  laf,daÍka fh§u
 WKqlr ksjd .ekSu  c, lrdu i|yd fmrk fh§u
 fujeks úúO l%u fhdod .ekSfuka Ndú;d lrk c,h msßisÿ lr .ekSug
w;S;fha fuka u j¾;udkfha o ñksiqka W;aidy .kak nj fmkajd fokak'
 wmf.a mshú weig c,h msßisÿ f,i fmKqk;a" fndfyda wjia:dj, § c,h
wmsßisÿ j mej;sh yels nj fmkaùu i|yd isiqka my; l%shdldrlfuys ksr;
lrjkak'
 fmÍfuka c,h msßisÿ lr .; yels oehs fidhd ne,Su i|yd my; wdldrfha
l%h
s dldrlul .=rejrhd iu`. fh§ug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
 uv ñY% jQ c,h fyda j¾K c,h fyda idïm,hla imhd .kak'
 rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ ir, wegjqula ilid .kak'

-7-
 m;=, isÿre lr.;a fhda.Ü fldmamj, m;=,g mq¿ka fyda iqÿ meye;s frÈ len,s
fyda fhdod .kak' ^fhda.Ü fldamam 3la fyda jeä ixLHdjla fyda fhdod .;
yelsh'&
 imhd .;a uv iys;$ j¾Kj;a c, idïm,fhka fldgila úksúo fmfkk
n÷klg ^j;=r ùÿrejla& fjka lr.kak'
 b;=re fldgi" wegjqfuys by<ska u we;s fhda.Ü fldamm
a hg j;a lrkak'
 fhda.Ü fldamam tlsfklska tu c, idïm,h fmÍ tk whqre ksÍlaIKh lr
woyiia m%ldY lsÍug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
 by<ska u we;s fhda.Ü fldamamfhka fmÍ tk Èhrh fmr fhdod .;a nk÷g
iudk fjk;a úksúo fmfkk n÷klg tl;= lr .kak' th m<uq idïm,fhka
fjka lr .;a m%udKhg iudk m%udKhla jk fia ,nd .kak'
 tu Èhr úksúo fmfkk isiqka tl <`. ;nd ksÍlaIKh lr woyia m%ldY lsÍug
wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
 fmryka f,i fhdod .;a iqÿ meye;s frÈ len,sj,g fyda mq¿kaj,g fyda isÿ ù
we;s fjkialï ksÍlaIKhg o isiqka fhduq lrkak' wjYH mßÈ isiqkag w;aldp
,nd fokak'

ir, c, fmrKh y÷kd .ksuq

-8-
 fuys § háka isÿre lr.;a fhda.Ü fldamam ;=<g mq¿ka oud by< u we;s
fhda.Ü fldamamhg uv ñY% c,h oeuQ úg tajd fmfrñka tlsfkl fhda.Ü fldamam
;=<ska meñK hg u we;s Ndckhg jefÜ' fhda.Ü fldamam .Kk jeä lr .ekSu
;=<ska c,h ;j;a fyd¢ka fmrd.; yelsh h'

 meyeÈ,sj fmfkk ì;a;s iys; úksúo fmfkk lg f,dl= ùÿre fnda;,a .kak'
^ysia cEï fnda;,a fï i|yd iqÿiq h'&
 tu n÷kaj,g mq¿ka mqrjd tajdg uqx$ fndaxÑ fyda uE îc lsysmhla oukak'
 mq¿ka f;fuk mßÈ c,h iaj,amhla ta u; biskak'
 miq lKavdhïj,g tu n÷ka ,nd § my; lreKq Tiafia ux wegj, ^fyda fjk;a
îcj,& fyda isÿjk fjkialï ksÍlaIKh lsÍug wjia:dj fokak' ksÍlaIKh
i|yd w;aldp o ,nd fokak'
 fuu îc me<ùfï § olakg ,efnk my; i|yka foa ms<n
s | j isiq wjOdkh
fhduq lrkak'
 uq,ska u olakg ,efnk fldgi
 uq,a wefok wdldrh
 uq,a jefvk ÈYdj
 l| Èlajk wdldrh
 l| jefvk ÈYdj
 m;% yg.kakd wdldrh
 tla tla fldgfia mdg fjkia jk wdldrh

-9-
 ir,j lmamh
s la iE§u

fi,a,ï wdf,dal ix{d moaO;shla iE§u

mi fidaodhdug Ydlj, n,mEu mÍlaId lsÍu

;Kfld< rys; ìu ;Kfld< iys; ìu

uv c,h
msßisÿ c,h

fuys § by;ska c,h oeuQ úg ;Kfld< iys; ìu yryd Ndckhg tk c,h

msßisÿ h' ;Kfld< rys; ìu yryd tk c,h uv meye;s h' ñka ks.ukh l<
yelafla" ;Kfld< iys; ìfuys mi fidaod fkdhk njhs'

-10-
 pkaø.%yKh yd iQ¾h.%yKh isÿjk whqre

pkaø .%yKh

iQ¾h .%yKh

;re rgd

ovhlaldrhd uyd j,id l=vd j,id

-11-
l=reih isxy f.dakqiaid

r:jdyk wdf,dal ix{d moaO;sh

jdykh k;r lrkak'

r:h .ukg iQodkï lrkak'

.uk wdrïN lrkak'

mÈlhskaf.a wdf,dal ix{d moaO;sh

mdr yryd
udreùu
fkdl< hq;=hs'

mdr yryd
udrejkak'

is;shul olajk ud¾. ixfla;

-12-
 rEmsl m%ldYk

fndcqka y, m%;spl%SlrKh l< ìf|k iq¨ h .=jka f;dgqm<

yels h

wdndê; wh i|yd ÿrl:k myiqlï úoHq;a yd

bf,lafg%dak
Wmdx. mßirhg
neyer fkdlrkak

oKav pqïnl wdl¾IKh yd úl¾IKh y÷kd .ekSu

-13-
 iq<x glh y÷kd .ekSu

fuys § ;yvq lene,a,g iq<`. jÈk úg th p,kh fõ' ta iu`. háka t,a,d
we;s weK ysia ùÿre fnda;,fha jÈk w;r" thska —áka áka˜ .d Yíohla kef.a' túg
f.dvìug tk i;=ka ìh ù wdmiq hhs' fuh w;S;fha j.d ìï wdrlaIdjg fhdod.;a
mßir ys;ldó l%uhls'

áIQ lvodis ;=<ska j¾Kj;a c,h .uka lrk whqre

fuys § ùÿrej, we;s j¾Kj;a c,h áIQ lvodis ;=<ska .ukafldg j¾K
tlaù wmQre j¾K iEfohs'

úh<s fldaI y÷kd.ksuq

Ok
w.%h

iDK
w.%h

-14-
 n,anh y÷kd.ksuq

ùÿre wdjrKh
ùÿre
iQ;%sldj
wjdrKh

;U jeiau
^f,dayuh fldmqj& Ok w.%h

iDK w.%h
Bhï w.%h

îchla me<ùug wjYH idOl mÍlaId lruq'

ks.ukh
fuys § fmd,a f;,a ;Ügqjla ouQ G iy S Ndckj, îc me<fjkafka ke;' n÷k
;=<g jd;h we;=¿ fkdùu" thg fya;=j fõ' tfuka u N Ndckfha c,h r;a lsÍu
ksid tys jd;h fkdue;s ùfuka îc fkdme< fõ'

-15-
 isÿre leurdj y÷kd .ksuq

ks.ukh
isÿre leurdjlska hula foi neÆ úg th fmfkkafka hál=re f,i hs'

uqyqÿ c,fhka ¨Kq fjkalr .ksuq'

fuys § ¨Kq iys; Ndckh fyd¢ka ysre t<sh jefgk ia:dkh ;enQ úg Èk
lsysmhlska c,h bj;a ù f.dia ¨Kq b;=re ù ;sfnk wdldrh oelsh yels h'

-16-
 whsia leg mÍlaIdj

ks.ukh

fuys § wfkla Ndck folg u jvd blaukska WKq c, n÷fka whsia leg Èh fõ'

iq<x ÈYd o¾Ylh y÷kd .ksuq

iq<`.
meñfKk
ÈYdj

fuh iq<`. yuk ÈYdj y÷kd.kakd WmlrKh hs' fuys § jeo.;a u foh
jkafka" iq<x ÈYd o¾Ylfha B;,fha B ysi fhduqjkafka iq<`. yud tk ÈYdjg
ùuhs'

-17-
 Y%S ,xldfõ lS¾;skduh kexùug odhl jQ mqoa.,hska

tia' uyskao ysñ wk.dßl iS'ví,sõ'ví,sõ wdkkao l=udriajdñ

O¾umd,;=ud lkakka.r uy;d uy;d

fykaß iaà,a wd;¾ iS' la,dla wdpd¾h à'î' chd ví,sõ' ã'
´,alÜ;=ud uy;d uy;d wurfoaj uy;d

wdpd¾h wdkkao l=udriajdñ uy;d

wdpd¾h wdkkao l=udriajdñ uy;d 1877 wf.daia;= 22 jeks Èk fld<U"
fld,a¨msáfha § Wm; ,eî h' Tyq úiska rÑ; Ydia;%Sh .%ka: yd ksnkaOk
m%udKd;au j fukau .=Kd;aul núka o w;suy;a h' tu ixLHdj 500 g jvd
jeä h' fu;=ud bx.%Sis" m%xY" c¾uka" ,;ska: .%Sla" ixialD;" md,s hk NdIdj,
úYsIg
a ;ajhg meñKsfhls' kS;sfõÈfhl= yd mßj¾;lfhla úh' fn!oaO O¾u .%ka:
md,s niska bx.%Sishg;a" yskaÿ O¾u .%ka: fou< niska bx.%Sishg;a mßj¾;kh lrk
,§'

,kavkfha jhsla ,sma úoHd,hh Tyqf.a .=re f.or úh' Tyqf.a m%:u Ydia;%Sh
f,aLkh z,xldfõ l÷ yd ñksrkaZ jdßl ix.%yh hs' j¾I 1905 § z,xld iudc
m%;i
s xialrK ix.uhZ werUQ l=udriajdñ uy;d zisf,daka keIk,a ßùõZ (Ceylon
national review) i`.rdfõ iudrïNl ixialdrljrhd úh' wdkkao l=udriajdñ jQ
l,s ,xldfjka f,djg odhdo l< m%uqL fmf<a od¾Ykslfhls' fmrÈ. l,d iïm;a
ixrlaIKh lsÍu Ndrj isá fudyqf.a w;a msgm;a ,sms f,aLk wdÈh fndiagka ,,s;

-18-
l,d fl!;=ld.drfhys wo;a ixrlaIKh lr ;sfí' zuOHld,Sk isxy, l,dZ" zcd;sl
wfmalI
a KZ" zbkaÈhdkq bka¥kSishdkq l,dfõ b;sydihZ fudyq úiska rÑ; lD;S h'

Tyq j¾I 1947 iema;eïn¾ ui 09 Èk weußldfõ fndiagka kqjr § ñh

.sfha h'

wdpd¾h à'î' chd ue;s;=ud

j¾I 1890 ckjdß 01 jeks od Wm; ,enQ à'î' chdf.a <ud ld,h .eñ
orejka w;r f.jqKq ir, Èú fmfj;la úh' Tyq fldgfyak idka; mdjq¿ úÿyf,ka
o" fld<U Ydka; f;dauia úÿyf,ka o wOHdmkh ,enqfõ h'

j¾I 1910 ckjdß ui uykqjr O¾urdc úÿyf,a .=rejrfhl= f,i jev Ndr
.;a fu;=ud ,;ska" .%Sla" wd¾Ól úoHdj" b;sydih jeks úIhka u.ska YsIHhka ;=<
foaYdNsudkh" tä;r nj yd fm!reI;ajh f.dvkef.k mßÈ b.ekaùï lghq;=j,
fhÈKs'

j¾I 1917 § fld<U wdkkao úoHd,fha .=rejrfhl= f,i jev lrk ld,fha
rg Ndr .ekSug bjy,a jk wkaofï mQ¾K wOHdmkhla YsIHhlag ,nd ÿkafka h'

j¾I 1921 § fld<U urodk iysrd úoHd,hfha úÿy,am;s úh' tl, ;snQ
fld<U lhsßhd nd,sld mdi, iy fvkayeï bx.%Sis mdi, wdrïN lrk ,oafoa
fu;=ud úisks' w¨;a.u" .ïfmd<" ud;f,a iy mq;;
a ,u k.rj, iysrd
úoHd,hhka o" w¨;a.u" wâvd,ÉfÉk k.rj, .=re úÿy,a o wdrïN lf<a h'
cd;sl fldäh yd cd;sl .Sh iïmdok lñgqfõ l%h
s dldÍ idudðlfhl= jQ wdpd¾h
à'î' chd uy;d j¾I 1960 § ijqÈ wrdìhdfõ §kd k.rfha § fuf,dúka iuq
.;af;a h'

wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r ue;s;=ud

wdpd¾h l%i
s afgdam¾ ú,shï úfÊfldaka lkakka.r fY%AIaG wOHmk{hl=
fuka u cd;sl ùrfhla o fõ' fu;=ud j¾I 1894 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 18 Èk Wm;
,eî h'

lkakka.r ue;s;=ud uyd Ndr;fha Wm; ,eî kï Tyq tys § foúfhl=

jYfhka mo ,nkq we;e hs j¾I 1945 ,xldfõ isá bkaÈhdkq ksfhdað; tï' tia'
wfka mjid we;' wïn,kaf.dv fjia,h
s ka iy .d,af,a ßÉukaâ úÿy,aj, bf.kqu
,enQ Tyq ì%;dkH wêrdcHhg wh;a rgj, fyd| u YsIHhdg ysñ ;Hd.h o Èkd

-19-
.;af;a h' ßÉukaâ úoHd,hfha .=rejrfhl= f,i .=re jD;a;shg meñKs Tyq
fudrgqj fõ,aia úoHd,hh iy fld<U fjia,s úoHd,hfha o fiajh lf<ah' j¾I
1931 isg l%'s j' 1946 f;la ld,fha ,xldfõ wOHdmk weu;s j isg lrk ,o fiajdj
w;suy;a h'
m<uq jk fY%aKsfha isg úYajúoHd,hh f;la ksoyia wOHdmkh fkdñf,a ,nd
§u" ujq ni wOHdmk udOHh njg m;a lsÍu" mdi,a rchg mjrd .ekSu" udOH uyd
úoHd, wdrïN lsÍu" iEu <ufhl=g u ;u foujqmshkaf.a wd.u b.ekaùu" wdodhï
wvq YsIHhkag YsIH;aj ,nd §u" fmdÿ úIh ks¾foaYhla ilia lsÍu" úIh ndysr
lghq;= ixúOdkh" mdi,aj,g l%v
S d msÜgks ,nd§u" ix.S;h" kegqï" u,, l%v
S d
bf.kSug wjia:d ,nd§u" fojk mka;sfha isg bx.%Sis úIh bf.kSug wksjd¾hh
lsÍu jeo.;a úh' fuu kùlrK Tiafia Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkfha kj keïula we;s
jQ w;r ta jljdkqj jk úg wOHdmkh w;ska wdishdfõ ÈhqKq u rg njg ,xldj
m;a úh' mrd§k hq.hl jQj o Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk rgdj fjkia lsÍfï ld¾hhg
Wr§fuka wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r kue;s fY%aIaG wOHdmk{hd cd;sl
ùrfhl= jYfhka o ie,flk w;r Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a wOHdmkfha mshd hkqfjka
úreodj,sh ,eî h'
tia' uyskao ysñ
j¾I 1901 § áfnÜ rfÜ iSlsï m%foaYfhys Wm; ,o tia'fla' ;Iskï.,a jhi
wjqreÿ 12 § fld<U úfoHdaoh msßfjkg we;=<;a j md,s" isxy," ixialD; bf.k
.;af;a h' uydfndaê úoH,hfhka bx.%Sis o fmd,a.ia¥j wdrdufhka m%dÖk NdId o
yeoEÍ h' r;a.u isßpQ,iquk ysñhkaf.a YsIHfhl= f,i fodvka¥fõ
ffY,ìïndrdufÜ § iSlsï uyskao kñka meúoao ,nd .;af;a h'
ta ysñmdfKda j¾I 1934-1396 ld,h ;=< fld<U wdkkao úoHd,hfha isxy,"
md,s" nqoaO O¾uh b.ekajy
Q ' mkai, iy .u fjkqfjka úYd, fiajdjla l< Wka
jykafia úiska kj ,xld oyï mdi, yd bx.%Sis mdGYd,dj wdrïN lrk ,§'
tfuka u i;r fmarefõ .ïj,ska fnfy;a tl;= fldg fkdñf,a fnfy;a fok mska
fnfy;a Yd,djla msysgjQy' .j uia lEfuka .ïuqka j<ld,Sug ;Èka u l%h
s d l<y'
uqka jykafia mdkÿf¾ f;dg.uqfõ Wmiïmod NslaIq uKav,fha f,alï ;k;=r
oerEy'

tia uyskao ysñhka .oH" moH lD;s 40la muK rpkd lr we;' ,xld ud;d"
ksoyfia uka;%h" ksoyfia oeyek" ore ke<ú,a, wd§ .%ka: Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a
foaYdNsudkh ye`.Sï cks; lrùug iu;a úh' fld<U hq.fha ckm%h
s lúhl= jQ

-20-
fu;=ukaf.a uq,a u lD;sj jYfhka Tjd uq;o
= u o wjidk lD;sh jYfhka Y%S mdoh o
ie,fla' foaYdNsudkS ye`.Sfuka lghq;= fldg cd;sl fufyjrl fhÿKq fu;=udfKda
j¾I 1951 ud¾;= ui 14 Èk wmj;a jQy'
wd;¾ iS' la,dla ue;s;=ud
ol=Kq tx.,ka;fha iu¾fiÜ m%foaYfha uhskafyÉ hk k.rfha § 1917
foieïn¾ ui 16 jk od wd;¾ iS' la,dla uy;d Wm; ,eîh' fudyq úoHd{hl=
fuka u m%isoaO f,aLlfhls' fudyq m%isoaêhg m;a jQfha j¾I 1945 § jh¾,ia j¾,aâ
hk i`.rdfõ m< lrk ,o ,smshlsks' fmdf<dfõ isg wyig pkaøsld heúh yels h
hkqfjka o tu pkaøsld Wmfhda.S lrf.k mKsúv yqjudre l%uhla ks¾udKh l<
yels nj o fudyq m%ldY lr we;'

fu;=ud j¾I 1956 § Y%S ,xldfõ mÈxÑhg meñKsfha h' fudrgq úYaj
úoHd,fha l=,m;sjrhd fuka u tx.,kaf;a rdclSh ;drld úoHd{hkaf.a ix.ufha
idudðlfhl= f,i o lghq;= lf<a h' fu;=udg Wmdê yd iïudk 38la muK msßkud
we;' khsÜ moúfhka o msÿï ,enQ Y%Su;a wd;¾ iS' la,dla uy;d wkQ úhe;sj isáh §
j¾I 2008 la jQ ud¾;= ui 19 jk od Y%S ,xldfõ § ñh .sfha h'

Y%S ,xldfõ m<d;a y÷kd .ksuq

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 Y%S ,xldfõ kduh cd;Hka;rhg f.k .sh mqoa.,hska

vkalka jhsÜ iqika;sld chisxy ik;a chiQßh

ÆIka mqIamrdÊ ví,sõ' ã' uq;a;hshd uqr,sorka

wurfoaj

fm%auisß flauodi uydpd¾h ir;a isì,a fj;a;isxy

.=Kmd,

-22-
 ksoyi Èkd .ekSug lghq;= l< mqoa.,fhda

yslalvqfõ Y%S ñf.Ügqj;af;a tia' uyskao ysñ

iqux., ysñ .=Kdkkao ysñ

f.dx.df,af.dv fudkrú, ã'tia' fiakdkdhl

nKavd lemafmáfmd, uy;d

wfma Wreuhla jQ f.dlafld< ieris,s yd ks¾udK

-23-
 ud¾. ix{d

nia kej;=u jdyk kj;ajk mÈlhka udrejk frday,

ia:dkh ia:dkh

<uhska udrejk
mÈlhska udrejk r: jdyk wdf,dal ,siaik iq¿
ud¾.h bÈßfhks ia:dkh bÈßfhks
ia:dkh bÈßfhks ix{d bÈßfhks

wkdrlaIs; ÿïßh yria jg rjqu bÈßfhks ñksiqka jefvys

f.aÜgq iys;
ud¾.h bÈßfhks fhfok ia:dkh
ÿïßh yria
bÈßfhks
ud¾.h bÈßfhks

-24-
 îc jHdma; jk l%u
iq<`. u.ska

fydr

jrd f;dá,

.ïud¨
fudkr l=vqïìh

c,h u.ska

lÿre
mqjla fmd,a

l=Uqla

-25-
 msmÍ
s u u.ska ^iafMdagkfhka&

l+v¨ rn¾ T<s| bms,a bms,a

i;=ka u.ska ^wf`.a ;ejÍfuka&

wem, ;=;a;sß kd.orK

i;=ka u.ska ^f.ä ld oeófuka&

wU
rUqgka

fmar cïnq

-26-
 M,h lr,la f,i jefvk Ydl

mf;da, fndaxÑ nKavlald uE lr,a mf;da,

talfoaYsl i;=ka
mlaIk
S a

j<s l=l<
= d ynka l=l<
= d m`vqjka niaid w¿ fou,sÉpd

laIr
S mdhS i;=ka

l¿ j÷rd l,jeoaod ysla óhd

-27-
 u;aiHfhda

u,a mq¨Ügd m;srK id,hd nkaÿ, fm;shd nq,;a ymhd

hla lgqiaid Èh khd

´mkdhl fhdaO mqiaje,

-28-
m<d; # inr.uqj

Èia;%slalh # r;akmqrh

 ft;sydisl yd T!Iëh jákdlulska hqla; h'

 ó .x bjqrg hdno j msysgd we;'
 oekg yuq ù we;s úYd,; u mqiaje, f,i ie,fla'

lemagka fvdaika l=¿K

lemagka ú,shï *%ekaisia

fvdaika

m<d; # uOHu

Èia;%slalh # uykqjr

 fld<U kqjr mdr ì%;dkHhka bÈ l< m<uq uyd ud¾.hhs'

 ta i|yd lem ù fiajh lrk ,oafoa ú,shï *%ekaisia fvdaika úh'
 kuq;a ud¾.h bÈ lr wjika lsÍug fmr Tyq frda.d;=r ù ñh .sfha h'
 Tyq l< wñ, fiajh isyslrkq jia 1829 § lvq.kakdj k.rfha fuu l=¿K
bÈlrk ,§'

-29-
 ßá., lkao

m<d; # W;=re ueo

Èia;%slalh # wkqrdOmqrh

 uyskaod.ukh;a ta yryd we;s jQ meúÈ NslaIq Ydikh;a ms<sn| idlaIs mj;S'

 Y%S ,xldjg wdfõKsl Ydl yd i;a;aj m%cdj fukau ßá.,g wdfõKsl jQ Ydl
m%cdjkaf.ka hqla; h' ^jk ó&
 jkÔù oeä rlaIs;hkaf.ka tlls'

wïn,u

 w;S;fha § u.Skaf.a .suka wjYH;d fjkqfjka bÈ jQ .sukay,a wïn,u kï fõ'

 mkdúáh wïn,fï úYsIag u oej leghï oel.; yels h'
 rg mqrd úúO ia:dkj, wïn,ï oel.; yels h'

-30-
 kdu,a Whk

m<d; # W;=re ueo

Èia;%slalh # wkqrdOmqrh

 f,dj úYd,; u kd jkh yd frdai ;srejdkd lkao fõ'

 jkjdiS rdyq, f;reKa úiska f,dal wjOdkhg fhduq lr ;sfí'
 jir ñ,shk 500lg;a jvd merKs b;sydihla fuu frdai ;srejdkdj,g we;s
nj lshfõ'

-31-
 c, fmrKhla

wfma rfÜ Ôj;a jk ck j¾. iy we÷ï me<÷ï

isxy, fou< uqia,sï

ldka;d - Tißh ldka;d - idßh ldka;d - yndhd" bcdyia

msßñ - isxy, wdßh we÷u msßñ - fõÜáh" nekshu msßñ - cqínd" f;dmamsh

-32-
 n¾.¾

ldka;d - .jqu
msßñ - l,siu" lñih" f,da.=j

wdÈjdiSka

ldka;d
yd fld< w;=" i;a;aj yï
msßñ u.ska idod.;a we÷ï

Ydlj, jeãug ysre t<sfha n,mEu y÷kd .ksuq'

fuys § fyd¢ka ysret<sh jefgk ;Kfld< iys; ìï fldgila

fmd,algqjlska jid Èk lsysmhla ;nkak' bkamiq j fmd,algqj msg;g .;a úg tu
ia:dkfha ;Kfld<j, fld< meyeh ke;s ù f.dia úh¿Kq iajdNdjhla oelSug
yels fjhs'

-33-