02/10/2023

Systems Analysis and Design, 11 th Edition

Scott Tilley and Harry Rosenblatt

Chapter 1
Introduction to Systems Analysis
and Design

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 Describe the impact of information technology

 Define systems analysis and design and the role of a systems
analyst
 Define an information system and describe its components
 Explain how profiles and models can represent business
functions and operations
 Explain how the Internet has affected business strategies and
relationships

 Identify various types of information

systems and explain who uses them
 Distinguish among structured analysis,
object-oriented analysis, and agile methods
 Explain the waterfall model, and how it has
evolved

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 Information Technology (IT)

◦ Combination of hardware and software products
and services that companies use to manage, access,
communicate, and share information
 The Future of IT
◦ Will see robust growth for at least a decade
◦ The greatest need will be for systems analysts,
network administrators, data communications
analysts, and software engineers

 The Role of Systems Analysis and Design

◦ Systems Analysis and Design
 Step-by-step process for developing high-quality
information systems
◦ Systems Analyst
 Plan, develop, and maintain information systems

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 Who develops Information Systems?

◦ In-house applications
◦ Software packages
◦ Internet-based application services
◦ Outsourcing
◦ Custom solutions
◦ Enterprise-wide software strategies
◦ How versus What

• A system is a set of related

components that produces
specific results
• Mission-critical systems are
vital to a company’s
operations
• Information systems have
five key components:
hardware, software,
data, processes, and people
FIGURE 1-6 An information
system needs these
components.
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 Hardware
◦ Is the physical layer of the information system
◦ Moore’s Law
 Software
◦ System software
◦ Application software
 Horizontal system
 Vertical system
 Legacy systems
FIGURE 1-7 Server farms provide the
enormous power and speed that
modern IT systems need.

 Data
◦ Tables store data
◦ Linked tables work
together to supply
data
 Processes
◦ Describe the tasks and
business functions that
users, managers, and IT
staff members perform to
achieve specific results
 People
◦ Stakeholders
◦ Users or end users
FIGURE 1-8 In a typical payroll system,
data is stored in separate tables that
are linked to form an overall database.
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 Systems analysts use modeling to represent

company operations and information needs.
Business process modeling involves a
business profile and a set of models that
document business operations.

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◦ Business Profile - describe company overall

function
 overview of a company’s mission, functions, organization,
products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors,
constraints, and future direction.
 a systems analyst usually needs to do additional research
and fact-finding
 a business profile is the starting point for the modeling
process.

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◦ Business Processes - a specific set of

transactions, events, and results that can be
described and documented

 A business process model (BPM)

graphically displays one or more
business processes, such as
handling an airline reservation,
filling a product order, or
updating a customer account

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 Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN)

Computer-based tools for complex models
that includes standard shapes and symbols
to represent events, processes, workflows,
and more.
Multipurpose application such as Microsoft
Visio, CASE tools such as Visible Analyst, or
online diagramming tools such as draw.io
can be used to create BPMN models.

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 New Kinds of Companies

◦ Product-oriented
 routers, microchips
◦ Service-oriented
 resellers and providers of information
◦ Brick-and-mortar
 conduct business from physical locations
(have premises)
◦ Dot-com (.com) or Internet-dependent
 Amazon.com, Google, eBay, Yahoo!

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 E-Commerce or I-Commerce
 B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
 B2B (Business-to-Business)
◦ EDI
◦ Extensible markup language (XML)
◦ Supplier relationship management (SRM)

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 Web-Based System
Development
◦ WebSphere
◦ .NET
◦ Web services
◦ Internet-based
systems involve
various hardware and
software designs

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• Enterprise
computing systems
– Support company-
wide operations and
data management
requirements
– Enterprise resource
planning (ERP)
– Many hardware and
software vendors
target the enterprise
computing market

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 Transaction
processing systems
◦ Involve large
amounts of data and
are mission-critical
systems
◦ Efficient because they
process a set of
transaction-related
commands as a
group rather than
individually

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 Business support systems

◦ Provide job-related information to users at all levels
of a company
◦ Management information systems (MIS)
◦ Radio frequency identification (RFID)
◦ What-if

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 Knowledge management systems

◦ Called expert systems
◦ Simulate human reasoning by combining a
knowledge base and inference rules
◦ Many knowledge management systems use a
technique called fuzzy logic

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 User productivity systems

◦ Technology that improves productivity
◦ Groupware
 Information systems integration
◦ Most large companies require systems that combine
transaction processing, business support,
knowledge management, and user productivity
features

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 Modeling
◦ Business model
◦ Requirements model
◦ Data model
◦ Object model
◦ Network model
◦ Process model

FIGURE 1-21 Microsoft Visio allows you

to drag and drop various symbols and
connect them to show a business
process.

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 Prototyping
◦ Early working version of an information system
◦ Speeds up the development process significantly
◦ Important decisions might be made too early,
before business or IT issues are thoroughly
understood
◦ A prototype based on careful fact-fiing and
modeling techniques can be an extremely
valuable tool

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 Computer-Aided Systems Engineering

(CASE) Tools
◦ Provide an overall framework for systems
development and support a wide variety of design
methodologies such as:
 Structured analysis
 Object-oriented analysis
◦ Can generate program code, which speeds the
implementation process

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 Structured Analysis
◦ Traditional method for developing systems
◦ Organized into phases
 Object-Oriented Analysis
◦ More recent method for developing systems
◦ Objects represent actual people, things, or events
 Agile/Adaptive Methods
◦ Latest trend in software development
◦ Team-based effort broken down into cycles

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 Structured Analysis
◦ Time-tested and easy to understand
◦ Uses phases called the systems development life
cycle (SDLC)
◦ Predictive approach
◦ Uses process
models to
describe a
system
graphically
FIGURE 1-24 This Visible Analyst screen
shows a process model for a school
registration system. The REGISTER
STUDENTS process accepts input data from
two sources and transforms it into output 28
data.

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◦ The SDLC model usually includes five

steps
 Systems Planning
 Systems Analysis
 Systems Design
 Systems Implementation
 Systems Security and
Support

FIGURE 1-25 Development

phases and deliverables are
shown in the waterfall model.
The circular symbols indicate
interaction among the phases.
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 Systems Planning
 Systems request – begins the process and describes
problems or desired changes
 Purpose of this phase is to perform a preliminary
investigation – a critical step
 Key part of preliminary investigation is a feasibility
study

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 Systems Analysis
 Build a logical model of the new system
 Perform fact-finding techniques
 Build business models, data and process models, and
object models
 Deliverable is the system requirements document

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 Systems Design
 Create a physical model that satisfies all documented
requirements
 Design user interface
 Identify outputs, inputs, and processes
 Deliverable is the system design specification
 Management and user involvement is critical

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 Systems Implementation
 New system is constructed
 Programs are written and tested
 System is installed
 Deliverable is a completely functioning and
documented information system
 Systems Support and Security
 A well-designed system must be secure, reliable,
maintainable, and scalable
 Most information systems need to be updated
significantly or replaced after several years of
operation

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 Object-Oriented Analysis
 Combines data and the processes that act on the data
into things called objects
 Objects are members of a
class, which is a collection
of similar objects
 Built-in processes,
called methods, can
change an object’s
properties
 O-O methodology
provides easy transition
to O-O programming
languages like Java
FIGURE 1-26 The PERSON class includes
INSTRUCTOR and STUDENT objects, which
have their own properties and inherited
properties. 34

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 Agile Methods
 Newest development technique as systems are
developed incrementally
 A series of prototypes are built and adjusted to
meet user requirements
 As the process continues, developers revise,
extend, and merge earlier versions into the final
product
 Agile method emphasizes continuous feedback
 Iterative development
◦ Agile community has published the Agile Manifesto
◦ Spiral model

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 Agile Methods
◦ Agile process determines the end result
◦ Other adaptive variations and related methods exist
◦ Two examples are Scrum and Extreme
Programming (XP)
◦ Analysts should understand the pros and cons of
any approach before selecting a development
method

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 Other Development Methods

 Teams consists of IT staff, users, and managers
 joint application development (JAD)
 Focuses on team-based fact-finding
 Rapid application development (RAD)
 A compressed version of the entire development
process

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 Develop a project plan

 Involve users and listen carefully to them
 Use project management tools to identify
tasks and milestones
 Develop accurate cost and benefit
information
 Remain flexible

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• IT refers to the combination of hardware and

software resources that companies use to
manage, access, communicate, and share
information
• The essential components of an information
system are hardware, software, data,
processes, and people

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• Information systems are identified as

enterprise computing systems, transaction
processing systems, business support
systems, knowledge management systems, or
user productivity systems
• Organization structure includes top
managers, middle managers and knowledge
workers, supervisors and team leaders

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• Systems analyst use modeling, prototyping,

and computer aided systems engineering
(CASE) tools
• Three popular system development
approaches are structured analysis, object-
oriented analysis (O-O), and agile methods,
also called adaptive methods
• Regardless of the development strategy,
people, tasks, timetables, and cost must be
managed effectively using project
management tools

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