By
SITI NOR FAIZAH BINTI AB MALEK
TYPES & SELECTION
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION / INSTALLATION
ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGES
PLANT & EQUIPMENT
Sometime referred to as partially preformed
pile and are formed by a method, which
combines the use of: -
◦ precast and in-situ concrete or
◦ steel and in-situ concrete.
Mainly used on medium to large contract
where the presence of running water or very
loose soils would render the use of bored or
preformed piles as unsuitable.
Example:
◦ Composite piles of a displacement type can be
formed by jointing a timber section to a precast
concrete section.
◦ Precast concrete pile can have a H-section jointed
to its lower extremity (edge).
◦ Piles consisting more than one type can be formed
by driving a steel or precast concrete until at the
base of a drilled hole, or by driving a tube and then
drilling out the soil and extending the drill hole to
form a bored and cast-in-place pile.
Typical examples:
◦ West’s Shell Pile
◦ BSP Cased pile
◦ Franki Pile
◦ Vibro pile
Consisting of a series of precast shells
threaded on to a mandrel and top driven to
the required set.
After removing the mandrel the hollow core
can be inspected, a cage of reinforcement
can be inserted and the void filled with in-
situ concrete.
Length can be up to 60.0 meter with
bearing capacities within range of 500 to
1,200 kN are possible with this method.
The precast concrete shells are reinforced by a
patent system using fibrillated polypropylene
film as a substitute for the traditional welded
steel fabric.
Piles formed in this manner solve many of the
problems encountered with: -
◦ Waterlogged and soft sub-strata by being readily
adaptable in length.
◦ The shaft can be inspected internally before the in-
situ concrete is introduced.
◦ The flow of water or soil into the pile is eliminated.
◦ The presence of corrosive conditions in the soil can be
overcome by using special cements in the shell const.
These are typical composite piles using steel
and in-situ concrete.
Cased piles are bearing piles consisting of a
driven tube which is filled with in-situ
concrete.
The casing is manufactured from steel strip
or plate which is formed into a continuous
helix with the adjoining edges butt welded.
Usually driven into position by using an
internal drop hammer operating within the
casing.
Pile lengths are available up to 24.0 meter as a
single tube but should extra length be required
extension casings can be butt welded on after
the first length has been driven to a suitable
depth.
Cased pile do not require reinforcement except
for splice bars at the top to bond the pile to a
pile cap.
A wide range of diameters from 250 to 600 mm
are available with varying casing thickness to
give working loads per pile ranging from 150 to
1,500 kN according to type of subsoil
Used on medium to large contracts as an
alternative to preformed piles particularly where
final length of pile is a variable to be determined
on site.
They can be formed economically in diameter of
300 to 600 mm with length up to 18.0 meter
designed to carry loads of up to 1,300kN.
Usually require heavy rigs, an open level site and
a site where noise is unrestricted.
The system used the tube which is used to form
the pile shaft.
In-situ concrete for the core is introduced into
the lined shaft through a hopper or skip and
consolidation of the concrete can be carried out
by impact of the internal drop hammer or by
vibration of the tube as it is withdrawn.
A problem which can be encountered with this
form of pile is necking due to ground water
movement washing away some of the concrete
thus reducing the effective diameter of the pile
shaft and consequently the cover of concrete
over the reinforcement.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Length can be readily adjusted to suit • Necking or ‘waisting’ may occur in
varying level of bearing stratum. squeezing ground unless great care is
• Tube is driven with a closed end, thus taken when concreting shaft.
excluding ground water. • Concrete cannot be inspected after
• Possible to form an enlarged base in some completion.
type. • Limitation of length of driving in most
• Material in pile is not determined from types.
handling or driving stresses. • Displacement of ground may damage
• Noise and vibration can be reduced in ‘green’ concrete of adjacent piles or cause
some types. lifting by ground heave of adjacent piles.
• Does not produce surplus spoil. • Noise, vibration and ground displacement
may cause nuisance or damage adjacent
structure.
• Cannot be used in river or marine
structures without special adaptation.
• Cannot be driven in very large diameter.
• Cannot be driven in conditions of very low
headroom.
• Water under artesian pressure may pipe up
pile shaft and washing out cement.
J
