International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)

ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-10 Issue-3, September 2021

Geospatial Location-Based Study for

Establishment of New Public Health Centers: A
Case of Adama City, Oromia, Ethiopia
Temesgen Abraham Gebreselassie, P. Jagadeeswara Rao

Abstract: This study focuses on establishing adequate public believe that healthcare is a human right that is both practical
healthcare centers to reduce disease spread and untimely death of and morally sound (Ram-Tiktin, 2012 and Schraufnagel and
human lives in Adama City, Ethiopia. There is considerable Schraufnagel, 2017). People's access to healthcare is thought
evidence, owing to poor geographical accessibility, the primary to be improved by a rights-based approach, particularly in
healthcare facility is not reaching the majority of the population in
low- and middle-income nations (Durojaye, 2017). However,
developing nations. This case study has been carried out to
identify and prioritize the suitable areas to develop healthcare
because healthcare is a finite resource that must be rationed,
centers using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Thematic understanding the root reasons for high healthcare costs is
maps and ancillary data are used to analyze location-allocation essential for implementing successful solutions (Berdine,
analysis in ArcGIS-10.4. Required field data was collected using 2017). Others contend that the right to health and healthcare
GPS in Adama, Oromia, Ethiopia, and required supporting data must find a balance between societal and individual interests
from the Municipality of the City. The density of population is the (Brudney, 2016). The use of Geographic Information
significant input in calculating the standards for services-based Systems (GIS) in different organizations has been increasing
location-allocation. Therefore, road networks, existing healthcare rapidly in recent years, with the growing recognition of
facilities, and population density are the critical parameters
geographical barriers to healthcare access. The spatial
considered to identify the new healthcare centers to be established
to cater to the people's needs. In addition, land use/cover classes
planning of healthcare services implies that the use of GIS
and settlement location, proximity to the existing healthcare has been increasing for identifying a suitable site for a given
centers are also considered in GIS analysis for better results. The number of services in a defined region. Any healthcare needs
study identified eight suitable sites to develop healthcare centers in spatial distribution of population can be served in an essential
the city. Therefore, the government can utilize the factor (Amer, 2007). Ethiopia is Africa's second most
recommendations for infrastructure development planning to populated country and one of the world's least developed
improve healthcare facilities based on the accessibility. countries. The Ethiopian government has committed to
Keywords: accessibility, spatial distribution, GIS, health enhancing access to vital healthcare services for all citizens
centers
through decentralization, supporting private-sector
partnerships, and involving all stakeholders. Healthcare has
I. INTRODUCTION
been reorganized to achieve universal access to PHC by 2017
and improve healthcare's responsiveness to the needs and
Identification of suitable location is commonly believed expectations of the public (Balabanova et al., 2011). Despite
as the most vital factor in leading facilities in the success of this, insufficient infrastructure, regional distribution
any region. Appropriate sites help keep to reduce overhead networks, and low service quality have hampered universal
costs and improves accessibility. In addition, a good location access to healthcare (Chaya, 2007). The availability and
can improve access facilities, such as healthcare centers, fire accessibility characteristics of access were the focus of our
stations, schools, emergency response services, and libraries, research. Accessibility relates to the physical and human
which can deliver excellent service to the public at a low cost components of healthcare services and is dependent on the
(ESRI, 2016). Ensuring equitable access to healthcare and availability of adequate healthcare resources and their
promoting population health is critical (Panda and Thakur, equitable distribution. As a result, either a place-based or a
2016, and Obrist et al., 2007). Proponents of human rights people-based approach can assess the accessibility of
healthcare resources and services. The place-based system
needs an understanding of the geospatial proximity between
the location of service production and the stable dwellings of
Manuscript received on September 17, 2021.
Revised Manuscript received on September 25, 2021. service users. The second method considers the
Manuscript published on September 30, 2021. characteristics of service users, such as their culture, lifestyle,
* Correspondence Author time, and other resources available to them to use the services
Temesgen Abraham Gebreselassie*, Research Scholar, Department of (Neutens et al., 2010 and Lucas, 2016). In many developing
Geo-Engineering, College of Engineering, Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), India. Email: teme217842@gmail.com countries, the lack of political access may be the major
Prof. P. Jagadeeswara Rao, Professor, Department of Geo-Engineering, weakness of the local government.
College of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (Andhra
Pradesh), India, Email: pjr_geoin@rediffmail.com

© The Authors. Published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and

Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.C64770910321 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.C6477.0910321 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
Journal Website: www.ijrte.org 221 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
Geospatial Location-Based Study for Establishment of New Public Health Centers: A Case of Adama City,
Oromia, Ethiopia
Despite having these circumstances, the trend in recent quality of urban life, GIS tools are potent; four main spatial
decades has been for national governments to reduce the processes are usually used to generate alternative decisions:
financial capacity of local governments in absolute terms connectivity (Heywood et al., 2011), communication (Chang
(UN Documents, 2002). The fast rise of cities with significant K, 2019), proximity (Montgomery et al., 2016), and overlay
populations, particularly in urban areas, has created a (Montgomery et al., 2016) and (Grima et al., 2018).
shortage of adequate healthcare services (Amer, 2007). In Adama City, Oromia, Ethiopia, there is a significant
The objective of location-allocation of an area is to give insufficiency in the distribution of healthcare centers. The
equal access facility of the people most resourcefully. As the current healthcare service distributions result in limited
name specifies, location-allocation is a twofold function that physical accessibility, significantly impacting the city's
simultaneously locates services and allocates demand points growth. Health and social inequalities are exacerbated by the
to the services (ESRI, 2016). concentration of healthcare services in a single location, poor
Access to healthcare is seen to accomplish objectives such accessibility, and a lack of healthcare services (Gebreselassie
as enhanced efficiency and better service quality. Universal and Rao 2021).
health coverage (UHC) is crucial in ensuring that everyone It is a well-known reality that essential healthcare services
accesses healthcare services, despite the rigorous processes cannot reach evenly to the population due to limited
required. Under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), geographic access, as revealed in a prior study by
the goal of universal health coverage is not considered a goal Gebreselassie and Rao (2021). And therefore, the spatial
in and of itself. Instead, Universal Health Coverage is a distribution of healthcare services in Adama is influenced by
political decision to strengthen countries' complicated, the city's urban expansion, infrastructure development, and
ever-changing health systems to achieve long-term health population density variations. In this study, the researcher
improvement (Das et al., 2018, and Reich et al., 2016). used the p-median or minimal impedance location-allocation
In health care, equality can be defined as equal access, model, which is a network analyzer tool in ArcGIS10.4, to
utilization, or results, among other things. From a public allocate additional healthcare centers based on these factors.
policy standpoint, most people think that is the most
appropriate approach (Oliver and Mossialos, 2004). II. LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA
The fight about access to healthcare and access to
Adama is located in the Rift Valley, on flat land with
information is still going on. As a result, there is no single
mountains and ridged topography surrounding it. The city's
technique for assessing healthcare access. Despite different
most recent approved land-use plan was completed in 2004.
perspectives on access, such as political, the ability of
This plan's administrative boundary is chosen to limit the
healthcare use, the first step toward universal healthcare, and
scope of the spatial analysis. The city is divided into two
the usage and obtainability of health service resources, none
main watersheds: Awash and Mermersa, each covering 7,
of these definitions adequately explain access. Access is a
329.7 ha and 6, 036.8 ha, respectively. Adama city is located
broad term that refers to how clients and the healthcare
100 km from southeast of Addis Ababa, about 8025'00" and
system are compatible. The availability, accessibility,
8036'00" North Latitude and 39011' 57" to 39021'15" East
accommodation, cost, and acceptability dimensions are
Longitude (Figure 1) at an average altitude of 1620m above
unique, interconnected, and interdependent variables that
the mean sea level. Adama is situated in the Eastern Shewa
help maximize and quantify access to healthcare
region, part of the central plateau ( Regassa et al., 2020).
(Penchansky and Thomas, 1981).
Adama city is surrounded by rural districts and rural
For determining the optimum site for a given service, the
communities that dwell on farming. There are seven public
location-allocation technique will use one of the following
health centers in the city: Geda health centers, Dembela
methods: Minimize Impedance, Maximize Coverage,
health centers, Adama health centers, Hawas health centers,
Maximize Capacitated Coverage, Maximize Attendance, and
Biftu health centers, Anole health centers, and Boku health
Maximize, and Target Market Share. Subsequently,
centers. An institution-based cross-sectional study was
concerning the quantity and social infrastructure planning,
conducted at six health centers (Hafiza, 2019)
different situations might need another solution. So that, the
choice of which method is to be used for optimum site
allocation and site confirmation (ESRI, 2016).
The p-median problem is one of the location allocations
models used in various applications, ranging from optimizing
services placement to the location of new facilities. To
minimize the weights of the transportation distances between
the benefits and served population, the number p of services
is calculated for a given demand in this model (Daskin,
2004). This assumes that the service users use the nearest
facility.
The goal of the p-median problem is to locate a set of
facilities so that the total travel distance between service
centers and demand points is as short as possible. It's a more
basic version of the location-allocation modeling techniques
(Toregas et al., 1971).
In spatial decision support systems for evaluating the

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.C64770910321 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.C6477.0910321 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
Journal Website: www.ijrte.org 222 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-10 Issue-3, September 2021

Figure 1. Location of the Study Area

0.626 million.
III. METHODOLOGY, DATA PROCESSING, AND In this analysis, three coverages such as healthcare center
ANALYSIS locations, road network, and the demand point data with
Data was acquired from primary and secondary sources. relevant aspatial data are used in ArcGIS10.4. All of these
GPS was used to obtain location data on existing health data are then used for the service area and location-allocation
services (supply) in all city locations. The Adama modeling process. Minimum distance location-allocation
municipality and the regional health bureau provided model processed the collected point data in ArcGIS for
information on the number and location of public healthcare generating service area polygon using Network Analyst
services and national standards. The land use, road network, Extension. In general, geospatial accessibility is performed
topographic maps, city boundary, the master plan of Adama by calculating the average weighted distances people have to
city, and population density for each parcel and per block travel to reach the given healthcare service. On the other hand,
obtained. The total population density of the city was the geospatial efficiency is assessed by relating the actual
collected from the regional statistics bureau and extracted length with the optimum average weighted distances.
from the given CAD data, which is the demand point in the The following data is required for siting additional public
analysis. This population data, the demand point in the study, healthcare centers using the location-allocation model (Table
was estimated by the Ethiopian Urban Expansion Initiative 1).
Intern Report 2 (Angel et al., 2013). Therefore, the projected
population of the city for 2030 is estimated to be around
Table 1 Required Data for Analysis
Data Source Function Obtaining Technique
Healthcare GPS Location of healthcare Field Survey
centers centers
Road CAD data & total station Road network Digitizing and editing

Population AMPPD & Ethiopian Urban Demand point Extraction and Observation
Expansion Initiative Report & CAD
Land Use Map Adama Municipality For new health center Digitizing and editing
site selection

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.C64770910321 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.C6477.0910321 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
Journal Website: www.ijrte.org 223 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
Geospatial Location-Based Study for Establishment of New Public Health Centers: A Case of Adama City,
Oromia, Ethiopia

Figure 2. Data analysis workflow

The P-median approach from the location-allocation parameters set in the first two steps in the third step. Finally,
model was used to determine the best places for additional after identifying the challenges that people continue to
healthcare centers. To optimize some given measurable confront, new health centers were proposed. This section
objective function, the method includes picking a set of sites used three scenes to map out the spatial distributions of
for healthcare facilities and assigning spatially distributed existing and proposed healthcare centers. Accessibility
groups of needs to these centers. The P-median method is analysis is used to evaluate the performance of each scene's
appealing because the shorter the overall weighted travel healthcare center.
distance, the easier it is for consumers to reach the nearest According to the Health Bureau's norms and guidelines, a
healthcare facility. The thematic overlay was performed in 2,000-meter journey distance is utilized as a criterion for
consideration of each healthcare center under review to determining accessibility. The chosen mode of transportation
identify the recommended site. Four steps were taken to run is walking; an appropriate walking distance is required to be
the model. The demand items and population density are counted as an accessibility characteristic (Assefa, 2008).
defined in the first stage. The second phase involves Using the collected primary and secondary data, all the
developing a model criterion that uses the minimum distance data used in this analysis have been extracted and verified
approach to determine the geographical efficiency of current with their dataset. An ArcGIS personal Geodatabase has been
healthcare centers in terms of weighted distance. The system created (Table 2) for this study.
then performs a location analysis based on the input

Table 2. Dataset created in the ArcCatalog window.

Name of the Explanation Forms of the Feature
Dataset dataset
Healthcare Center Geodatabase feature class Vector • The point represents the Healthcare Center
location
Street Network Geodatabase feature class Vector • Polyline represents streets
Demand Point Geodatabase feature class Vector • The point represents the population for each
parcel

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.C64770910321 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.C6477.0910321 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
Journal Website: www.ijrte.org 224 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-10 Issue-3, September 2021

Adama Street was used to generate a network dataset in a analysis were employed in this paper. A service area and
geodatabase. ArcMap was used to determine the impendence location-allocation analysis have been calculated based on
values of service areas for each healthcare center individually the parameters and values set in ArcCatalog. Then, utilizing
using service area analysis settings for healthcare centers the norms and criteria of these facilities, a service area map
after building a network dataset and extracting the point for each healthcare center was constructed. These maps show
dataset to a geodatabase in ArcCatalog (table 3). the city's healthcare centers' spatial distribution and
Service areas calculation analysis and location-allocation accessibility.

Table 3 Service area analysis settings for healthcare centers

Facility Impedance Default Direction Allow U-Turn Restriction
Breaks
Healthcare Distance 500, 1000, From the Everywhere One way
center 2000 Facility
using a set of criteria. The current study created a model that
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION integrated multiple theme layers such as existing health
centers, road networks, land use land cover (Figure 3), and
population density to determine the optimum location. Then,
In this study, suitability analysis in ArcGIS10.4 was
overlaying these theme layers in ArcGIS10.4, new locations
carried out to find suitable new healthcare locations. Site
for health centers were identified.
appropriateness is allocating new and relevant sites by
examining existing sites' structure, pattern, and condition

Figure 3. Land Use/cover Classes of Adama City based on Landsat 7 data

From the existing health centers distribution, using service current plan for the city healthcare center (figure 4, 5, and 6).
area analysis, the accessibility level of the population for the Scene 1: Locating four additional health centers in
years 2020 and 2021 is 64.50%, and projected to 2030 is underserved areas. These four healthcare facilities are
around 66.80%. Therefore, to increase the healthcare center strategically placed in underserved communities. Again,
accessibility level of the population by the year 2030, the Location-allocation network analysis is used to do this.
researcher conducted a location-allocation analysis.
Proposing additional new health centers in under-served
areas improves the current problem by making better
distribution to optimally serve people in the city.
Accordingly, three scenes were generated to adjust the
Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.C64770910321 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.C6477.0910321 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
Journal Website: www.ijrte.org 225 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
Geospatial Location-Based Study for Establishment of New Public Health Centers: A Case of Adama City,
Oromia, Ethiopia

Figure 4: New healthcare facilities resulted from location-allocation analysis (Scene 1)

Table 4: Distance Calculation to New Health Care Facilities within 2000m (scene 1)

ID Name of Health Center Approximate Approximate Total distance in Total Weighted

Serving Serving meters Distance (meter)
Population Population
in %
1 Adama Health Center 47160 7.53 6709508.166 53676065.33
2 Anole Health Center 11720 1.87 1648310.441 13186483.53
3 Biftu Health Center 56408 9.01 8093120.2 64744961.6
4 Boku Health Center 58016 9.27 7592501.839 60740014.71
5 Denbela Health Center 77120 12.32 13024487.2 104195897.6
6 Geda Health Center 54272 8.67 6812466.384 54499731.07
7 Hawas Health Center 33168 5.30 5271057.328 42168458.62
8 Potential Site1 31384 5.01 3253064.898 26024519.18
9 Potential Site 2 28040 4.48 4069192.42 32553539.36
10 Potential Site 3 55344 8.84 5527757.014 44222056.11
11 Potential Site 4 25416 4.06 2328021.293 18624170.35
Total Number of Population 478048 76.37
From the above figure 4, four potential new health centers underserved areas on top of scene 1. One of the current plan's
sites to the existing health facility in the study area. But still, recommendations is to establish two more health facilities
there is approximately 216,328 population overloaded due to with different location configurations. These six health
limited health centers and 147,952 beyond the standard centers are strategically placed in underserved communities.
conditions; a total of 364,280 population will have no access This is accomplished through the use of location-allocation
to these health services. network analysis.
Scene 2: Locating two additional health centers in

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.C64770910321 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.C6477.0910321 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
Journal Website: www.ijrte.org 226 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-10 Issue-3, September 2021

Figure 5: New health centers resulted from location-allocation analysis (scene 2)

Table 5: Distance Calculation to Proposed Health Care Facilities Within the City Limits (Scene2)
ID Name of Health Approximate Approximate Serving Total distance in Total Weighted
Center Serving Population in % meters Distance
Population (meter)
1 Adama Health Center 47152 7.53 6707509.367 53660074.94
2 Anole Health Center 11720 1.87 1648310.441 13186483.53
3 Biftu Health Center 52448 8.38 7195859.151 57566873.21
4 Boku Health Center 57424 9.17 7450560.053 59604480.43
5 Denbela Health Center 44248 7.07 6170680.355 49365442.84
6 Geda Health Center 54272 8.67 6812466.384 54499731.07
7 Hawas Health Center 33168 5.30 5271057.328 42168458.62
8 Suitable Site 1 26432 4.22 2299662.305 18397298.44
9 Suitable Site 2 22416 3.58 2867820.881 22942567.05
10 Suitable Site 3 55344 8.84 5527757.014 44222056.11
11 Suitable Site 4 25416 4.06 2328021.293 18624170.35
12 Suitable Site 5 81672 13.05 11315623.84 90524990.7
13 Suitable Site 6 25216 4.03 3815768.373 30526146.99
Total Number of Population 536928 85.77

As shown in Figure 5, two additional prospective sites 2, which cover more than 85% of under-served Service Areas
have been added, bringing the total number of future Another plan adjustment recommendation is to propose a
locations in the research area to six. However, roughly location design covering more than 85% of all underserved
227,792 population denied access to these health services locations.
owing to overcrowding, and 89072 will be denied access due
to exceeding the standard, for a total of 316864 persons.
Scene 3: Locating two new health centers on top of scene

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.C64770910321 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.C6477.0910321 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
Journal Website: www.ijrte.org 227 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
Geospatial Location-Based Study for Establishment of New Public Health Centers: A Case of Adama City,
Oromia, Ethiopia

Figure 6: Location identified for health centers resulted from Scene 3.

A percentage greater than 85 percent is used because it is assumed that if 85 percent of underserved areas are served, the
majority of the population is served. The number of health centers to be offered and their spatial arrangement is proposed in
this model (Table 6).
Table 6: Distance Calculation to Proposed Health Care Facilities within 2000m (Scene 3)
ID Name of Health Center Approximate Approximate Total distance in Total Weighted
Serving Serving meters Distance (meter)
Population Population in %
1 Adama Health Center 42496 6.79 5980691.317 47845530.54
2 Anole Health Center 11720 1.87 1648310.441 13186483.53
3 Biftu Health Center 52448 8.38 7195859.151 57566873.21
4 Boku Health Center 57424 9.17 7450560.053 59604480.43
5 Denbela Health Center 32280 5.16 4456724.912 35653799.29
6 Geda Health Center 43760 6.99 5658621.589 45268972.71
7 Hawas Health Center 33168 5.30 5271057.328 42168458.62
8 Potential Site 1 26432 4.22 2299662.305 18397298.44
9 Potential Site 2 22416 3.58 2867820.881 22942567.05
10 Potential Site 3 47080 7.52 4206017.825 33648142.6
11 Potential Site 4 25416 4.06 2328021.293 18624170.35
12 Potential Site 5 65008 10.38 8964394.29 71715154.32
13 Potential Site 6 25216 4.03 3815768.373 30526146.99
14 Potential Site 7 28760 4.59 2311116.661 18488933.29
15 Potential Site 8 23432 3.74 2269763.529 18158108.23
Total Number of Population 537056 85.79

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.C64770910321 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.C6477.0910321 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
Journal Website: www.ijrte.org 228 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-10 Issue-3, September 2021

Two more new sites have been added to the study area, as • City authorities must reserve areas for health facilities as
indicated in Figure 6, bringing the total number of suggested in this study.
prospective sites in the study region to eight. However, about • Planners must use GIS to evaluate the concepts of safety,
268,432 population do not have access to these health cost, and speed when conducting city planning exercises.
services due to excess population, with 179,488 denied
access due to overcrowding and 88,944 denied access due to REFERENCES
exceeding the standard. 1. Adama CIP project office, (2004). Adama City Infrastructure
In general, according to the location-allocation model, Planning Revision Project Existing Land Use and Housing
more than eight new facilities are required to service the Ownership.
2. Amer, S. (2007). Towards Spatial Justice in Urban Health Services
population optimally within the allowable travel distance. Planning - A Spatial Analytic GIS-Based Approach Using Dar es
However, for the time being, the researcher suggests that Salaam, Tanzania as a Case Study, The Netherlands: International
eight new facilities be built because calculating all of the Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth.
3. Balabanova D, McKee M, Mills A, (2011). 'Good Health at Low
amounts from demand could lead to overpopulation and Cost': 25 years on. What makes a successful health system?
facilities being too close to one another. 4. Berdine GG (2017). Is healthcare a human right? No. Am J Med Sci.
5. Brudney D, (2016). Is health care a human right? Theor Med Bioeth.
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION ;37(4):249–57. pmid:27522224
6. Chang K, (2019). Introduction to Geographic Information Systems,
Conclusions 9th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, USA, 2019.
7. Chaya N, (2007). Poor access to health Services: Ways Ethiopia is
The p-median problems have been used to create the overcoming it. Res Comment.;2(2):1–6.
location-allocation models and approaches discussed in this 8. Das J, Woskie L, Rajbhandari R, Abbasi K, Jha A, (2018). Rethinking
study. The goal of the p-median problem is to position a set of assumptions about delivery of healthcare: Implications for universal
health coverage. BMJ Br Med J.;361: k1716.
facilities so that the total travel distance between facilities 9. Daskin Dean (2004). Location of health care facilities. Handbook of
and demand points is minimized. In underdeveloped nations, OR/MS in Health Care: A Handbook of Methods and Applications.
location analysis utilizing p-median formulations appears to Evanston, IL, 43–76. pp.
10. Department of Public Service and Administration Guideline, (2011).
be one of the most preferred healthcare service location Improving Geographic Access to Government Service Points.
planning techniques. 11. Durojaye E, (2017). Human rights and access to healthcare services
The location-allocation analysis is one of the methods that for indigenous peoples in Africa. Glob Public
Health.13(10):1399–408. pmid:28931349
may be used to plan the provision of social infrastructure.
12. Eregha E. Z., (2007). Democratic Governance and Development in
With reliable data on distance and demand, a Africa: Challenges of African Union.
location-allocation model can determine the best locations. In 13. ESRI, (2016). Location-allocation analysis [online], [cited 27 March
addition, these models can be used to find new ideal 2016]. Environmental Systems Research Institute.
14. Gebreselassie, T. A. and Rao, P. J., (2021). Spatial Distribution and
placements for new facilities in a study region with various Accessibility of Public Health Services in Adama City, Oromia
constraints. This research has shown that using a Regional State, Ethiopia-A GIS Approach. Turkish Journal of
location-allocation strategy for social infrastructure Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32, 3.
15. Geertman S.C.M. and Van Eck J.R.R., (1995). GIS and models of
development can recommend the best locations, resulting in accessibility potential: an application in planning. International
enhanced geographic accessibility for people. Journal of Geographical Information Systems 9 (1), pp:67–80.
This facility siting challenge can be solved with the use of 16. Green, C.A., Wortel, J., Naudé, A.H. and N.I. Morojele. (1997).
Access to Local Public Facilities: Development Testing of ACCESS
a location-allocation model. This methodology has the MAP Accessibility Planning Software, CR-97/021, CSIR: Division of
potential to produce highly beneficial outcomes. Based on Roads and Transport Technology.
this strategy, the plan was suggested to be improved by 17. Grima N.; Singh S.J.; Smetschka B, (2018). Improving payments for
ecosystem services (PES) outcomes through the use of Multi-Criteria
providing a new location for healthcare services. This was Evaluation (MCE) and the software OPTamos. Ecosyst. Serv. 29,
done using three scenes; 76.37 percent of the demand was 47–55.
met in the first scenes. In the second and third scenes, 85.77 18. Hafiza Shebo, (2019). Availability of essential medicines and
pharmaceutical inventory management practice at health centers of
and 85.79 percent of the demand were met. More than eight
Adama town, Ethiopia.
additional health centers and redistribution of the existing 19. Hale T.S. and Moberg C.R., (2003). Location Science Research: A
health centers are required to serve all populations. Review. Annals of Operations Research 123 pp. 21-35.
Even if the final decision to develop social infrastructures 20. Heywood, I.; Cornelius, A.; Carver, S, (2011). An Introduction to
Geographical Information Systems; Prentice-Hall: Harlow, UK; pp.
rests with politicians or decision-makers, this outcome can 1–446.
serve as an essential input for them to make that decision. 21. Lucas K, van Wee B, Maat K, (2016). A method to evaluate equitable
Recommendation accessibility: combining ethical theories and accessibility-based
approaches. Transportation (Amst). ;43(3):473–90.
This study used location-allocation analysis to select 22. Montgomery B.; Dragićević S.; Dujmovic J.; Schmidt M, (2016). A
appropriate suitable new sites to improve health facilities. GIS-based Logic Scoring of Preference method for evaluation of land
Thus, at the end of this research, the researcher has specific capability and suitability for agriculture. Comput. Electron. Agric.,
124, 340–353.
recommendations that may help the application of the result 23. Neutens T, Schwanen T, Witlox F, de Maeyer P, (2010). Equity of
of this research indicated hereunder: urban service delivery: A comparison of different accessibility
• The institution in charge of using the findings of this study measures. Environ Plan A;42(7):1613–35.
is currently and, in the future, doing development planning
in the city.
• Authorities of the City should form a GIS group together
with other experts in this area; the city's municipality would
monitor the entire activity.

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.C64770910321 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.C6477.0910321 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
Journal Website: www.ijrte.org 229 © Copyright: All rights reserved.
Geospatial Location-Based Study for Establishment of New Public Health Centers: A Case of Adama City,
Oromia, Ethiopia
24. Obrist B, Iteba N, Lengeler C, Makemba A, Mshana C, Nathan R,
(2007). Access to health care in contexts of livelihood insecurity: A
framework for analysis and action. PLoS Med. 4(10):1584–8.
pmid:17958467
25. Oliver, A., and E. Mossialos. 2004. "Equity of Access to Health Care:
Outlining the Foundations for Action." Journal of Epidemiology and
Community Health 58: 655–658.
26. Panda B, Thakur HP, (2016). Decentralization and health system
performance—a focused review of dimensions, difficulties, and
derivatives in India. BMC Health Serv Res.16(6):561.
27. Penchansky R, Thomas JW, (1981). The concept of access:
definitions and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Med
Care;19(2):127–40. pmid:7206846
28. Rahman S. and Smith D.K., (2000). "Use of Location-allocation
models in health service development planning in Developing
Nations. European Journal of Operational Research 123, pp: 437-452.
29. Ram-Tiktin E, (2012). The Right to Health Care as a Right to Basic
Human Functional Capabilities. Ethical Theory Moral Pract.
15(3):337–51.
30. Regassa B., Kassaw M., & Bagyaraj M., (2020). Analysis of Urban
Expansion and Modeling of LULC Changes Using Geospatial
Techniques: The Case of Adama City.
31. Reich MR, Harris J, Ikegami N, Maeda A, Cashin C, Araujo EC,
(2016). Moving towards universal health coverage: lessons from 11
country studies. Lancet;387(10020):811–6. pmid:26299185
32. Ribeiro, A. and Pais Antunes, A. (2002). A GIS-Based
Decision-Support Tool For Public Facility Planning. Environment
and Planning B: Planning and Design 2002, Vol. 29:553-569.
33. S. Yhdego, "Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems
(GIS)," Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, 2007.
34. Schraufnagel AM, Schraufnagel WE, Schraufnagel DE, (2017).
Health Care is a Human Right–Pro. Am J Med Sci.
35. Toregas C., Swaix R., Revelle C. and Bergmas L., (1971). "The
Location of Emergency Service Facilities. Operations Research,
October 19, pp:1363-73.
36. UN Documents, (2002). Gathering a Body of Global Agreements.

AUTHORS PROFILE

Temesgen Abraham Gebreselassie, received MSc

in Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering from Adama
Science and Technology University, in 2014. Now
doing PhD in Geo-Engineering in Andhra University,
College of Engineering(A).

P. Jagadeeswara Rao, received Ph.D. in Watershed

Management from Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam 1998. Professor, Department of
Geo-Engineering, College of Engineering (A),
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh,
India, and Director, RGUKT Srikakulam Campus

Published By:
Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.C64770910321 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.C6477.0910321 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
Journal Website: www.ijrte.org 230 © Copyright: All rights reserved.