KM20701
LAB 1: FLUID MECHANICS
SEMESTER 1
SESSION 2022/2023
EXPERIMENT 10: IMPACT OF JET
Name MOHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN
AJIK
ID BK21110210
Group 6
Lecturer Dr Mohd. Kamel Wan Ibrahim
INRTRODUCTION
It is critical to understand how jet deflection exerts a force on turbine vanes and how this force influences the momentum flow rate in the jet in order to understand
how a turbine (such as a Pelton wheel) operates. When a water jet strikes a flat plate or hemispherical cup, a force is created that is demonstrated by the Impact of a
Jet device. The momentum flow rate of the jet may then be compared. The experiment's main goal is to assess the applicability of theoretical models for the force
exerted by a jet on variously shaped objects.
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the validity of theoretical expressions for the force exerted by a jet on targets of various shapes.
EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE
Equipment and Apparatus
1. Hydraulic bench
2. Impact of jet apparatus
3. Stopwatch
4. Ruler
5. Circular weights
Procedure
First, the weight carrier was placed on the weight platform, and then weights were added until the top of the target was clear of the stop and the weight platform
was floating in mid-position. The pointer was repositioned to align with the weight platform. The weights on the weight carrier were recorded according to their
worth. The water flow was then established by gradually opening the bench regulating valve until it was fully opened and turning on the pump. The vane was
subsequently deflected by the jet's impact. The weight carrier was loaded with additional weights until the weight platform was once again floating in mid-position.
The flow rate was measured and the matching weight of the tray was noted on the test sheet. The shape of the deflected jet was observed and recorded. Next, the
weight was gradually reduced on the weight carrier, and the weight platform's equilibrium was maintained by controlling the flow rate in eight to ten even
increments. Each time, the flow rate and weights of the weight carrierwere recorded. The control valve was then closed and the pump was turned off. Drainage was
allowed for the equipment. The conventional vane was changed with a 45° conical vane, the experiment was repeated with 5mm nozzles, and the conical vane
was then replaced with a semi-spherical vane.
Safety Precautions
While conducting the experiment, it is essential to always wear closed shoes. Additionally, long hair should be tucked back properly to prevent potential injury. In
addition, ensure that the Jet Impact Apparatus lid is securely fastened before beginning the pump. Last but not least, clean up after the experiment to avoid any
potential dangers..
RESULTS
Table 1:Flat Target (90o)
Water Temperature: 28℃ Water Density: 1000kg/m3
Total Height of target Impact
weight Volume of Time Nozzle Velocity above Nozzle h Impact Velocity Impact Force F Momentum
on carrier water (ml) (sec) Flow Rate Q (m^3/s) Q^2 Vn m/s mm V1 m/s N p Q V1
280 0.005 40 0.000125 1.5625E-08 6.37755102 43.5 6.3107 0.7888375 0.7888375
280 0.005 39 0.000128205 1.64366E-08 6.54107797 43.5 6.4755 0.830192308 0.830192308
280 0.005 37 0.000135135 1.82615E-08 6.894649752 43.5 6.8329 0.923364865 0.923364865
280 0.005 36 0.000138889 1.92901E-08 7.0861678 43.5 7.0257 0.975791667 0.975791667
300 0.005 35 0.000142857 2.04082E-08 7.288629738 43.5 7.2298 1.032828571 1.032828571
300 0.005 33 0.000151515 2.29568E-08 7.730364873 43.5 7.675 1.162878788 1.162878788
310 0.005 32 0.00015625 2.44141E-08 7.971938776 43.5 7.9182 1.23721875 1.23721875
310 0.005 31 0.00016129 2.60146E-08 8.229098091 43.5 8.1771 1.318887097 1.318887097
320 0.005 31 0.00016129 2.60146E-08 8.229098091 43.5 8.1771 1.318887097 1.318887097
330 0.005 31 0.00016129 2.60146E-08 8.229098091 43.5 8.1771 1.318887097 1.318887097
340 0.005 30 0.000166667 2.77778E-08 8.503401361 43.5 8.4531 1.40885 1.40885
RESULTS
Table 1:Flat Target (90o)
Water Temperature: 28℃ Water Density: 1000kg/m3
Total Height of target Impact
weight Volume of Time Nozzle Velocity above Nozzle h Impact Velocity Impact Force F Momentum
on carrier water (ml) (sec) Flow Rate Q (m^3/s) Q^2 Vn m/s mm V1 m/s N p Q V1
280 0.005 40 0.000125 1.5625E-08 6.37755102 43.5 6.3107 0.7888375 0.7888375
280 0.005 39 0.000128205 1.64366E-08 6.54107797 43.5 6.4755 0.830192308 0.830192308
280 0.005 37 0.000135135 1.82615E-08 6.894649752 43.5 6.8329 0.923364865 0.923364865
280 0.005 36 0.000138889 1.92901E-08 7.0861678 43.5 7.0257 0.975791667 0.975791667
300 0.005 35 0.000142857 2.04082E-08 7.288629738 43.5 7.2298 1.032828571 1.032828571
300 0.005 33 0.000151515 2.29568E-08 7.730364873 43.5 7.675 1.162878788 1.162878788
310 0.005 32 0.00015625 2.44141E-08 7.971938776 43.5 7.9182 1.23721875 1.23721875
310 0.005 31 0.00016129 2.60146E-08 8.229098091 43.5 8.1771 1.318887097 1.318887097
320 0.005 31 0.00016129 2.60146E-08 8.229098091 43.5 8.1771 1.318887097 1.318887097
330 0.005 31 0.00016129 2.60146E-08 8.229098091 43.5 8.1771 1.318887097 1.318887097
340 0.005 30 0.000166667 2.77778E-08 8.503401361 43.5 8.4531 1.40885 1.40885
Table 3: Semi-spherical Target (135o)
Water Temperature: 28℃ Water Density: 1000kg/m3
Total Height of target Impact
weight Volume of Time Nozzle Velocity above Nozzle h Impact Velocity Impact Force F Momentum
on carrier water (ml) (sec) Flow Rate Q (m^3/s) Q^2 Vn m/s mm V1 m/s N p Q V1
300 0.005 40 0.000125 1.5625E-08 6.37755102 41.25 6.3138 1.347285998 0.789225
320 0.005 38 0.000131579 1.7313E-08 6.7132116 41.25 6.6526 1.494296508 0.875342105
320 0.005 37 0.000135135 1.82615E-08 6.894649752 41.25 6.8357 1.576922091 0.923743243
330 0.005 36 0.000138889 1.92901E-08 7.0861678 41.25 7.0289 1.666532665 0.976236111
350 0.005 35 0.000142857 2.04082E-08 7.288629738 41.25 7.2329 1.763897656 1.033271429
370 0.005 33 0.000151515 2.29568E-08 7.730364873 41.25 7.6779 1.985900468 1.163318182
380 0.005 32 0.00015625 2.44141E-08 7.971938776 41.25 7.921 2.112802984 1.23765625
390 0.005 32 0.00015625 2.44141E-08 7.971938776 41.25 7.921 2.112802984 1.23765625
400 0.005 31 0.00016129 2.60146E-08 8.229098091 41.25 8.1798 2.252215577 1.319322581
410 0.005 30 0.000166667 2.77778E-08 8.503401361 41.25 8.4558 2.40581603 1.4093
410 0.005 29 0.000172414 2.97265E-08 8.796622097 41.25 8.7505 2.575513543 1.508706897
DISCUSSION
Graph 2: Impact Force VS Incident Momentum for Conical Target
Based on the graph and the results in Table 1, taking the coordinate
(0.79015, 0.231434935) and (1.50962069, 0.4421679) , the gradient of the graph is
(0.4421679−0.231434935)
𝑚=
(1.50962069−0.79015)
𝑚 = 0.2928
Theoretical slope, 𝑚 = 0.2929
Percentage error = 0.03%
raph 3: Impact Force VS Incident Momentum for Semi-Spherical Target
Based on the graph and the results in Table 1, taking the coordinate
(0.789225, 1.347285998) and (1.508706897 , 2.575513543) , the gradient of the
graph is
(2.575513543) −( 1.347285998)
𝑚=
(1.508706897)−( 0.789225)
𝑚 = 1.7071
Theoretical slope, 𝑚 = 1.7071
Percentage error = 0%
Each graph's gradient was determined. There is no % inaccuracy for Graph 1. The difference
between the theoretical and experimental gradients is 1. The experimental gradient for Graph 2
then reveals a 0.03% mild gradient. While the predicted slope is 0.2929, the measured gradient
is 0.2928. Last but not least, graph 3 displays an experimental slope of 1.7071 and a theoretical
slope of 1.7071, both of which produced an error of 0%. According to the results, the
proportion of errors is under 15%, and the experimental data and theoretical data are roughly
equal. The theoretical slope values are therefore recognised.
The flow rate is maximum at 0.000125 m3/s when the weight applied to the flat plate is 280N,
according to the figures calculated in Table 1: Flat Target. Reaching 5000m3 of water just took
40 seconds. The flow rate is likewise the highest at 0.000125 m3/s for the conical target in
Table 2 when 210 N of weight is applied to the flat plate. It also took 40s for the water to reach
a volume of 5000m3/s. In Table 3: Semi-spherical Target, it can be seen that adding 300N of
extra weights to the flat plate causes the flow rate to be the highest at 0.000125 m3/s. . The
water level climbed to 5000m3 in 40s. It was evident from the findings of each table that as the
flow rate rises, it takes less time for the water to reach a volume of 5000 m3. Additionally,
because of the large angle, the semi-spherical target's water flow rate is lower than that of the
other 2 targets. The fluid's surface area while spiralling against the apparatus wall increases
with higher angle nozzles. As a result, frictional loss increases. [3]
The force and volume flow rate will also be impacted by the nozzle's diameter. The flow rate
increases as the nozzle's diameter increases. In terms of force, it gets weaker as the nozzle's
diameter grows. The proportion of pressure energy that is transformed into kinetic energy
upstream of a nozzle is referred to as its efficiency. The bigger the flow capacity of the nozzle
at a fixed pressure, the less dissipative this process is. When choosing the right nozzle for your
equipment, the nozzle size is an important factor to take into account. In general, a bigger
nozzle operating at a higher pressure may move more liquid or gas than a smaller nozzle.
CONCLLUSION
This experiment tested the accuracy of theoretical descriptions of the force applied by a jet to a
variety of target shapes. Since each graph only has a tiny percentage of errors, it is safe to infer
that the theoretical data are accurate based on the obtained findings. The graphs on a flat
target, a semi-spherical target, and a conical target all show an estimated inaccuracy of 0.03%.
The project was carried out with remarkable success despite a few flaws. On the possible origin
of the error, several theories have been put up. One of the presumptions is that the observer
has anything to do with parallax inaccuracy when the balance indicator returns to its starting
location. The position of the equilibrium point could be off because of the limitations of the
human eye. The supposition that water molecules make elastic contact with the wall has an
additional impact on the experimental disagreement. A part of the energy is converted into heat
energy through friction because the impact between the water molecule and the target surface
is non-elastic. Another presumption is that there is no friction when water molecules come into
contact with the target surface. In reality, heat is lost as a result of friction when water moves
over the ideal surface.
A few further suggestions might be taken into account in order to enhance the experiment's
results. One of these is the requirement that the eye of the observer be 90 degrees
perpendicular to the object under consideration. Additionally, it's crucial that the equipment be
in flawless working order in order to get an exact result. Next, it's crucial to keep the pump's
water supply steady. Making sure there are no air bubbles in the water is crucial.
APPENDIX
