Line protection REL 100

1MRK 506 007-BEN

Page 1
Issued June 1999
Changed since July 1998
Data subject to change without notice

(SE970130)
Features • Simultaneous phase-phase and phase- • Positive sequence voltage used for direc-
earth loop impedance measurement, with tional discrimination ensures correct direc-
individual numerical measuring elements tionality even for evolving multiphase faults
for each type of fault and each distance close to the relay point.
zone, ensures fast and reliable fault detec-
• Extensive self supervision with fault diag-
tion.
nostic presented on the HMC unit.
• Minimum operating time: 13 ms
• Detailed reporting for last three distur-
• Typical operating time of impedance mea- bances allowing up to 150 time tagged
suring function: 28 ms. events for each disturbance.
• Multiprocessor design guarantees high • Basic version of REL 100 includes:
availability together with excellent possibili- - three forward and one reverse distance
ties for combining optional functions. zones with individual setting of reach in
• Numerical filtering and measuring tech- reactive and resistive direction as well
nique ensure correct performance during as setting of earth return compensating
CT saturation and CVT transients. factor
• Versatile local human machine communi- - high set instantaneous overcurrent pro-
cation (HMC) from the relay front panel tection
together with two optional serial ports - switch onto fault protection
brings REL 100 close to the any user wher-
ever they may be located (in the substa- - eight different communication schemes
tion, in the control centre or in the office). with built in unblocking function and cur-
rent reversal logic
- three-phase tripping
 Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
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Features (cont’d) • The following functions are available as - fuse failure supervision function
options:
- synchro-check and dead line check
- 16 programmable signalling output function
relays
- supervision of protected power line
- two additional distance measuring
zones with programmable directionality - stub protection

- phase selective single phase tripping - weak end infeed trip and echo logic

- extensive phase preference logic for - directional or nondirectional earth fault

applications in isolated or resonantly overcurrent protection
earthed networks - accurate fault locator based on well
- power swing detecting element with pro- proven measuring algorithm
grammable effect on different zones

Application REL 100 line protection terminal represents Basic functions

the basic part of REL 1xx sub-transmission The basic protection function in the REL 100
and transmission line protection terminals line protection terminal is a full scheme dis-
that form a part of the PYRAMID system. tance protection with individual measuring
The PYRAMID system includes a complete elements for different types of faults in differ-
range of complex object terminals, functional ent impedance zones. The basic relay
substation monitoring and substation control includes three forward and one reverse imped-
systems. The blocks in PYRAMID can be ance zone.
used as stand alone protection units or as
building blocks in a complete Substation The quadrilateral characteristics of each
Monitoring System (SMS), Substation Con- impedance zone with individual and indepen-
trol System (SCS) and/or Relay Testing Sys- dent setting of reach in reactive and resistive
tem (RTS). direction as well as for zero sequence com-
pensating factor, ensures an optimized appli-
The REL 1xx series includes line protection cation for all line length on single lines as
terminals for high and extra high voltage well as on lines within complex network con-
applications. The following terminals, based figurations. A quadrilateral characteristic
on numerical distance line protection, are ensures the maximum resistive coverage for
available: all faults and maximum limitation of load
influence. The load compensated part of the
REL 100 distance protection with or without reactance characteristic makes REL 100
options applicable for protection of heavily loaded,
REL 111 distance protection with or without
long transmission lines.
options, numerical auto-reclosing
relay REXA 101 The full scheme distance relay’s ability
to cover evolving faults, faults between dif-
REL 113 distance protection with or without
options, numerical auto-reclosing
ferent circuits on multi-circuit lines and
relay REXA 103 simultaneous faults makes selective clearing of
these faults feasible even for sub transmission
REL 120 distance protection with or without
lines.
options, numerical disturbance
recorder RCRA 100
An instantaneous overcurrent protection
REL 131 distance protection with or without function is added to the basic under imped-
options, numerical auto-reclosing
ance function in order to reduce the tripping
relay REXA 101, numerical distur-
bance recorder RCRA 100
time for faults characterized by very high
fault currents, which can critically influence
REL 133 distance protection with or without system stability.
options, numerical auto-reclosing
relay REXA 103, numerical distur-
bance recorder RCRA 100
Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
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Three-phase tripping is provided in the basic Additional functions

version of REL 100 and single phase tripping Many additional functions in the line protec-
can be obtained for single phase to earth tion terminal REL 100 may be achieved by
faults when the optional microprocessor with optional microprocessors, which can be
additional functions is installed. installed on request without any changes to
the standard REL 100 hardware. The phase
Eight communication schemes have been selection function with separate measuring
incorporated into REL 100 and are con- elements is one of such additional functions.
nected, by logic to different impedance It makes possible single pole tripping of the
zones.Thus most needs on existing communi- circuit breaker for single phase to earth faults
cation schemes, based on zone extension, per- as well as selection of any kind of phase pref-
missive overreach and underreach transfer erence logic if REL 100 is used in isolated or
tripping as well as on blocking principle, can resonantly earthed networks.
be covered. In addition, an unblocking princi-
ple, in two different modes, can be used with Separate and independent setting of reach in
the permissive schemes. both the reactive and resistive directions
makes phase selection in REL 100 independent
In order to prevent the unnecessary tripping of heavy load currents, even when used on long
of healthy systems in multi-circuit lines, a transmission lines.
local current reversal logic can be activated in
REL 100. Communication schemes and cor- The power swing detection function has inde-
responding logic functions can be changed at pendent setting of reach in the resistive and
any time simply by entering the new setting reactive directions. Its measuring principle is
within the setting menu. based on measurement of the transient imped-
ance transition time between two concentric
A local switch onto fault function provides impedance polygons. The resulting function
instantaneous three-phase tripping for the can be programmed for each distance zone
whole line section if the circuit breaker is separately.
accidentally closed into a fault. This function
can be activated by an external signal from The fuse failure supervision function is based
the CB control switch or by special logic built on detection of zero sequence voltage without
into a separate optional signal processor. a presence of zero sequence current. Its effect
on operation of distance protection function
Using the HMC unit, RTIA mounted on the can be programmed either to block imped-
front of REL 100, four groups of setting ance measurement or to give information on
parameters may be entered. This same unit fuse failure only.
offers information about the last three distur-
bances, presenting values and phase angles of The synchro-check and voltage check func-
currents and voltages before and during the tions make application of REL 100 line pro-
fault, logic signals during each disturbance as tection terminal possible in cases when the
well as the location of the fault (only if the auto-reclosing function is conditioned by
optional fault location function is included). check of synchronism or zero line voltage.
No additional hardware is necessary for this
Further more, it takes over the functionality purpose.
of measuring instruments installed on the
line, like A-meter, V-meter, var-meter and W- Weak end infeed logic is available, which can
meter. Directionality testing during commis- be programmed to issue echo of communica-
sioning becomes routine using REL 100 and tion signal or also trip a circuit breaker. When
its human machine communication possibili- single phase tripping and/or autoreclosing is
ties. used for single phase faults, the tripping of
the circuit breaker, resulting from weak end
The well-structured design with free standing infeed, can also be phase selective.
functional units enables the addition of a ded-
icated disturbance recorder, an autorecloser
relay and breaker failure units at low cost.
 Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
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Application (cont’d) So called power system supervision functions Overcurrent earth fault protection
are included in optional functions too. Their A quadrilateral characteristic improves the
functionality is based on measurement of the sensitivity of the distance protection for faults
line current during its normal operation (over- with higher fault resistance compared to a cir-
load protection) and the difference in phase cular characteristic. In either case, distance
currents (broken conductor protection). The protection can not be used for the detection
loss of voltage function, with its tripping and clearance of high resistive earth faults.
logic, can be effectively used in systems hav- Therefore REL 100 can be provided with a
ing built -in automatic restoration function. complementary overcurrent earth fault pro-
tection function. This function can be used as
Overload protection can be transferred to stub a non-directional or directional overcurrent
protection by energization of the correspond- earth fault protection. The type of protection
ing digital input. REL 100 can thus be used to be used is selected by using the HMC unit.
effectively in switchyards having a 11/2
circuit breaker configuration when VTs are Both protection types have selectable time
installed on the line side of the line isolators. characteristics, four of them current depen-
dent and one independent. Current dependent
Additional impedance measuring zones time characteristics also include the possibil-
When two additional impedance measuring ity of setting the minimum operating current
zones are necessary, an additional two micro- and time in order to make the protection
processors can be added to REL 100, without applicable in networks with existing older
changing the basic hardware configuration. types of overcurrent earth fault protection
This offers a full scheme distance protection, (e.g. electromechanical).
having a total of six impedance measuring
zones, as shown in Fig. 1. The directional overcurrent earth fault protec-
tion uses two directional measuring elements,
The settings for the resistive and reactive one directed in forward and one in reverse
reach for these additional zones, as well as direction. This makes it possible to be used
the zero sequence compensating factor are either in a permissive overreach or blocking
done completely independently of one communication scheme with the protection
another, and independently of the settings for on the remote line end. Communication cir-
the basic zones. Further more, these two cuits for the directional earth fault protection
zones can be programmed either in forward in REL 100 are completely independent of
or reverse direction, independently of one the communication circuits for distance pro-
another. Each of the additional zones can be tection. Further more, similar logic circuits as
used also as non-directional impedance pro- for the distance protection are also built for
tection. the overcurrent directional earth fault protec-
tion (switch onto fault, current reversal, weak
jX
end infeed echo and tripping). Their use is
Zone 4
selectable on the HMC unit and they are com-
Zone 3
pletely independent of the logic used for the
Zone 2
distance protection.
Zone 1
Fault locator
The optional distance to fault locator,
installed in REL 100 as a separate micropro-
R
cessor, is an essential complement to the dis-
tance protection function since it measures
the distance to the fault with great accuracy.
(96000017)

Zone 5
The complete option provides a fault location
Zone 3R function, measurement of service values for
current, voltage, active and reactive power as
well as frequency and thus eliminates any
need for separate measuring transducers and
Fig. 1 Distance protection built into a REL 100
has a quadrilateral characteristic instruments on the protected line. Pre-fault
and fault values of currents and voltages at
the relay point are recorded together with
their phase relations for the last three
 Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
Page 5

disturbances. These can be read locally from Serial communication

HMC unit as well as remotely through the REL 100 can be provided with two optional
SCS and/or SMS. serial communication ports. Communication
with REL 100 is performed via optical fibres
The calculation algorithm takes into consider- in order to eliminate the influence of electro-
ation the effect of load currents and additional magnetic interference. In this way REL 100 is
apparent fault resistance as seen by the relay included into SMS and/or SCS at the same
due to double end infeed of fault. time. This means that the operator, in the con-
trol room, as well as the relay engineer, in his
All secondary and primary values of voltages office, have the possibility to read informa-
and currents together with their phase rela- tion from the relay or even change the active
tions are available for testing purposes. group of settings or values of the setting
parameters within the setting group.
Additional signalling relays
The basic version of REL 100 is equipped The software program SM/REL 100, installed
with an input-output unit consisting of 19 in a personal computer makes it possible for
binary inputs and 9 independent output con- the relay engineer to establish communication
tacts. REL 100 can optionally be equipped with the relay (it can be a direct communica-
with a RLKG 100 unit that has 16 indepen- tion or communication via a telephone net-
dent signalling relays. Each of these can be work), read information from the relay on a
programmed to be activated by any of the PC and store it to PC files. Complete infor-
internal digital signals available for customer mation on the last three disturbances is avail-
use. This allows adaptability to different sys- able as well as up to 150 time tagged events
tem requirements. for each disturbance. SM/REL 100 is compat-
ible with RDIAL 1 and makes possible com-
munication with REL 100 Ver. 2.3.

Design REL 100 line protection terminal is provided protection terminal. Optional optical connec-
in a 19" equipment frame with a height of 6U. tions which are used for remote communica-
A mother board is mounted at the back of the tion purposes within SCS and SMS or for
equipment frame. All other units are of plug- transfer of digital information to disturbance
in type and can easily be removed. External recorder type RCRA 100 are made through
electrical connections are made with standard the corresponding optical connectors
COMBIFLEX terminal sockets to the con- mounted on the REL 100 back plane.
nectors mounted on the back plane of line

Input unit A/D Converter unit Measuring unit

RLKD 100 RLLB 100 RLZC 101

Separate disturbance
Testing unit recorder
RCRA 100

(SE970131)

Transformer unit HMC unit Input/output unit Relay unit (option)

RLHB 100 RTIA RLKE 100 RLKG 100

Fig. 2 REL 100 configuration

 Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
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Design (cont’d) The basic configuration of the line protection - Remote communication interface unit
terminal REL 100 consisting of seven ele- type RTDC 100 is provided with two
mentary units as presented in Fig. 2: serial optical ports which makes possi-
ble for REL 100 line protection terminal
- Testing unit with test switch, type to be included to SCS and SMS at the
RTXP 18, or RTXP 24 and dc auxiliary same time. The unit can be installed on
voltage switch (ON/OFF). the rear plane of REL 100.
- Transformer unit type RLHB 100 with - A separate optical interface unit can be
five voltage and five current input trans- installed on the back side of the A/D
formers. converter unit in REL 100 when distur-
- Input unit, type RLKD 100 consist of bance recorder unit RCRA 100 is pro-
regulated dc/dc converter which pro- vided together with REL 100.
vides stabilized auxiliary voltage to all
static circuits and sixteen signalling Basic version
input circuits with optocouplers used The measuring technique used in REL 100 is
for galvanic separation of internal and based on pure numerical methods. The mea-
external circuits. suring signal processors operate with numeri-
cal signals derived from the analogue to
- A/D converter for 10 analogue signals
digital converter (see Fig. 3).
and 16 digital signals operates with
sampling frequency 2000 Hz and is The basic REL 100 line protection terminal
installed together with antialiasing low
provides a full scheme distance protection
pass filter in unit type RLLB 100.
with three forward and one reverse directed
- All REL 100 measuring functions are impedance zones.
performed in multiprocessor based
measuring unit type RLZC 101. Eight scheme communication logic is
included in the basic version together with
- Relay input - output unit type RLKE
current reversal logic. These are selectable
100 comprises basic tripping and sig-
nalling output relays as well as some independently one of another during setting
procedure.
binary input circuits with optocou-
plers used for galvanic separation.
Four groups of setting parameters are avail-
- Human machine communication unit able in REL 100. They are completely inde-
type RTIA is installed on front of the pendent of one another.
REL 100 and serves as the local communi-
cation facility between the user and equip- The self supervision function is performed
ment. continuously and includes:
Following hardware units can be included - normal microprocessor watch-dog func-
with the basic version of the REL 100 line tion
protection terminal as options:
- checking of digitized measuring signals
- Relay unit type RLKG 100 has 16 local - checksum verification of PROM con-
signalling relays, each of them freely tents
programmable to be controlled by any
of the REL 100 internal signals. - checksum verification on all signal
communications
- Read-Write-Read-Write cycling of
memory cells and internal registers
Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
Page 7

digital

SP 1

SP 2
Trip
SP 3
Signal

32 bit microcontroller
I SP 4
A/D Led

Communication
U SP 5 RTIA

SP 6 SMS

SP 7 SCS

(96000018)
SP 8

optical
RCRA 130

Fig. 3 REL 100 Block diagram

Transformer unit RLHB 100 A/D converter unit RLLB 100

A total of ten analogue input quantities are All of the analogue signals are filtered in ana-
processed in transformer unit RLHB 100: logue initializing low pass filters before
entering the multiplexer and analogue to digi-
- three currents as phase currents in the
tal converter. A separate signal processor in
protected line. the A/D converter unit performs digital low
- residual current (3I0) of the protected pass filtering. The total bandwidth of the fil-
line. tered signals is then suitable for protection
purposes. The information is then converted
- residual current (3I0) of parallel operat- from parallel to serial mode and transmitted
ing line when used (for purposes of to the measuring unit. The serial signals are
optional fault location function only). also available for remote optical communica-
- three phase to earth voltages of the pro- tion with the optional disturbance recording
tected line. unit, RCRA.
- open delta voltage of the protected line The RLLB 100 has a green LED which indi-
(for purposes of optional directional cates normal operation when lit.
earth fault protection function, when
used). Measuring unit RLZC 101
- one phase to earth voltage from busbar In the basic REL 100 version, the RLZC 101
side of the CB (for purposes of optional unit comprises 32 bit microcontroller and
synchro-check function when used). three signal processors. Encoded serial infor-
mation from the A/D converter unit are
All measuring currents enter the transformer decoded and changed back to parallel infor-
unit via plugs and sockets. If the transformer mation in the measuring unit. Band pass
unit is with drawn the CT input circuits on the numerical filtering of the corresponding cur-
input side of the line protection terminal are rent and voltage signals is performed as well.
automatically short circuited.
 Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
Page 8

Design (cont’d) The impedance measuring function is per- logical functions, built into REL 100 line pro-
formed by three basic signal processors tection terminals. It controls the output unit as
which calculate the impedance as seen for well as three communication ports:
different fault loops, on the basis of complex
values of measured voltages, currents and - to the human machine communication
changes in currents. The resulting impedance unit RTIA
is compared with the reactance and resistance - to the substation monitoring system
limits determined by the relay settings for SMS (option)
each fault loop and each distance zone sepa-
rately within each millisecond. - to the substation control system SCS
(option)
The following functions are performed by the
basic three signal processors Human machine Communication unit RTIA
The human machine communication (HMC)
unit type RTIA is plugged into the front of the
- signal processor no 1:
measuring unit. It is used for local communi-
calculation of impedances for all three cation. RTIA is used for the following func-
phase to earth loops for the four basic tions:
distance zones
- signal processor no 2: - settings:
calculation of impedances for all three four groups of setting parameters can be
phase to phase loops for the four basic set or read by the use of menu structured
distance zones self explanatory software. Parameters
can be changed separately within differ-
- signal processor no 3:
ent setting groups. Selection of the
calculation of directional boundaries for active setting group can also be per-
all six fault loops. Directional evalua- formed.
tion is made in both, forward and - information handling:
reverse direction.
the most important information about
In order to measure the same operational the last three disturbances, including
impedance for all fault loops, the zero time of disturbance, its duration together
sequence compensation factor KN has been with starting and tripping signals are
applied for measurement in phase to earth stored in REL 100 and are available to
fault loops. This is used for measurement in the user via the HMC unit. If the optional
the reactive direction only and different val- fault location function is included in REL
ues can be selected for different distance 100, information on the distance to the
zones. fault, together with the phasors of pre-
fault and fault currents and voltages are
The resistive reach is adjustable separately for available for the last three disturbances,
earth fault measuring and phase fault measuring as well. Information about the actual
loops and can be set independently of one line current, voltage, active and reactive
another for different distance zones. power together with frequency are also
available to the user, as are internal logi-
In order to maintain definite directional mea- cal signals as well as input and output
surement for faults close to the relaying point, signals.
the loop voltage signal is used in conjunction
with a phase locked positive sequence mem-
ory voltage which lasts for approximately 100
ms. After this time the directional informa-
tion which has been determined is sealed in
until the fault has been cleared (fault current
decreased to zero). The circuit is then reset
when normal line voltages are restored.

The 32 bit microcontroller collects all the

information from the different signal proces-
sors, the A/D converter and the input signal-
ling circuits as well as performing different
Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
Page 9

Output relay unit RLKG 100

- fault tracing:
When optional unit type RLKG 100 is
should the self supervision function included with the REL 100 basic version (see
detect a faulty part within REL 100, this Fig. 2), an additional 16 signalling relay con-
will be indicated, using a corresponding tacts are available for remote indication of
code, on the HMC unit. operation. More than 80 internal signals are
- simplified testing: available for signalling purposes and any of
them can be programmed to operate any of
of different functions and wiring during these 16 additional signalling relays.
commissioning or other testing activi-
ties. Testing of external circuits is also Additional functions
possible by setting the REL 100 internal The following functions are included in sig-
signals as well as input and output sig- nal processor no.4, which can be included in
nals into logical values 1,0 or to the line protection terminal REL 100:
actual logical value of particular signal.
Complete signalling, tripping and logi- - Independent phase selection measuring
cal circuits within the line bay can be elements with independently settable
tested in this way. reach in the reactive and resistive direc-
tion for phase to earth measuring loops
as well as for phase to phase measuring
Output unit RLKE 100 loops.
The output unit type RLKE 100 has a self - Directional phase selection and single
contained regulated dc power supply unit as phase tripping facilities for solidly
well as 9 miniature output relays which pro- earthed networks
vide the following output signals:
- Non directional phase selection with the
- TRIPR, TRIPS and TRIPT (tripping of following phase preferences for isolated
all three phases separately) and compensated networks:
- CS (carrier send - reed contact) RTSR cyclic TSR acyclic
- GT (general trip criteria) TRST cyclic RST acyclic

- GS (general start criteria) RTS acyclic STR acyclic

TRS acyclic SRT acyclic
- Start/Block AR (control of external
auto-reclosing device) - The power swing detection function is
- Z< Failure (fault detected within REL based on well proven measurement of
100 by self supervision function) transient impedance transition time
between two concentric impedance
- dc failure (loss of dc auxiliary voltage) polygons. The final effect of function
Logic inputs for CR (carrier receive), CRG on the distance protection function can
(carrier guard) and BLCK (external block) be programmed for each distance zone
are also included in this unit. separately.
- Weak end infeed echo and trip logic can
Options: be added to the scheme communication
The REL 100 line protection terminal can logic to ensure echo and tripping func-
easily be adapted to the requirements for the tion in cases of open circuit breaker or
protection of any power line thanks to its weak infeed to the fault on the protected
modular design and multiprocessor based line.
configuration. Adaption is done using addi-
tional hardware modules and/or additional - Stub protection can be activated by an
software functions, built into separate signal auxiliary contact of the open line dis-
processors and added to the basic version. connecter in 11/2 breaker arrangement
There is no need to increase the dimensions or in mesh corner.
of REL 100 when optional functions are
added due to the fact that all the space neces- - Switch onto fault logic can be selected
sary for the additional signal processors has to automatically detect switch onto fault
already been provided for in measuring unit conditions and on this way avoid the
RLZC 101. problems involved at breaker closing
commands in 11/2 breaker configura-
tions.
 Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
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Design (cont’d) - Fuse failure supervision can be used to with auxiliary logic (current reversal, switch
avoid operation of impedance measur- onto fault and weak end infeed) independent
ing elements for blown fuses in voltage of communication scheme logic for the dis-
measuring circuits. tance protection function.
- System supervision will detect abnor-
Fault locator
mal line conditions by means of an
The fault locator function is included in sig-
overload function, broken conductor
nal processor no 6, which can be included in
function and loss of voltage supervision line protection terminal REL 100.
function.
- Synchro check and dead line check The distance to the fault will automatically be
function can be used when one of the presented on the HMC unit, RTIA and also
phase to earth voltages on busbars con- available for remote communication purposes
nected to the fifth analogue voltage when tripping command issued by impedance
input transformer. measuring function in REL 100. Manual
starting of calculation is necessary when
Earth fault overcurrent protection option Additional functions not included in
The earth fault overcurrent protection func- the line protection terminal.
tion is included in signal processor no. 5,
which can be included in line protection ter- The distance to fault location function is
minal REL 100 as an option. This represent based on a well proven algorithm which elim-
complementary protection to distance protec- inates the influence of fault resistance and
tion function for high resistive earth faults. supply to a fault from two sides as well as
influence of load current, on the accuracy of
Earth fault O/C protection can be selected to measurement. This makes the fault location
be directional or non-directional. Time delay function applicable in most complex network
can be selected between independent and four configurations.
dependent time delay functions (inverse, very
inverse, extremely inverse and logarithmic). When using this optional function, display
Two measuring elements are provided for the and remote reading of the measured values
directional earth fault O/C protection func- such as current, line voltage, active power,
tion, one forward and one reverse. reactive power and frequency is possible at
any moment. Further more, phasors of pre-
The directional function may be used to oper- fault and fault currents as recorded by the
ate in scheme communication logic with the fault locator function are stored for the last
same protection on the remote line end. Per- three disturbances and available for recalcula-
missive overreach or blocking communica- tion of the distance to the fault with changed
tion schemes can be selected with line or system parameters if necessary as well
communication channels and logic as well as as for further analysis purposes.
Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
Page 11

Bay 1
Line

REL 100 Protection or Bay

automation computer
function

HMC
SCS optical loop
HV Busbar

Bay 2
Line

Stations optical bus within SCS 200

REL 100 Protection or Bay
automation computer
function

SCS optical loop

SMS optical loop

Other line, Generator or

Transformer Bays with
Numerical Protection

Bay 3
Line

REL 100 Protection or Bay

automation computer
function

SCS optical loop

(96000019)
+ SMS-BASE
SM/REL 100
Direct connection Other Software
Telephone network

Fig. 4 REL 100 as a building block within the i SMS and SCS

Additional zones In some cases, two SMS optical loops may be

Two additional distance zones are included in desired one independent of the other, each
signal processors no 7 and 8, which can be one with different competencies regarding
included in line protection terminal REL 100. monitoring and setting functions in REL 100.
These zones, four and five are completely Plastic optical fibres can be used up to the
independent of basic impedance zones and single lengths of 30 meters. Glass fibres can
have the same main characteristics. In addition be used up to the single lengths of 500
to this they can be directed in the forward or meters.
reverse direction as well as be programmed to
operate as non directional impedance zones. One optical loop can be used for remote com-
munication within the substation control sys-
Remote communication tem SCS, and is normally closed within one
When REL 100 equipped with additional bay and/or connected to one bay computer.
hardware unit type RTDC 100, which is This makes communication with REL 100
mounted on the back plane, remote commu- possible via the station bus from operators
nication from one or two locations is pos- work place or even from the control centre,
sible. This makes it possible for REL 100 by using all possibilities of SCS. Other pro-
to be included at the same time into SMS and tection or control units, using SPA communi-
SCS as presented schematically in Fig. 4. cation protocol, can be included into the same
SCS optical communication loop.
 Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
Page 12

Design (cont’d) Communication programs for remote com- as when operating it locally by means of the
munication with REL 100 within SCS are RTIA, human machine communication unit.
delivered within the control system itself. The following additional functions or limita-
tions are present when remote communica-
A second optical communication loop can be tion with SCS or SMS is used:
built up on the station level and include vari-
ous numerical relays of the PYRAMID range. - up to 150 time tagged events for each of
the last three disturbances as stored in
The optical loop is closed by an opto/electri-
the REL 100 memory, can be presented
cal converter with the RS 232-C connector on
its output. Connection to the personal com- to the user locally or remotely within
SMS
puter can be done directly (if the PC is
located in the substation) or by use of tele- - the REL 100 internal clock can be syn-
phone modems, via the telephone network chronized with the station clock and
with CCITT characteristics (if the PC is other equipment in substation when
located remotely from the optical loop). REL 100 is connected into a SCS opti-
Instead of an optical loop for purposes of cal communication loop.
SMS connection a star connection can be
Selection of the access level to monitoring
selected. In this case a port expander must be
and setting possibilities within REL 100 via
used as the gateway from the different protec- communication facilities is settable only
tion terminals to the PC (telephone modem).
locally by means of HMC unit RTIA.
For communication with REL 100 within Complementary functions
SMS the SM/REL 100 software package The disturbance recording module type
must be installed on a personal computer RCRA 100 provides the best cost-benefit
(SM/REL 100 also supports communication combination when disturbance recording is
with RELZ 100 Ver. 2.3 and can replace older used as a complementary function to the line
version RDIAL 1). The SM/REL 100 pro- protection terminal REL 100. The already
gram is intended for installation on IBM PC converted numerical signals developed in the
model AT or 100% compatible and is running A/D converter of REL 100 are used for dis-
on MS-DOS or IBM-DOS version 3.3 or turbance recording. This means that the data
higher. acquisition and A/D conversion are common
to the numerical line protection terminal and
Additional requirements are as follows: the disturbance recorder.
- hard disk 3.5 Mbyte + 0.3 Mbyte/
REL 100 RCRA 100 provides a complete disturbance
recording function for line bay with the possi-
- one serial port for the modem or for bility to store 10 analog and 16 binary sig-
connection to optical loop nals.
- one parallel port for a printer
The REL 100 can also be supplied with a sep-
- one floppy disk drive 31/2 arate auto-reclosing relay, type REXA.
SM/REL 100 has local facilities for control-
Supporting software
ling the telephone modems. Communication
RCALC, a distance relay calculating program
parameters are selectable in a wide range and
for the simple and accurate calculation of the
make remote communication possible with
parameters for the distance protection func-
REL 100 in practically every communication
tion. This program is available on 3.5" floppy
network with baud rate selectable in the range
disks.
between 300 and 9600 baud.
Test plan for preparation of tests for REL 100
Remote communication with REL 100
with FREJA, test equipment, on 3.5" floppy
enables the user to have remote contact with
disk. Ordering No.: RK 912 013-CA
the line protection terminal in the same way
 Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
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Technical data
Table 1: Energizing quantities, rated values and limits
Quantity Rated value Nominal range Operative range
Current Ir = 1/5 A (0,2-30) x Ir (0,2-4) x Ir cont.
Burden < 0,5 VA for Ir = 1 A (0,2-100) x Ir for 1 s
max. 350 A for 1 s
ac voltage Ph-Ph Ur = 100/110 V (90-132 V) 1,5 x Ur cont.
Burden < 0,5 VA at Ur 2,5 Ur for 1 s
Frequency fr = 50/60 Hz ±5% ±10%
Auxiliary dc voltage EL = (48/60) V ±20% ±20%
EL = (110/125) V ±20% ±20%
EL = (220/250) V ±20% ±20%
power consumption:
before operation ≤ 20 W
during operation ≤ 30 W
Binary input circuits
dc voltage RL = (48/60) V ±20% ±20%
RL = (110/125) V ±20% ±20%
RL = (220/250) V ±20% ±20%
power consumption:
EL = (48-60) V max. 0,5 W/input
EL = (110-125) V max. 0,7 W/input
EL = (220-250) V max. 1,2 W/input
Ambient temperature 20°C -5°C to +55°C -20°C to +70°C
Ripple in dc auxiliary voltage max. 2% max. 12% Full wave rectified
Relative humidity (10-90)% (10-90)% (10-90)%

Table 2: Influencing factors, Permissible influence quantities

Dependence on: Within nominal range Within operating range
Ambient temperature 0,05% / 1°C Correct function
Frequency 0,5% / 1 Hz Correct function
Ripple in auxiliary dc voltage Negligible Correct function
Interruption in auxiliary dc voltage
without resetting < 50 ms < 50 ms
no unwanted function < 200 ms < 200 ms
restart time < 15 s < 15 s

Table 3: Electromagnetic compatibility tests

Test Type test values Reference standards
1 MHz burst disturbance Class III, 2,5 kV IEC 255-22-1
Electrostatic discharge Class III, 8 kV IEC 255-22-2
Fast transient disturbance IEC 255-22-4
optocoupler inputs Class III, 2 kV
other Class IV, 4 kV

Table 4: Insulation tests

Test Type test values
Dielectric test
- current circuits to earth and other circuits 2,5 kV ac, 1 min
- circuit to circuit and circuit to earth 2,0 kV ac, 1 min
Impulse voltage test 5 kV, 1,2/50 µs, 0,5 J
Insulation resistance > 100 Mohm at 500 V dc
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Technical data (cont’d)

Table 5: Mechanical tests
Test Type test values Reference standards
Vibration Class I IEC 255-21-1
Shock and bump Class I IEC 255-21-2

Table 6: Contact data (Reference: IEC255)

Trip relays Signal relays
Max. system voltage 250 V ac, dc 250 V ac, dc
Test voltage across open contact, 1 min 1 kV dc 0,8 kV dc
Current carrying capacity
continuous 5A 0,5 A
1s 15 A 0,5 A
Making capacity at inductive load with L/R > 10 ms
0,2 s 30 A 0,5 A
1,0 s 10 A 0,5 A
Breaking capacity for ac, cosϕ > 0,4 250 V / 8,0 A 250 V / 10 VA
Breaking capacity for dc with L/R < 40 ms 48 V / 1 A 48 V / 0,2 A
110 V / 0,4 A 110 V / 0,09 A
220 V / 0,2 A 220 V / 0,04 A
250 V / 0,15 A 250 V / 0,04 A

Table 7: Additional general data

Weight Approx. 10 kg
Dimensions
width 60C = 483 mm (19”)
height 6U = 266 mm
depth 230 mm
Storage temperature -40°C to +70°C

Table 8: Distance protection - General data for all zones

Operate time
typical 28 ms
Min. operate current 0,2 x Ir
Resetting ratio 105%
Resetting time
for operation forward 40 ms
for operation backward 60 ms
Tripping mode three phase or single and three phase
Setting inaccuracy included in the measuring inaccuracy
Number of zones
basic version 3 forward, 1 reverse
optional 2 direction selectable
Impedance setting range at Ir = 1 A
reactive reach (0,1-150) ohm/phase
resistive reach
phase-phase (0,1-150) ohm/phase
phase-earth (0,1-150) ohm/loop
Setting range of timers
for impedance zones (0,000-10,000) s
for T0 coord. timer (20-100) ms
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Table 9: Distance protection: Accuracy at reference conditions

Voltage range Current range SIR Accuracy
Static accuracy at 0° and 85° 0,1 x Ur - 1,1 x Ur 0,2 x Ir - 30 x Ir – ±5%
Static accuracy at 0° and 85° 0,03 x Ur - 0,1 x Ur 0,2 x Ir - 30 x Ir – ±7,5%
Static angular accuracy at
0° and 85° I r - 30 x Ir – ±3°
Static angular accuracy at
0° and 85° 0,2 x Ir - Ir – ±5°
Maximal dynamic overreach
at 85° measured with CVTs – – 0,5 < SIR < 30 +5%

Table 10: Instantaneous high set overcurrent protection - accuracy data table for
reference conditions
Setting range Operate time Accuracy
Static accuracy (1 - 10) Ir – ±5%
Dynamic overreach at τ < 100 ms – – < 25%
Operate time at I > 10 . Iset < 15 ms

Table 11: Option “Additional functions”

Function Setting range Accuracy
Power swing detection element the same as for impedance
reactive reach at Ir =1A (0,1-150) ohm measuring elements
resistive reach at Ir =1A (0,1-150) ohm
impedance transition time 40 ms fixed
Automatic switch onto fault function
voltage check (25-80)% Ur ± 5%
current check <15% Ir for 0,2 s ± 5%
Weak end infeed trip and echo function
voltage check U < (25-80)% Ur ±5%
Stub protection I > (20-300)% Ir ±5%
Power system supervision overload
I> (20-300)% Ir ±5%
time delay 10 s fixed ±50 ms
broken conductor
min. phase current Ibc 20% Ir ±10%
min. unsymmetry 20% of max. phase current ±10%
time delay 10 s fixed ±50 ms
loss of voltage function (25-80)% Ur ±5%
Synchrocheck and dead line check function
frequency difference <200 mHz ±20 mHz
voltage difference <15% Ur ±5% Ur
phase deviation <45° ±5°
voltage at
paralleling Uline >80% Ur fixed ±10%
Ubus >80% Ur fixed ±10%
energizing Ubus >80% Ur fixed ±10%
operating time at
paralleling typical 200 ms
at energizing typical 80 ms
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Technical data (cont’d)

Table 12: Options “Earth Fault Protection”
Non Directional Overcurrent Earth Fault Protection
Setting range Accuracy
Basic current 3I0 (5-300)% Ir ±5% Iset
Independent time delay (0-6,0) s ±10 ms
Normal inverse characteristic k = (0,05-1,1) IEC 255-3 class 5 ± 60 ms
Very inverse characteristic k = (0,05-1,1) IEC 255-3 class 7,5 ± 60 ms
Extremely inverse characteristic k = (0,05-1,1) IEC 255-3 class 7,5 ± 60 ms
Logarithmic characteristic t = 5,8-1,35 x In I/3I0set (s) ± 0,04 x [1-I/Iset] at I = (1,3-29) Iset
tmin for dependent characteristic (0,05 6,0) s < 1% + 10 ms
Min. operate current (100-400)% 3I0 ±5% of Ir

Table 13: Options “Earth Fault Protection”

Directional Overcurrent Earth Fault Protection
Setting range Accuracy
Basic current 3I0 (5-300)% Ir ±5% Iset
Independent time delay (0-6,0) s < 1% + 10 ms
Rated voltage 110 / √3 V –
Min. polarising voltage 1% Ur ±5% at 50 Hz
-15% to 5% at 60 Hz
Characteristic angle 65° lag ±3° at 20 V
Coordination timer Acc T0 (0-150) ms ±10 ms
Current reversal ON - OFF –
Weak end infeed
voltage check 3U0 (5-70)% Ur ±5% Uset

Table 14: Option “Fault Locator”

Function Setting range Nominal range Accuracy
Distance to fault locator ±2% typical
reach for Ir = 1 A in
resistive direction (0-1500) ohm
reactive direction (0-1500) ohm
min. measuring cycle 1,75 or 1,25 cycle
phase selection internal
Service values
frequency (0,95-1,05) fr < 0,1 Hz
voltage (0,1-1,8) Ur < 2%
current (0,2-4) Ir < 2%
active power at cosϕ = 1,0 < 2%
at cosϕ = ±0,9 < 6%
reactive power at cosϕ = 0,8 < 6%
Line protection REL 100
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Table 15: Event recording

Time tagging resolution 1 ms
Time tagging error with synchronization once/s
operation < 0,1 ms
rounding to 1ms resolution < 1 ms
Time tagging error with synchronization once/10 s
operation < 1 ms
rounding to 1ms resolution < 1 ms
Typical SPA bus response time:
event poll (response without events) (10-15) ms
event poll (response with events) (15-30) ms
request for one variable (10-20) ms
write to variable (15-30) ms
 Line protection REL 100
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Ordering REL 100 Ver. 3.0 can be equipped with the formers on the line (external) or busbar side
test switch RTXP 18 or RTXP 24. For the lat- (internal) is possible, as can be seen from the
ter, one selection of the connection prepared terminal diagrams and selected by the corre-
for the grounding of current instrument trans- sponding ordering number:
REL 100 Ver. 3.0 with Ordering No: Diagram No:
RXTP 18 (internal grounding) RK 674 105-AA 7433 1477-AA
RTXP 24 (external grounding) RK 674 105-BA 7433 1477-BA
RTXP 24 (internal grounding) RK 674 105-DA 7433 1477-DA

REL 111 (REL 100 + REXA 101) RK 674 106-AA

REL 113 (REL 100 + REXA 103) RK 674 106-BA
REL 120 (REL 100 + RCRA 100) RK 674 107-AA

When ordering please specify: - Fault locator (option 3)

• REL 100 Ver. 3.0 - Additional zones (option 4)
• Ordering No. for basic version - RLKG 100 signalling relay unit
• Quantity - RTDC 100 communication interface
unit
• Rated current Ir for plastic fibres:Ordering No. RK 943
• Rated frequency fr 001-CB
for glass fibres:Ordering No. RK 943
• Auxiliary (EL) and interface (RL) dc sup- 001-DB
ply voltage
• Desired wording on the lower half of the
• Options from the following list: test switch face plate max. 13 lines with 14
- Additional functions (option 1) characters per line.
- Earth fault protection (option 2)

For our reference and statistics we would be pleased if we are provided with the following application data:

Country: End user:

Station name: Voltage level: kV

 Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
Page 19

Sample Line protection terminal with full scheme dis- The memory voltage for proper directional
Specification tance protection function as main protection discrimination at close in three phase faults
function and directional or non directional shall be based on positive sequence voltage.
earth fault overcurrent protection function as
an optional complement. Optionally included Earth fault overcurrent protection function
fault location function should have accuracy must be selectable between directional and
better than 2% and should not depend on fault non directional version. Its operation should
resistance, load current and supply of fault be based on the measurement of zero
from different sources. Design should be sequence quantities on the protected line.
multi-processor based with at least one Time delay should be selectable between
microprocessor for each basic protection independent and all standardized dependent
function. time characteristics.

Remote communication with the line protec- A wide range of permissive tripping and
tion terminal should be possible from two dif- blocking scheme communication logics
ferent locations and independent of one should be available for the distance protection
another. as well as for the directional earth fault over-
current protection function. Scheme commu-
The distance protection function should con- nication logics should be independent for
tain up to six independent impedance measur- both protection schemes. Standard logics like
ing zones with quadrilateral characteristic and current reversal, weak end infeed echo and
independent settings of reach in the reactive trip should be provided for both protection
and resistive directions for phase to earth functions. Logic operating without separate
faults and for multi-phase faults. Zero reverse directed measuring elements are not
sequence compensating factor should be set- acceptable.
table independently for each impedance zone
in order to suit requirements on distance pro- The line protection terminal shall provide the
tection of multi-circuit parallel operating user with complete information on the last
lines. three disturbances locally and remotely with
at least 150 time tagged events per distur-
Line protection terminal should also be suit- bance. Local human machine communica-
able for the protection of lines within com- tion should be based on a user friendly menu
plex network configurations. Full scheme structured programs and performed via a per-
design must assure correct and phase selec- manently installed human machine communi-
tive operation for simultaneous and inter-sys- cation unit, type tested together with the line
tem faults on multi-circuit lines as well as for protection terminal.
different evolving faults.
Pre-fault and fault values of currents and volt-
The minimum operating time of the protec- ages must be available for fault analyzing
tion must not be more than 13 ms. The maxi- purposes. Remote communication should be
mum operating time of the distance possible via local fibre optical network and
protection Zone 1 specified for SIR<10 and standard CCITT telephone network. Corre-
faults within 50% of set reach must not sponding computer programs must be avail-
exceed 40 ms and must be given in isochroni- able. Remote setting of different setting
cal diagrams measured for the protection ter- parameters within at least four groups of set-
minal connected to capacitive voltage ting parameters must be possible. Monitoring
transformers. The characteristic of distance of all input and output logic signals as well as
zone 1 in the reactive direction must be com- tripping signals must be possible locally and
pensated for load current. remotely. A continuous self supervision func-
tion with self diagnostic possibilities must be
included in the line protection terminal.
 Line protection REL 100
1MRK 506 007-BEN
Page 20

References REL 100 User’s Guide 1MDU06028-EN

REOR 100/ RCRA 100 1MRK 511 013-BEN

REXA autorecloser 1MRK 510 009-BEN

Panorama Station Automation 1MRK 500 016-BEN

SM/REL 100 1MRK 511 014-BEN

Manufacturer ABB Automation Products AB

Substation Automation Division
SE-721 59 Västerås
Sweden
Tel: +46 (0) 21 34 20 00
Fax: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18