Hite
and in faite qrp
Agryp (G,) s cuted afnite gry
G is
o=kldi 34,6.7y urder methpcenn
groun CI,+) is an infne grcup
rder
The tbe
elenent3 in th #rup G. t is clerictd
bg lGl.
mple C1al=7 not defoed.
Theose!
pe
a toere coe rtt elen gl
Sioce (al=n. thexcfre fo qis eleneab,
mabk be eques
faxe
ap
Fecthe P44 are amng nt terms
-Pn Suk =m
Subqraup!
(a,*) bec grCp and HeGa &each bct
CH*) is a qroup tten CH *) is assbqseyp
(G,t)
Con &idex Izh-- . -3,-2,0 ,3-
CIt) is a qreup
HeI. (Ht)i6 alko agrp
el CI} be a reup where I i8 tbe
Cl intgers andt is addí ti
Tehin betemine hetbe br
Sexbgryp a.
i) (Gt)
irtferd
he fel- Gy h ae Odd itges
Katishy clolaze propetg) Sinte aditien
ch two odd intgok is cel cayf euen
i)a) is closeO mdes lh cdi lim
b) he NeNali) t is aftocicob) Ye
e) o eaa.e ickeaity elenet)
d)
ie -a f G2
inverse f evey elerel céors nt
Cenbider be grop z ¢ it cyerd curder
addi ticn. fel Hbe 'etbe aubael-fz conddg
fatve intcçex
S7 His a Buhgrop a
i) coßuze loew
Con&ideo tsro (THS) 0) GH
m rm)=oEH
Hesce Hik aSahguc
AKeub&ek Hfa qrcp
axt eH.
(itcia for a beubael bo be a bcbscuf
Yhecsen!
Hi8 rn ermpty bubselfa.H is
kubgrp
coe have
fa bH, ab tH talGH hotda.
#o S7 d&Socichve hotg
hods we haue
ilenti t exiss
elernert
ker H as coetl as
EH dnd Bince HcG,ubceG
el a, b,«
te callo wahve lcaco hods eat
eis ietity elermerl
Hisa grcup
Hisa Beubqscup cs Hea.
Theore! -
pr CNen HH4Ka babqr vyu
Scbqrcup thon VcbC tf, oblr#
His
- a.bcH beK
bea
tice& ettt rational enhics fncn
Jo0 dleleminnts |e)+0. let Hbe a
Bub &el ef G con Bisthng matrices chese
cper gh entry is o, then ST Hsc
bubgrup orG wncker
i) His eloftd cnder eUi cctic)
et A=
aaltd,la cuda
Jen
His close dcunder malkolftin
Lc a
ler
(Ioverde coaila)
mhpli cation (a,"J .d- H=<lty
ben s7 His a bsbgrc Ga eund er
mulhpl'ccôicn.
From ehe tube coe cbserved ttbcat eccch
elemer in the laole cH
tiHisckotecd orlex mlipicatcn,
The inv evse
A
inverse is
:His a subgroip f Gr under mashltin
Cenbider Zia lo.lia3, 4, - -11 Y, the grep
CUndder acleitin mol12 kel H= 0,369y
ST His a Kabgrcap h 22 ler tia.
3
3 6 9
33 6
O3
Ce co kerue kbl eacs elernerl in tbc
Bable eH. (H i6 cloke cunler aclcticn,
In verse exidts or ecech elemerl
8) on8der Zs= o,.2, ..-(49 tb
cender tr H=<o.s, 1oy
ane HitHa 4ko.+,J/24
Bubgreups 24s cwder Zs.
H, is
Subgrep.
(
4 4 8
8 12
From Gtb tcable cwe cbsenved t t pbere
le not in Ha.
Ha is not a &abgreup f Zr.
co lels
Consider tbe algebraic oter Gt) ehere
and CH*) is &uberou tben foLEo
Frep
H<ah/hH9 is colecs
A*a =
7he bubket o Hit bsey akel aId seighl cosel
(31
X
H=-6,-4,-a,o,2,4, 6. . 4be d Btbv p e
petesnioe ´ael (o[ebs Hinz,
e.. ~l0,- 8, -7. -6,- , -
3 ,-I,
otH= -64,-2,0, 2, 46.- -y=H
4H= -S-3, -3, s, -y=H
tHh---4, o, 2, 46, -y=H
-S-3-HI, 3,s,Y=
,-4AO, 2 4
-kef caaebs Hinz
) et a= (It) hea greyp cwherelis lbe &el
all indcgers candt s an eddítinperctrr
and dßo Hd--4 -7,0,7, I4, 2l,-.y he a
Kubgrop consistigg f mutiples 47.
Detesçne the coßels HinI,
oHH -I4-0, 7, t ,-
- H
gttz--12,24,|6,23- -y
3 h- -|, -413, I0,17,2H. y
(3)
6t H=d..-96. 13.ao a7, y
1HH=h-7, 0, 7,l4,A 29,--y=H
There
ninI. The Se I he 7 difaencoseld foitia
Jheosem!
ang a aih cokels (lellcosels) in a qrp 4
are eitser isjoinl Co) equc.
Theorem!
el Hhe kabgreup hqreup 6 then kne
peighe cosea a ferima
sight colis (lef cotebs) ina grou
equal.
helr H be a Kubrcup 4Tep .
et Ha 4Hb be 2 gughl o[eks f H
Hin G
Kappose HanHoto tbrn ahco theút HazHb
habt Ha
Hazlb
3) Z2 =l0,, a3, 4,- 19 (212ti2)
H= <0, 3.6.49 is a Sebyrcup y t2
c
tH=do,3, 6 qy = Ha
tHl , t.7, (oy Ha
Hag
3+H= K3.6,4, Dy =
( 3 tiktind coßelg
G= (Hcu )U Hag0 Has
o(G)=(na helemerksinHc JU(e felerne y
InHas)o( ele Hey)
o(G)3(4)
o(a)e 30H) 12-34) -)/otH) o G)
o()
dsinHae)
t( eleme, (ne O(G)
Hau U
elermeit, ctitind- has Ha
Hence
hiz cancellabon
law
zhía hia f Fr
cibtinc are hias al
we y ha
hal,- hcy. d Haidex Cen&
cli&hind ase
coch
hi ehae hny
Bbqrc H=Ku,
ha,-frie aHis
c)/o(e). ie
ina Hudqeup fnile ba (r et
menl state
fheovca) qvwek proe and State
oCG)Kn -) nloCo) 35)
o(o) Ko (H) => oCH) /o (a)
Hence khr Chrexesn,
aermal Subqrup!
Sabgrep
Cled ncrmcl
CoR)
7 Sabgrcup Hf group G is cale al
a ncrmal babgreup a gHg=H
Jel C be be qreup
grey axa invertble
CIAlto) matri (aba-bcto.
normal beabgreup G.
Pro iYSt cwe s7 His abshgrega
i) His closed
cmder oothpli ceatin
Lo aa, aeH
H is closed conder matrix cahpotin
Cen &idler A-0 (.10|=ahofo
ie inverse g ecoeh elemenl eri&t8 .
Hence Hisa Subgrup a.
Con &ides
Yo &hoc Atctt 4isa ncrmal bubgrou#4
ie ghgH) /el=abc
ah
lac ad
rad-asc -albtatb
ad-bc aca-cc al -abc t cod
acaal-be)
alaal-bc)
ClO-be
(eH
ghg cH
GHis
bh,
GH
tach eeme nt belereto Hhat nrtin
invere
Hence Hisa labgrup ga
Conbides
ad-bclac dh
-ahtat
Oct-bc
acd-bd
(3e)
Cunder mdtrix mcthpli cconn.[l Hbhe he
cengisi
)
raltbe bet
(actcd
(d bd(C)
Cartb)
ad-bc
-bea -b
(oetbctabd
(aa-by ld(actcd)-2e b(ac+cd )ta
aol- bc
acd
-abee Gcd-abl|H
ncautipe ccation,
Theoren
Noy Sbgrcep f abelian gp is nosmol
Sahgveup.
Aet H bea kubgroup fG. oe sT Hiäresnal
GiNen G is abelian grcy. Jet Hbe buhyocup
enBide ghgl=gChg) heHeGi=hts
=(ggt)h oince g i, cakelia
=eh h =9h.
=heH
igige
ie Hia nar mial Koabgrcp
heosem)
el- H be Sabereu Ga- Jhos His nermal
Suabgro
Bupose His esmal Sab
gveup G t ac
con&ide aHa=H ale Ha
(attj azHa
(aH)Cctla) =Ha CH =Ha
Cyclc grup
a" for Ðone ne2,he ele oro a scald
genector gclic oe heve G-(ay.
(r) crder for crders qenetT,
-
-i0
a
a (ycicgrup {-its iverseis
aßoa genectr ha.
bome
Llence i cor) (-i) is a gneCN
ehse Csyelic grcup.
ti)isa cqelic gre
equal bol
Conbides Ziado.i, 2, - y
SX8 34
Sxs=I 5XW =7,
vey elerment
7%6 z 6 cyclic royp rth Sas
7X7 = genecbr., ince inver
7X3 = 8 se 5 is 75th7-)
7K4 = 3
7Xl = S
cun eapreB in ehx ern ohere nez
Hence 77is the gererctoy
Zt12.
StuSts-?
StuStStSts5=1
SxtS
S=0
Thusoe see hat clcuy elew ob
Theoren) - V
is alßo a qenercty,
TEZ, fake =-s Some 5eZ.
ioehave 9a5
SEZ.
hus evey elenenl
(a)5, Here eneoy,
Aheorem
Fvoy cyelic grup i8 anabelian group,
G be a cylic grup
a
ith a cs ts
et
ConSider
bome
ats=r
iSebeli
Hence gisen
abelian group.
a)
I2 3 4S6 6) 4
22 4 6 l 3 5
33
3 62 5 | 4
44 | 52 63
S3 6 4 2
),ax,2=4, =2, 2x, 2K2-1, 2x2x2X2=2
o()=3. Hence ete Kabgyeu geneatedly
8) 3=3 a ,2, 49
3X43-2
3X3X3-6
3X3^3X34
3X373 X3
X3 =s
3X3X3X3XXJ= L3)=I,2,3.+A
ht q cup
gernacotd by3 s=,2 34.5G
o) o(6)=0)=6.
3i6a qenec Dodhrl 3
2) Find the croer each elee
35
tt
b| oC)z|
7X7 ll, 7 7X77343 7
Babget
) here ik no elenen of G cshose order
Gis nol cyclic.
Theoren
Evoy satyrep ja cydic gruup i6 cqelie
CH)22,
lega etatH. Since Hiba Bubyrep,
muð be clohec
a, e
i.xa,binc aeH(rL
can-b
g maín tsa
powers
power henc
the His
e His
aqeli
gvP
i6 cunol since ehulzo t
pobit've HCG.
oBt in
bzan
&mall Kechhave eH
q
bal- cotient cH,
CoTdcainsclasm
ebt CH
D'vicin9
nm
(ary
mtr
a,b
cL malE elernenl
be we er
goa cwe
intet
bo m o=H, kel Hence
=)iewe4
andAel H. tve
wc ie
and bo ceydcains pobit'veper4a,
pooerb fa,
hel n be ett &malt e8 Power
aH, we clol bzm is ohcqurer
G is ht cgelic
geneY,
falient 4 cenol remaún de,
ian-omtr
(ay
Hene a, b cH, 4 Since His n wbqe
tve intcçex
cu Keech ttil aeH (rL
=) cwe mugt
ma8 have ro
hencc ca-s
Borme
e every elesnen- eHin tz
Hisa qclic grep
Grap Homomorphibn -
Amaqpig from Grcp (G. ) irto afobe
grup (G*) ie fia>oi8 Beid
grcp homomorphó m
bC6).
Grcup Tsormerphisr- (aa)
P homoer phisn chich is ene focne arrl
cnto is calle iaomerphusm and ttgrept
are called ikorcrph ic. tewit Gect,
Kemelt
d tbr elesnenz cancler f ie
Zo)= bea, taz b. koaéay
cohere tis a
homrphíßm
he terro Page ato G
fia aso wseo er ioge f.
Theorern!-
acddi tio f o be tk greup pol hve
ecl no wnder smcathplicatrn
Kormrphsr G
f is a
") defineo by tca)
del abea, and con Bider
=fa)fc6)
Ctis a homocsphism.
Hence fIq i s homomerphisr,
)to chectk f is one-one
dert Ca) =fC6)
fis ne-ne.
) fo check is ento
For each acR, haye isa ecl
ne hus fa)= is onto.
Hence t!Ga isan Jlonrrplidm
Jheoren@!
et a bea greaup 4geG, cefne o
bg fo)=g Show ltscb fis
an IlomcT phiá m hrm G.
et n4ge. and
Con 8ider tny)=g Cxy)g
=g(rey)g e=gt
forgzfC)go)
i tis a homo morphsro nb>G.
i) To Khoo f id
ne-one) -
gae=JIe
tis one-cne.
a) z (ag)
fus for eoch 2e we heve gzgtn
&uch tbel t (gzg)=z, hence oto
. Gi iso7erphi óm to.
Jheorern!- ts)
t is a mcppirg from Gfodis a
gTaup homomorphism. S7
a) fe)e ecGee
b) Ca) =fca)Tr acG.
praj
a) GVen f is
hemcnoapluó» om,
fe)
/ e)=e! iiclerti
ut a)
e=te) 'ecai
flad)
fa) fat)
-. fatcat)=e
t(at)=ta)
(a) tafát) =e'
fa) (a)]T
ta)fcaj7
heoremO
ty) el
Conbider tngt) = H*)t)
=e'ley?
Conbilersflgrg)f)rg)
gg e Kerf.
UNIT-I1: Groups
Binary Operations and Properties, Definition of a Group,
Examples and Elementary properties, Abelian Group,
Homomorphism, Isomorphism and Cyclic Groups, Cosets and Lagrange's Thoerem, Normal subgroups.
r1. Define a group and an abelian group
2. For every group G, Showthat (i) the identityelement in a groupG is
in a group G is unique. unique (ii) the inverse of eachelement
3. Show that (Z,,*) is a
group.
4. IfG is agroup then prove that a,beG (i) (a') =a (ii)(ub) =b'a'(No Proof)
5. Prove the left cancellation law in a groupG
holds i,e. ab = ac ’b=C a,b,c e G. (No Proof)
6. Prove the right cancellation law in agroup G
holds i,e. ba = ca ’ bc ta,b,c eG.(NoProof)
7. Let G be a group and a, be G. Then show that the
equation a*x=b has a unique solution given by
x=a*b.
/8. Let G=geQlq*-1}.define the binary operation o on G by aob= a+b- ab. Prove that (G, o) is an
abelian group.
9. Define the binary operation * on Z by x*y=xty+I. Verify, Whether (Z,*) is an abelian group.
10. Prove that G= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} is a finite abelian group of
order 6 under multiplication modulo 7.
11. Consider an algebraic system (G, *) where G is the set of
all non-zero real numbers and * is a binary
operation defined by a*b=ab/4.Show that (G, *) is an abelian group.
12. Consider an algebraic system (G,*) where G is the set of
all non-zero real numbers and * is a binary
operation defined by a*b=ab/2.Show that (G, *) is an abelian group.
13. Let (2,*) be an algebraic structure, where Z is set of
integers and the operation * is defined by
a*b=maximum (a,b). Determine whether (2,*) is an abelian group.
14. Define a subgroup.
IfH is anoneimpty subset of agroup G then show that H is a subgroup of G iff
(i) a,be H, abe H and (ii)y ae H, a' e H
16. If G is a group and H cGwith H finite, then H is a
operation of G.
subgroup of G iff H is closed under the binary
M. If H and K are subgroups of a group G then prove that
HoK is also a subgroup of G.
18. Let (I,+)be a group, where I is set of all integers and +
is a addition operation. Determine whether the
following subsets of G are subgroups of G. (i) The set (G,+) of all odd
all even integers.(iii) the set (G,,+)of all positive integers. integers. (ii) The set (G,+) of
A9. Ler G be a group of 2x2 non singular matrices with rational
entries. Let H
matrices whose upper right entry is zero. Show that H is a subgroup of G. be a subset of G consisting of
20. Consider Z,, =[0,1,2....1], the group under addition modulo12. Let H={0,3,6,9} Show that H is a
subgroupof Z,uder
21. Consider Z,, tlhe group under
addition modulo 15, Let H, 0,5,10} 11, 0,4,8,12; Are l, unl 1,
subgroups of Z,, under +,,?
22. Detine leti and right coset of group G.
Let (|.) be a !roup where Iis the sct of all
addition operation. let l| integer, and is an
all the cosets of' H in 1. ..-4,-2.0,2.4.0,8..... be the sub group consisting of unultiples of2. Deternmine
23. Lagrange's theorem- IG is a finite group and H
24. Detine normal is asubgroup of Gthen show that
subgroup. 0()/O(G).
25. Le Gbe a finite group of order n
show that =elor any elemcnt geG.
/26. Let Gbe a group ol 2x2
non-singular matrices. Let H Show tthat, H is a normal
subgroup of G.
27. Let Gbe agroup of 2x2 non-singular matrices. Let H 0
=|:ab
0 b z0.Is Ha normal subgroup of G?
28. Let Gbe the group of non-singular 2x2
matrices under matrix multiplication. Let Hbe the subset of G
consisting of the lowver lriangular matrices i.e. : matrices of the form
where ad z 0. Show that H
is a subgroup of G. but not a normal
subgroup.
29. Every subgroup of an abelian group is
V30. Let H is asubgroup ofG, Show that Hnormnal.is a normal subgroup of Giff aH=Ha for all
31. Let us considera group (G, *),where G is a set aeG.
having elements {0,1} and * is a binary operation. Also,
Let H={}is a subgroup of G. Determine all the left
Ø2. Define cyclic group. Show that Every cyclic group is cosets Hin G.
of
B3. Every subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic. abelian.
Ifa is a generator of a cyclic group G, Show that inverse of a is
35. Consider the group G-{1.2.3,4.5.6} under also a generator.
i) Find the multiplication table of G muliplication modulo 7.
ii) Find 2',3',6!
ii) Findthe orders and subgroups generated by 2 and 3.
iv) Is G cyclic?
36. Let G={1.5.7.I; under multiplication modulo 12 (i) Find
of each element (iii) Is G cyclic? the multiplication table of G(i)Find the order
37. Let G be a group of real numbers under addition and let
G be the group of positive real numbers under
multiplication. Define f:G ’G'by /(a) =2". Show that function is isomorplhism.
38. Let Gbe a group and geG Deline a function
/:G’G by f(x) =grg,Show that f is an
isomorphism of G to G.
39. 1f fis a homonorphisn1 of G toG with Ker f K. Show that Kis a
normal
40. Let f:G-Gis agroup homomorphisn. Then ()f(e) =e'. eci, d G'subgroup of G.
(i) /(a')Wa)) ' Vuei.
