GS1

19 November 2022 11:51

1. Demographic dividend
a. Median age
India 29
China, US 39
Japan 46
b. Time - 2019-2053
2. Urbanisation:
a. Slums
i. 30% of urban population
ii. 40% Mumbai
b. Population
2022 33%
2050 60%
c. 60% GDP but 3% land
d. Manual scavenging - Deaths in 2017-2022 - 347 - Max UP 51
e. State of urban infra finances:
i. WB estimate - $55 Bn needed annually for urban investment in India
ii. Of the finances needed to fund urban capital expenditures:
CG 48%
SG 24%
City govt 15%
PPP 3%
Commercial debt 2%
f. Pollution
i. Plastics
i. 30% recycle
ii. 89% ends up in Oceans
iii. Economic cost of pollution > $ 3.7 Tn (2019, WWF)
iv. SUP = <120 Microns = 40% of 3.5 MMTPA plastic waste
ii. Solid waste - CPCB 2020-21
Generated 60 MMTPA
Treated 50%
Landfilled 18.4% (fire hazard - Kochi landfill, Ghaziabad 2023)
Unaccounted 31.7%

3. RURAL INDIA
1. 66% population
2. 76% WF
3. 40% GDP
4. Internet penetration – 67% urban, 31% rural
5. NSSO survey for 15-24 age group 2022
a. 1/5 can send email (1/2 in urban)
b. 1/16 can use Excel (1/5 in urban)

4. Resources
1. Rare earth
Reserves 6% global (5th largest) China = Largest reserves (37%) > Brazil and Vietnam (18 percent each) > Russia (15 percent) > India
Production 1% global China = Largest producer (60%)
2. EV = 6 times more compared to diesel cars

FACTS Page 1
 2. EV = 6 times more compared to diesel cars
3. Offshore Wind = 13 times more than gas based TPP
4. Water intensive - 2.2 million litres of water for one tonne of lithium
5. GHG intensive - 15 tonne CO2 per tonne of Li extracted
5. Power
INSTALLED CAPACITY GW % total
Fossil fuels Coal 205 50
Gas 25 6
Lignite and diesel 7 1.7
Total = 57.9
RE (inc. hydro) Solar 67 16
Hydro 47 11.2
Wind 43 10.3
Biomass 10 2.5
Small hydro 5 1.2
Total = 41.4
Nuclear 6.78 1.6
Total ~ 420 GM
6. Discom
1. Loss increase 66% during Covid
2. AT&C losses - Niti Ayog
India 22.3% - target by 2025 - 12-15%
Developed 6-11%
3.
7. Coal
Coal Reserves 4th globally (GSI)
Annual Demand a. 1027 MT
b. 80% production by CIL and its subsidiaries
Imports a. 215 MT
b. Non coking coal imports > 2X coking coal imports
Characteristics a. 98% Gondwana coal
USA India
0.45 kg/KWh 0.75 kg/KWh
b. 80% bituminous non-coking grade
Coal based Thermal power Installed capacity 205 GW (50%)
% of Generated capacity 70%
Plant load factor 63%

Output per man hour

Shaft and gallery 0.8 T
Long wall mining 40 T
a. Low efficiency (35%)
b. 90% TP via Railways - shortage of rakes
c. TP = 1/3 of coal cost for TPP

8. Crude - Improving area under exploration from 8% to 15% TGA

Import dependence 85%
Domestic reserves 0.1% world
SPR size 5.33 MMT
9. NG

FACTS Page 2
 9. NG
NG Import dependence 45%
Domestic reserves 1% world
Target a. One Nation One gas grid (aim 35000 km, already 22000km laid)
b. 15% in power production by 2030 (from 6%)
NG based PP Installed capacity 25GW (6%)
a. Cheaper than diesel (45%) and gasoline (60%)

10. SOLAR
Potential 748 GW from just 3% degraded land (NISE)
Target NSM = 100 GW by 2022 (missed!)
Installed capacity a. 67 GW
b. 4th globally (China 1)
% installed capacity 16
% of generated capacity < 9%
a. Low efficiency (only 22%)
b. Indian components 20% costlier than Chinese ones
c. No solar waste management policy
Solar panel recycling $ 20
Sending to landfill $2
d. Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact solar cells - 6-12% more energy generation
e. Solar parks scheme - Target = 40 GW by March 2024

11. Wind
Potential 300 GW 100 m above ground (NIWE)
Installed capacity a. 43 GW
b. 4th globally (China 1)
% installed capacity 10.3
Target MNRE - 30GW offshore WE by 2030

12. Geothermal
Target 10GW offshore GE by 2030
Leader USA
a. Cooperation with Iceland (meets 80% needs from GE)

13. Nuclear
Installed power 6.78 GW (1.7%)
Expected capacity 22.48 GW by 2031
Total operational plants 22
Reserves a. Monazite sand (9% Th-232)
b. U 235 - Singhbhum
a. 4 Mn times coal energy
b. 4 times fission energy

14. Steel
Production of Crude steel China > India > Japan > USA > SK
Production 140 MTPA
Export trend a. Improved since pre-Covid
b. Decreased since 2021
a. Targets by 2047
i. 500 MTPA production
ii. 50% input from recycled steel, i.e. primary steel production consumes only 50% of iron ore

FACTS Page 3
 ii. 50% input from recycled steel, i.e. primary steel production consumes only 50% of iron ore
b. National steel policy
1) Reduce coke import dependence from 85% to 65% by 2030
2) Improve production to 300 MT by 2030

15. Pharma
Global generics Rank 1 = 20% - pharmacy of the world
Size a. $ 50 Bn - 2022
b. ES - $130 Bn by 2030
c. 60% share in global vaccines
Exports - 2020-21 $ 24 Bn
Rank a. 3 by volume
b. 14 by value
a. Low R&D spending (0.012% GDP)
b. Heavy import dependence in API - 80% from China

16. Electronics
Size a. $ 118 Bn
b. $ 16 Bn - Largest component - Mobiles
Target by 2026 a. $ 300 Bn mfg
b. $ 120 Bn exports

17. Automobile
Rank a. Producer - 1 - tractor, 2 - bus, 3 - heavy truck
b. Market - 3 after China and US
GDP a. 7%
b. 49% of mfg GDP
c. Emp - 3.7 Cr
Target $ 200 Bn by 2026 (Automobile mission plan)

18. Tourism
GDP 6.8%
Target $ 1 Tn by 2047 (sustainable tourism policy)
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, 1958 > 3600 Monuments of National Importance (MNI)

FACTS Page 4
 GS2
19 November 2022 11:51

FR
a. World Press Freedom Index 2022 by Reporters without borders - 150/180

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

b. Prison Statistics in India 2022
1. Undertrials = 80%
2. Occupancy rate 130%
3. 67.5% = SC/ST/OBC
c. PENDENCY (2019)
1. 3.1 Cr subordinate
2. 60k in SC
d. NHRC - Deaths in Judicial custody = 5 per day (2010-2020)
e. Rule of law index 2022 by World justice project - India = 77/140

INEQUALITY
a. India inequality report 2022- Oxfam India
1) Digital divide - Internet penetration – 67% urban, 31% rural
2) Digital gender divide - Mobile owner – 61% males, 31% females
b. Digital illiteracy - NSSO survey for 15-24 age group 2022
1. 1/5 can send email (1/2 in urban)
2. 1/16 can use Excel (1/5 in urban)
c. Financial literacy - 27% (ADB)

VULNERABLE SECTIONS
a. Elderly
1. General
India 2022 8.6%
2050 19% - India
16% - world

Feminisation of population Life expectancy (0verall 70.8) - 2020 WHO

M 69.5
W 72.2
2. Survey by NGO HelpAge India
Rely on kids 47%
On pensions and cash transfers 34%
b. Disabled
Population 2%
LFPR 36%
GDP loss from exclusion 3-7%
Multidimensional poverty 41%
Literacy 45%

FACTS Page 5
 Literacy 45%

c. Children
1. 54k POCSO cases in 2021
2. Low conviction rate (32%) and high pendency (90%)
3. Child labor > 1 Cr in India

d. Women
a. Low representation in Parliament/LA
India 15%
Nordic 41%
b. 127/146 - Global Gender Gap Index 2023
c. Less women in Judiciary
a) 11 in SC since inception, no women CJI
b) Only 30% in subordinate Judiciary
d. Women in
Army 0.56%
Airforce 1.08%
Navy 6.5%
US 16%
e. Women in STEM <20%
f. Gender pay gap
% labor income captured - World Inequality Report 2022
Women 18%
Men 82%
g. Abortion
i. 70% gynec shortage in rural areas
ii. 53% registered abortions of 1.56 Cr abortions (2015)
iii. 67% contraceptive prevalence (NFHS 5)
h. Child marriage
i. BH > WB > RJ
ii. Average women marriage age = 20 years
NFHS-4 27%
NFHS-5 23%
i. Rape cases - 87 per day (NCRB, 2021)
j. Low representation in Parliament/LA - 15%
k. FLFPR
a. China - >60% in last 15 years
b. India - 22.7%
l. Literacy rate
Women 71.5 %
Men 84.4%
m. Menstrual hygiene - 49.6% still rely on cloth
n. Anaemia - 53% in 15-49

EDUCATION

FACTS Page 6
 Expenditure a. 2.9% GDP
b. NEP recommends 6%
c. Global - 4.2%
e. ASER 2022 -
1. Overall enrolment (6-14) - 98.4% in 2022
2. < 20% time on extra-curricular
3. Only 30% had access to online education during covid
4. Reading ability class 3 = 20.5%
5. Arithmetic class 3 = 26%
f. UNESCO - 1.2 L single teacher schools
g. Non-academic work ~ 80% annual school hours
h. Only 20% have separate toilets for girls and child with special needs
i. < 50% students have internet access
j. UDISE+ report - Pupil teacher ratio (improved)
2018-19 28
2021-22 26

SKILLING
a. Vocational training
South Korea 96%
US 52%
India 5%

HIGHER EDUCATION
a. Achievements:
Parameter 2015-16 2019-20
Univ 800 1000+
Colleges 39k 42k
GER 24 India 27% (NEP - 50% by 2035)
China 49%
US 88%

Students enrolled 3..6 Cr 4.1 Cr

Male 2.1
Female 2.0

Gender parity index 0.92 1.01

b. INDIA SKILLS REPORT 2023
i. 50.3% employability
ii. 52.8 % of women workforce are employable, higher than the 47.2 % of employable men
c. Low R&D spending (% of GDP)
Israel 5.3
US 3.4
India 0.69
d. Researchers per million
Israel 8000 (30X)

FACTS Page 7
 US 4800 (20X)
India 260
e. 18% of all researchers are women (global 33%)
f. Skewed GER for SC, ST
SC 23.4%
ST 18%
National average 27%
g. Spending
Share of HEI 10% of above
UGC grants a. 65% Central univs
b. 35% State univs

HEALTH

a. Health expenditure (general govt)

Public exp as % GDP
India 2.1 (NHP 2017 - 2.5%)
China, Africa > 6
USA 18
Private 2/3 of THC
Pvt cost 4 X public
b. Disparity
Hospitals 60% urban
Dispensaries 75% urban
Hospital beds a. 5 per 10000
b. NHP-2017 - 20 per 10000
Doc Rural 20%
Urban 80%
c. Low insurance coverage
India 40%
South Korea > 95%
d. Ayush
India 2.8% global market
Exports 2 - Ayush and herbal products after China
e. Mental health
i. National Mental health Survey
1) 85% treatment gap
2) 6-7% population
ii. NCRB
1) 35 student suicides per day 2022
2) 7% increase in suicides during Covid 2021
iii. Mental Health budget = 0.05% of Health Budget
iv. 0.75 Psychiatrists per lakh population (WHO recommends 3 per lakh)

FACTS Page 8
 iv. 0.75 Psychiatrists per lakh population (WHO recommends 3 per lakh)

f. NFHS 5
SRB 929/1000 WHO - 952/1000
SR 1020/1000
TFR 1. NFHS 5 - 2.0 (BH - 3, UP - 2.4)
2. Only 5 states have TFR > 2.1 - UP, BH, JKD, MGY, MNR
Family planning methods NFHS 5 - 66%
IMR (first year) per 1000 NFHS 5 - 35.2 US, China both under 6
Neo-Natal mortality (per 1000) NFHS 5 = 25
Wasting 19% (21)
Underweight 32% (35)
Stunting 35% (38)
Child marriage 23% (27)
Anaemia (women) 57% (89% tribal)
Sanitation access 70% (49)

DEVELOPMENT
a. Development indicators
Indicator India
GDP per capita a. Comparison with China
1970 a. India - $ 112
b. China - $ 120
2021 a. India - $ 2250
b. China - $ 12500
b. Post 1990 scenario
1990 2023
GDP $0.26 Tn $3.7 Tn
GDP (PPP) $1 Tn $13 Tn

HDI a. 132/191
b. Scores
India 0.633
South Asia 0.632
Globe 0.732

a. WB - $2.15 per day at 2017 prices a. GHI 2022 - lowest in South Asia
b. GMPI 2022 - Still largest # poor = 22.8 Cr 2020 94/107
c. 41.5 Cr left poverty in last 15 years - UNDP
d. 14.96% poverty - Niti Ayog for 2019-21 2021 107/121
e. MPI Niti Ayog - Bihar highest (52%), Kerala lowest (0.7%) b. 80% micronutrient deficiency in India
f. Sinho Commission - 80% of all poor = SC/ST/OBC

b. Income Inequality Report 2022

Top 1% 20% National Income 40% wealth

FACTS Page 9
Bottom 50% 13% NI 3% wealth

FACTS Page 10
 GS3
19 November 2022 11:52

INCLUSIVE GROWTH

ECONOMIC GROWTH
i. GVA
Agri Industry Services
20 26 54
45.5 25 30

ii. R&D
India a. 0.7% (lowest among BRICS)
b. ES 2020-21 suggests 2%
South Korea 4.8%
iii. Improving ICOR - 7.5 (2012) to 3.5 (2022)

iv. 2022-23
1. Exports
i. Record high - $770 Bn
ii. Foreign trade policy - target $2Tn by 2030
2. Imports - $892 Bn
3. Total trade - $1.66 Tn
4. Falling overall trade deficit - however >$100 Bn trade deficit with China
5. Underperformance of exports - 2022-23
i. Merchandise - 1.8% (Rank 21)
ii. Services - 4% (Rank 7)
6. FDI
2021 $84 Bn
2022 $71 Bn
7. Forex - $ 602 Bn (Aug 2023)
v. Banking
1. 56% PMJDY a/c owned by Women
2. NPA
SCB 3.9% - 10 year low
PSB 5.5%
3. Provisioning coverage ratio = 71%
4. Credit growth - 15%

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
vi. HDI
1. Rank 132/191
2. Score 0.633 (2021-222) from 0.645 (2020)
3. Life expectancy 67.2 from 69.7 years
vii. GHI = 107/121 (2022) vs 97/101 (2020)
viii. UN World Happiness Index = 139/149 (2021)
ix. Financial literacy - 27% (ADB)

FOOD SECURITY and NUTRITION

1. PMGKAY
i. 81 Cr beneficiaries
ii. 5 kg foodgrains in addition to NFSA entitlement

FACTS Page 11
 ii. 5 kg foodgrains in addition to NFSA entitlement
iii. 3.91 L Cr CG cost
2. NFSA
i. Free entitlements (5kg/person/month for priority HH, 35kg per Antyodaya HH) for 2023
ii. Amounts to 50 MT procurement (65 MT including buffer + other schemes) of foodgrains
iii. Actual procurement = 90-100 MT (55-60 MT wheat, 35-40 MT rice)

POVERTY and INEQUALITY

i. WB - $2.15 per day at 2017 prices
ii. GMPI 2022 - Still largest # poor = 22.8 Cr
iii. 41.5 Cr left poverty in last 15 years - UNDP
iv. 14.96% poverty - Niti Ayog for 2019-21
v. Multidimensional Poverty incidence reduced 40% in last 15 years
period % households
2007-08 55
2021 15
vi. Central SS using DBT
2013 24
2023 300

EMPLOYMENT and SKILLING

1. Industries
i. MSME:
i. GDP = 27%
ii. Exports = 42%
iii. Jobs = 11 Cr
iv. UK Sinha
ii. PSEs:
i. 256 operational
ii. 15 lakh employed
iii. INDIA SKILLS REPORT 2023
i. 50.3% employability
ii. 52.8 % of women workforce are employable, higher than the 47.2 % of employable men
iv. Demographic dividend
a. Median age
India 29
China, US 39
Japan 46
b. Time - 2019-2053
v. Employment data - Q4 - 2022-23 - PLFS urban areas
Male Female Overall
UR 6.0 9.2 6.8
ER 37%
LFPR 73.5 22.7 48.5%
a. China - >60% in last 15 years
b. Global average - 60%

2. Services
i. Gig economy - NITI AYOG
i. 77 L (1.5% of WF) - 2020-21-----------> 2.35 Cr (4.1% WF) - 2029-30
ii. 22% high skill, 31% low skill, 47% medium skill
ii. E-commerce

FACTS Page 12
 ii. E-commerce
i. 200 Bn by 2026
ii. Globally 2 by 2034 surpassing US
iii. Start up
i. GII by WIPO - India 40 (2022) from 81 (2015)
ii. #
2016 452
2022 84000
iii. Ecosystem (US > China > India)
iv. > 100 Unicorns

FINANCIAL INCLUSION

a. > 46 Cr JDY a/c since 2014

b. India = ~ 9 Cr digital transactions in 2022 - Global leader

INVESTMENT and INFRASTRUCTURE

c. High Logistics costs (% GDP)
India 13-14%
Major economies 8-9%
d. Skewed TP model
Relative cost India Globe
1.6 Road 60% 25%
1 Rail 35% 60%
0.8 Waterways 5% 15%
e. Road
i. Construction
2014-15 12 km/day
2020-21 36.5 km/day
Target - Gadkari 60 km/day
ii. 40% traffic but <2% of all Indian roads
iii. 1% of global vehicles but 11% of global accidents
iv. Share of Private sector
2014 37%
2021 7%
v. Land acquisition cost - 25-30% of project cost

f. Rail
i. Operating ratio - 98%
ii. 4th largest
iii. Bibek Debroy
g. Airways
i. 3 - domestic aviation market in terms of seat capacity
ii. # airports 2X
2014 74
2023 148
h. Waterways
i. cargo movement on 111 National Waterways
2020 84 MMT

FACTS Page 13
 2020 84 MMT
2030 200 MMT

i. Ports
i. 12 Major and 200 notified non-majors (minor/intermediate) ports
ii. LPI of WB - 22 rank in international shipments

GOVERNMENT FINANCES

a.
FD a. 2022-23 - 6.3% GDP
b. 2023-24 - 5.9% GDP (BE)
c. Budget 2022 target < 4.5% GDP by 2025-26
RD a. 2022-23 - 4.1% GDP
b. 2023-24 - 2.9% GDP (BE)

b. Debt to GDP - 84% (States - 29.5% of GDP)

c. 78% = Internal debt - TBs, Dated securities (Rupee denominated) - low currency risk
d. 22% = External debt - via MDBs, Foreign banks, NRI deposits - equivalent to 20% of GDP
e. Tax to GDP - 11.7% (6.1 direct, 5.6 Indirect)
f. Subsidies reduced
year % of RE
2020-21 15.6%
2022-23 12.4%

g. CAPEX push
Allocated Capex in 2022 Allocated Capex in 2023
CG 7 L Cr 10 L Cr
SG 3 L Cr 3 L Cr
Total Effective Capex 10.5 L Cr 13.7 L Cr (4.5% GDP)

h. Statistics - RBI Annual Survey of state finances

i. States contribution to general govt parameters
Revenue > 33%
Expenditure 60% of which
RE 83% (84.3% Centre)
CE 17% (15.6% Centre)
ii. State FD = 2.9% of GDP (2023-24 - BE)
iii. Debt-to-GDP ratio
2016-17 2022-23 2022-23 actual
CG - 49% CG - 40% CG - 54%
SG - 21% SG - 20% SG - 29%
iv. High RD to FD ratio
PJ 70%
HR 50%
National 27%
i. Present share of rupee in foreign exchange market - 1.7% vs 88% $

FACTS Page 14
 AGRICULTURE

a. Agriculture sector
i. 18% of GHG emissions of which
40% Methane from livestock
10% N2O from fertilisers
ii. Kharif season = 50% food grains + 33% pulses + 66% oilseeds
b. Global market:
i. Exports = 2.5% global trade = historic 50Bn (2021-22)
ii. 60% (~ 18Bn) spent on oilseeds
c. Average gr in last 5 years - 4.6%

d. Backward linkages
i. Water
a. Water table
30 cm/yr National
70-110 cm/yr PJ
b. 80% of all FW
c. Rice + sugar = virtual export of 62 billion 𝑚 water (assume 4000 and 2000 l/kg resp)
d. Rainfed system (54%)
e. Low irrigation infra coverage (~40% farms pan India)
a. PJ, HR - 80%
b. Central India, South - 60%
c. NE - <20%
f. Poor irrigation efficiency (38%)
g. Water availability per capita lowest in G20
1700 kL/yr Minimum requirement
1400 kL/yr India = water deficit

ii. certified seed coverage only 40%

iii. Pesticides
Anupam Verma, TP Rangarajan
India 600 gm
US 7 kg
Japan 12 kg

iv. Fertilisers:
a. 0.5 kg/Ha (1950) ---> 135 kg/Ha (2021)
b. Annual consumption = 55Mn MT
c. Consumer -2 , Importer -1, Import dependence = 25% urea, 90% phosphates, 100% potash
d. 24% subsidy spent on inefficient urea producers
e. ~65% fertilisers do not reach intended beneficiaries
f. NPK ratios
National 13:5:1
Punjab 31:8:1
Ideal 4:2:1
g. Today's fertiliser shortage is tomorrow's food crisis - PM Modi at G20 - 2022

v. Low mechanisation (NABARD 2018)

India 40%
China 57%

FACTS Page 15
 China 57%
US 95%
vi. Increasing trend of land fragmentation (~86% farmers < 2 Ha - SAS 2021)
vii. Only 14.7% land owned by Women (Agri Census 2015)

viii. Farmer finances

a. UC Sarangi
b. 52% agricultural HH under debt
c. 70% loans from institutional sources
d. 20% of farmer income from subsidies support
e. Average monthly income = 1.6 times in last decade (SAS 2021)
f. Solar panels as 'third crop' - Ashok Gulati
g. Low public capital formation in agriculture
Public 24%
Private 76%

ix. Feminisation of Agri - 85% rural women in agri

x. Agricultural R&D
i. Present = 0.6% GDP, need = 1%
ii. Jai Jawan, jai Kisan, jai vigyan, jai anusandhan
iii. Investment dividends from Re 1 - Ashok Gulati
Subsidy Re 0.9
Agri R&D Rs 11.2

e. Forward linkages

i. Warehousing stock per capita

Dalwai
India 0.02 𝑚
US 4.4 𝑚
ii. Non-uniform distribution - RBI - 70% concentrated in PJ, HR, W. UP
iii. TP - 2% roads burdened with 40% cargo
Mode Relative rate
Road 1.6
Rail 1
Waterways 0.8

iv. Market
i. Market fee - buyers' burden so pays farmer less
PJ 8.5%
MP 2%
Niti ayog recommends 1.5%
ii. Transportation cost
Area covered by a mandi (km2)
India 432
PJ 119
Meghalaya 11000
MS Swaminathan 80 recommended
iii. State-wise disparity in procurement

FACTS Page 16
 iii. State-wise disparity in procurement
Rice PJ, HR > 90%
UP, WB < 20%
Wheat MP > 40%
GJ, MH 0%
iv. Romesh Chandra, Ashok Gulati
v. Import dependence (2021-22)
Pulses 10%
Oilseeds 60% of which
Palm oil 62% - Malaysia, Indonesia
Soyabean oil 22% - Brazil, Argentina
Sunflower oil 15% - Russia, Ukraine
Arvind Subramaniam

v. Allied sector - ES - Livestock and fisheries are engines of high growth

i. Contribution
Sector Share in Agri GVA
Crops 55%
Livestock 30%
Forestry 8%
Fisheries 7%
ii. Progress:
Milk Production 1
a. 23% global
b. RJ > UP > MP
Employment 8 Cr
# Livestock 1
Meat Production 8
a. MH > UP > WB
Eggs Production 3
a. AnP > TN > Telangana
iii. Low milk productivity per lactation
India 1700 kg
Global 2700 kg
iv. Aquaculture
a. Production - 3 (8% global), 4 in export
a. Inland - 75% - Andhra tops
b. Marine - 25% of which 66% from Arabian Sea - GJ tops
b. Target - 22 MMT by 2024-25
c. PM Matsya sampada yojana targets by 2024-25
Exports 1 L Cr
PH losses reduce from 20% to 10%
Employment opportunities 55 L

v. Organic farming
Farmers 45 L (world's largest)
Farm Land 60 L Ha (World Rank 9)

FACTS Page 17
 Farm Land 60 L Ha (World Rank 9)
Facts i. MP > RJ, MH
ii. Sikkim = 100% (2016), Lakshadweep (2021)
iii. Export = Soya meal (57%) > Oilseeds (9%) > Cereals and millets > Tea and Coffee > Spices and condiments
vi. Natural farming:
States 8 (area wise - GJ > AP > MP)
Farm land 4 L Ha

vi. Food processing

i. Sunrise industry
Global rank 6
2022 $380Bn
2025 target $540 Bn

Employment share 11.6%

Export share 11%
GVA 1.7%

ii. Level of FP
India 10%
US 60%
iii. Dalwai committee on food wastage
Per capita Per annum 50 kg
Of total produced 35 - 40%
Value Rs 92000 Cr
iv. 1 - Milk, livestock, spices
v. 2 - Food, F&V, fish
vi. 66% micro FPI = rural
vii. Agro based
Production Exports
Textiles 2.3% GDP, 4.5 Cr employment a. 12% (US > EU > Bangladesh)
b. Target - $100 Bn by 2030
Beverages 2 - tea production 2 after China
2 - tea consumption
Oils 2 - consumption (China) 2 - imports (55-60%)
Sugar 1 - Production 2 after China
1 - Consumption
i. Cotton - Statistics
Employment a. 6Mn farmers
b. 40-50 Mn in processing
c. > 50% women
Rank 1

viii. 5 areas of focus to feed 1.66 Bn population by 2050 = Production, sustainability, marketing, farmers' income and consumption

ENVIRONMENT

1. CC
i. India

FACTS Page 18
 i. India
i. Per capita emissions - 1.8 Co2e (1/3 of global average)
ii. Contribution to global cumulative emissions so far - 4%
ii. World
i. Emissions gap report 2022 - UNEP
Top 1% HH 17% emissions
Bottom 50% 12% emissions

ii. GHG rise from pre-industrial levels - WMO

CO2 150%
CH4 260%
N2O 125%

iii. 1.15 deg above 1850-1900 levels

iv. Already consumed 80% of carbon budget for 1.5 target by 2019
v. Oceans store 90% of accumulated heat from antho-GHG
iii. IPCC AR 6
1) Must become Net zero by 2050
2) Reduce GHG by 45% by 2030 for 1.5 target
3) Current efforts ~ 2 deg rise by 2100

2. Green hydrogen
i. NGHM - Expected Mission Outcomes by 2030
a. Development of Green Hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 MMTPA
b. Renewable energy capacity addition of about 125 GW
c. Over ₹1 L Cr reduction in fossil fuel imports
ii. Relative cost
Grey H2 Green H2
$1.7-2.3 $3.5 - 5.5
iii. GH vs EV
Refuelling 5 min
Charging 30-45 min
iv. 50 billion litres of demineralised water supply needed - balance mission objective and demand for water

3. Biofuels
i. CAD - saving $ 4 Bn by 20% blending
ii. 80% reduction in GHG if diesel replaced by DME
iii. Target by National policy on Biofuels - 20% ethanol blending by 2025

4. EV Statistics
Global $280 Bn (2022)------> $1 Tn (2026) - McKinsey
Most growth expected in China, EU, US
India > 13 L in use (2022)
a. 65% 3 wheeler
b. 30% 2 wheeler
c. 2.5% 4 wheeler
i. Reduce CAD - TP sector consumes 1/3 of total oil
ii. Performance efficiency 3.5 times IC engines
iii. 70% Li-ion cells imported from China and Hong Kong
iv. Face of clean mobility - Road emissions = 20-30% PM 2.5

5. Mission LiFE
i. If 1Bn out of 8 Bn population adopt env conscious lifestyle, GHG drop by 20% - UNEP
ii. Installing water-efficient fixtures (taps and showers) can reduce water consumption by 30-40%

FACTS Page 19
 ii. Installing water-efficient fixtures (taps and showers) can reduce water consumption by 30-40%

6. FCA rules - 27% of total forests today are outside notified forest areas

7. CC
i. Sea level rise (0.2m since 1900)
ii. SIDS
a. 39 in Caribbean, Pacific, South China Sea, IOR
b. only 1% global emissions
iii. Internally displaced
i) 0.2 Bn by 2050 - WB
ii) 50% of them are indigenous communities
iv. Refugees
i) life and asset loss (1.2 Bn by 2050)
ii) 80% of them are women
v. Children - 1 Bn at extreme risk - UNESCO

vi. LT - LEDS (Low emission dev strategy)

a. 2.5 - 3 Bn additional carbon sink by 2030
a. ISFR
1997 19%
2021 24%
2 decades for 5% increase , but now 9% in 7 years needed
b. Atleast 50% electricity from non-FF based sources by 2030
a. Central Elec authority report - 40% by 2030
b. Lack tech and resources - need $10 Tn to meet net zero
c. Emission intensity reduction by 45% of GDP below 2005 levels by 2030
a. India reduced emission intensity by 24% b/w 2005-2016
vii. Net zero
Germany 2045
US, EU 2050
Rus, China 2060
India 2070
viii. Methane
i. 17% of GHG but 30% of GW
ii. GWP = 25 times CO2
ix. (IUU) fishing ~ 30% global catch

8. H-W conflicts - Data (2019-21)

Elephants killed - ~300 Humans killed by elephants - ~ 1550
Tigers killed - ~300 Humans killed by tigers - ~ 125

9. Land degradation
TGA 29.3% (98 Mn Ha)
> 50% area under degradation in JH, RJ, GJ, Delhi
1. India targets under UNCCD
i. Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) status by 2030
ii. Restore 26 Mn ha by 2030
2. CoP 15 - Restore 1 Bn Ha by 2030

10. Coasts
1. 15% population
2. Sea level rose by 8.5 cm in IOR in last 50 years
3. Erosion hazard @ 34% coastline

FACTS Page 20
11. Oceans beyond national Jurisdiction = 60%

12. Wetlands in India > 7 lakh = 4.86% TGA

13. 7 Mn premature death from air pollutants

14. 35/50 cities in Global Air Quality Report
15. NCAP - 40% PM reduction by 2026
16. GM crops
1. 66% edible oil imports
2. 28% higher yield of DMH-11 than Varuna
3. 30 countries already adopted GM crops

DISASTERS

a. 85% TGA vulnerable to 1/more disasters

i. 66% drought
ii. 60% EQ
iii. 12% floods
iv. Landslide Atlas of India - ISRO:
i. India among top 5 landslide countries - 1 death per 100 km2
ii. 12.6% TGA (66% of which in N.E.)
iii. 30% of global incidents in Himalayas - support 50 Cr people

b. India - 2% GDP loss per year

c. Calander events in India
d. Doppler weather radar systems (pan India by 2025)
2023 40
2025 >60
e. General
Last 5 decades Increase in # disasters 5X
Deaths in developing nations (lack EWS) > 90%
Reduction in mortality Global 70%
India 90%

INTERNAL SECURITY

a. Stats
Total cyber cases > 1.2 L (2022) - 300% increase in last 5 years
Global cybersecurity index 10/194 (US Top)
Internet a. 76Cr (40Cr in rural, 36Cr in urban India)
b. 90 Cr by 2025
Social media 47 Cr
b. Ransomware as a Service - 53% increase in such attacks (MeITY)
c. Fake news - >1100 flagged by PIB in last 3 years
d. Shekatkar, Lt gen Rajesh Pant

e. Naxalism
i. FRA 2006 - delays in claim settlements (only 50%)
ii. 30 projects approved during covid - 20k displaced
iii. Tribals = 8% population but 50% Internally displaced people
iv. 24% vacancies in State police cadres of LWE districts - Jan 2021

FACTS Page 21
 iv. 24% vacancies in State police cadres of LWE districts - Jan 2021
v. Encouraging results (2010 - 2022)
a. 77% decrease in Naxal violence
b. 90% reduction in deaths
c. Total red corridor districts (180 to 70)

f. Border mgt
i. 73% of total seized from Ban and My - Smuggling in India 2021-22 by DRI
ii. Poor critical infra - BRO completed only 22/73 roads - CAG 2017 report
iii. MSG - Madhukar Gupta, Shekatkar, GP Bhatnagar

g. Coastal security
i. Large coastline -
a. 7500 km (5500 km mainland, 2000 islands)
b. 9 states, 4 UT
ii. Smuggling - 70% by marine route
iii. securing SLOCs (95% trade)
iv. Only 15% of military expenditure on Navy (US 30%)
v. energy security (crude 85%, NG 45% dependence)

h. CAPF
i. Satisfaction rate = 12.5% (<25%)
ii. Suicides in CRPF - >40 (2022)

i. NE insurgency
i. 4200 km border - 99% international
ii. 8% area, 12% Indian tribal population
iii. Xaxa, Bezbarua, 2nd ARC
iv. AFSPA - Santosh Hegde, BP Jeevan Reddy
v. Manipur
a. Meitei - 64% population, 40/60 MLA, 10% land
b. Naga + Kuki - 20/60 MLA, 90% land
c. Punchhi

j. Police reforms
i. Per lakh population
India 155
US 247
UN recommends 222
ii. 33% stations have functional CCTV
iii. 10.5% women forces
iv. 77% strength
v. 5 custodial deaths per day - NCRB
vi. PSC, Soli Sorabjee

SCIENCE

a. India 2X industrial robots in last decade

b. AI
a. $ 400-500 Bn contri to GDP by 2025
b. BigTech monopoly - Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet, Apple combined net worth > $ 6 Tn
c. 40% of total energy to data centres goes to cooling IT equipment

c. 5G
a. Comparison
Parameter 4G 5G 6G (launch targeted at end of this decade)

FACTS Page 22
 Parameter 4G 5G 6G (launch targeted at end of this decade)
Peak Data Rates (Gbps) 1 Up to 20 Up to 1,000
Latency (End to End Delay) in ms 60-100 5 1
Power needs High Lower than 4G Most efficient
Connectivity density (connections per sp km) 0.1 Mn 1 Mn 10 Mn
b. Cumulative economic impact = $ 1 Tn by 2035
c. 90% import dependence for telecom equipment
d. Only 33% towers are fiberised vs 80-90% in US, Japan
e. $60-$70 Bn investment to seamlessly implement 5G networks

d. Additive tech
Market share US (36%) > EU (26%) > China (14%) ---- India (1.4%)
NSAM targets a. $1Bn by 2025
b. Global market share - 5% by 2025

e. Health
a. Cost of prevention by One health ($ 11 Bn pa) << Cost of pandemic preparedness ($ 30 Bn pa)
b. Emerging diseases are zoonotic in origin (spill over) - 75% of all infectious ones, including all recent pandemics
c. AMR
i. WHO - AMR one of top 10 threats to global health
ii. $100Tn global loss by 2050
d. NCD
i. Affects >1Bn globally
ii. Skewed burden coupled with slow progress - 80% in 16 countries
iii. India burdened with at-least 11 of them
e. Global TB report 2022 - WHO
i. 28% global cases, 36% global TB deaths
ii. 18% decline in cases (better than world 11%)
f. Cancer Statistics in India
Increasing trend in total cases 2021 14.2 L
2022 14.6 L

Most common Men - lung, mouth, prostate

Women - breast, cervix, ovary
Incidence estimate a. ICMR - 1 out of 9 Indians
b. Women > men
Preventable deaths 30-50%
g. Diabetes - Statistics - ICMR for India
i. Diabetic - 11% (Urban >Rural)
ii. Pre-diabetic stage - 15%

f. Biotech
Progress 2014 $10 Bn
2022 $80 Bn
2030 $300Bn

India Among top 10 BT destinations

g. Space - Statistics
Operational satellites 53 (21 C, 21 EoS, 8 N, 3 Sc.)
Global market a. $ 400 Bn
b. $ 1 Tn by 2040
India a. India = 2% of global

FACTS Page 23
 India a. India = 2% of global
b. $ 50 Bn @ 48% CAGR in next 5 years

h. Dark matter
Data a. 27% universe
b. 85% of matter
India Jaduguda Neutrino Observatory
World a. Large Hadron Collider - European Org for Nuclear Research
b. Direct detection - Lux-Zeplin
c. IceCube Neutrino Observatory
d. LIGO

FACTS Page 24