Lecture 5
UT Examination
UT Evaluation
In this lecture we will know:
➢ Principle of UT
➢ Signal Amplitude
➢ Types of scanning
➢ How to do examination
➢ Examination Blocks
➢ How to make evaluation
➢ Evaluation Blocks
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Basic Principles of Ultrasonic Testing
Sound is transmitted in the material to be
tested The sound reflected back to the
probe is displayed on
the Flaw Detector
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The distance the sound traveled can be
displayed on the Flaw Detector
The screen can be calibrated to give
accurate readings of the distance
Signal from the back wall
Bottom / Back wall
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The presence of a Defect in the material shows
up on the screen of the flaw detector with a less
distance than the bottom of the material
The BWE signal
Defect signal
Defect
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
60 mm
The depth of the defect can be read with reference
to the marker on the screen
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The closer the
reflector to the
surface, the signal
C B A
will be more to the
left of the screen
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The thickness is read from the
screen
The THINNER the
C material the less
distance the sound
B
travel
A
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Signal Amplitude
The decibel change based on the signal amplitude
An increase or decrease of the signal based on full screen
height in a percentage, (FSH) can represent a specific
decibel change
Example:
Amplitude of 1st Signal (A1) (FSH) = 95
Amplitude of 2nd Signal (A2) (FSH) = 55
A2 / A1
55 / 95 = 0.578
Log 0.578 = -0.238
20 X -0.238 = -4.76 DB
Every time the amplitude of a signal is doubled,
this is equivalent of a 6 dB change.
Example:
Amplitude of 1st Signal (A1) (FSH) = 45
Amplitude of 2nd Signal (A2) (FSH) = 90
90 / 45 = 2
Log 2 = 0.301
20 X 0.301 = 6.0 dB
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2 signals at 10% and 100% FSH
What is the difference between them in dB’s?
H0
dB = 20Log..10
H1
100
dB = 20 Log ..10 = 20 Log..1010
10
dB = 201
dB = 20dB 10
•2:1 = 6 dB
•4:1 = 12 dB
•5:1 = 14 dB
• 10 : 1 = 20 dB
• 100 : 1 = 40 dB
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Types of Scanning
A-Scan
➢ A-scan presentation displays the
amount of received ultrasonic
energy as a function of time.
➢ Relative discontinuity size can
be estimated by comparing the
signal amplitude to that from a
known reflector.
➢ Reflector depth can be
determined by the position of
the signal on the horizontal
sweep.
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B-scan
➢ B-scan presentations display a
profile view (cross-sectional) of
a test specimen.
➢ Only the reflector depth in the
cross-section and the linear
dimensions can be determined.
➢ A limitation to this display
technique is that reflectors may
be masked by larger reflectors
near the surface.
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UT Examination
What is examination ?
It is the activity of inspecting the part to make
sure that the part has a defect or no, if the part
has a defect, during the examination we can
know the location and the depth of this defect
We use two types of standard examination
blocks
➢ Welding Block
➢ Lamination Block
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Examination Blocks
Welded Plate
➢ This block has a defect
in the welding in a
known location and
depth
➢ This block is inspected
by shear waves so we
use angle probes
(45°,60°,70°) to examine
it
➢ This block is standard
and specially
manufactured for UT
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Examination Blocks
Lamination Block
➢ This block called side
drilled holes, it has a
defects over its length
with a different depths. It
is inspected by normal
probes which can
determine the depth of
each defect
➢ The depth of each defect
is known
➢ It is a standard block
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You must follow these steps before being the
examination
➢ Enter the thickness of the part to the
device
➢ Enter the angle of probe to the device
➢ Calculate the range then enter it to the
device
➢ Calculate H.S.D (Half Skip Distance)
➢ Calculate F.S.D (Full Skip Distance)
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Calculations of Examination
➢ Range
t : thickness of material
θ : angle of used probe
➢ Half Skip Distance (H.S.D)
H.S.D = T X tan θ
➢ Full Skip Distance (F.S.D)
F.S.D = 2T X tan θ
1st leg : the sound path
which inspect the root
2nd leg : the sound path
which inspect the cap
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Shape of some defects in UT
Lack of fusion Crack
Slag inclusion Porosity 20
UT Evaluation
WHAT IS THE EVALUATION?
In the evaluation we classify the defect to
accepted or rejected according to two
codes:
➢ ASME (Using DAC)
➢ AWS D1.1 (Using formula)
❖ To evaluate the defect according to ASME we
need to draw DAC (Distance Amplitude Curve).
We can draw DAC by using evaluation blocks:
➢ Non Piping Block
➢ Piping Block
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Evaluation Blocks
Non piping Block
➢ This block is used to
draw DAC by using
the notch in it
➢ We use angle probes
to draw DAC
❖ The practice on
device will show
the steps followed
to draw DAC by
using his block
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Evaluation Blocks
Piping Block
➢ This block is used to
draw DAC by using
the notch in it
➢ We use angle probes
to draw DAC
➢ This block is used to
draw DAC especially
in PAUT
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❖ To evaluate the defect according to AWS D1.1
we use the formula
D = a-b-c
Where:
D : the defect size
a : the value you reached to after changing in dB
b : Calibration dB
c : Attenuation factor
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From AWS D1.1 acceptance criteria
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From AWS D1.1 acceptance criteria
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Questions?
Thanks
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