“NATIONAL UNIVERSITY SANTIAGO

ANTUNEZ DE MAYOLO”

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF

ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING

sistema constructivo de entramad

CONSTRUCCION III

MEMBERS

ANAYA RUIZ MARIBEL

ASENCIOS URIBE MELY
MOLINA VARGAS CHRISTIAN
ROLLER SAENZ KATTYA

julio joel yanac rodriguez

[Email address]
 INDEX
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. GOALS
1.2. METHODOLOGY
1.3. SUMMARY

CHAPTER II
THE CONSTRUCTION OF WOODEN HOUSES
2.1. GENERALITIES
2.2. DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS IN WOOD
2.2.1. SOLID TRUNK SYSTEM

2.3. JUSTIFICATION OF THE CHOICE OF THE LIGHTWEIGHT

PLATFORM FRAMING SYSTEM
2.4. SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF THE SYSTEM
2.5. ECONOMIC AND COST ANALYSIS
2.6. ANALYSIS OF EXECUTION TIMES.

CHAPTER III
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIGHTWEIGHT PLATFORM WOOD FRAME
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
3.1. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
3.1.1. SOLID SAW WOOD
3.1.2. STRUCTURAL PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS
3.1.2.1. PREFABRICATED JOISTS
3.1.2.2. LIGHT WOOD TRUSSES
3.1.3. UNIONS
3.1.3.1. PIN TYPE FIXINGS
3.1.3.2. BOLTS
 4.1.3.3. HARDWARE AND CONNECTORS
4.1.3.4. ADHESIVES
4.1.4. WOODEN BOARDS
4.1.4.1. PLYWOOD BOARDS.
4.1.4.2. OSB BOARDS
4.1.5. EXTERIOR COVERINGS
4.1.5.1. WOOD COVERING
4.1.5.2. CANEXEL TYPE COATING
4.1.6. INTERIOR COVERINGS
4.1.6.1. WOODEN FRIEZE
4.1.6.2. LAMINATED PLASTERBOARD
4.1.7. FACILITIES
4.1.8. CARPENTRY
4.1.9. INSULATIONS
4.2. WOOD PROTECTION
4.2.1. TYPES OF ATTACKS
4.2.2. CLASSES OF USE
4.2.3. PREVENTIVE PROTECTIONS
4.2.3.1. AGAINST BIOTIC AGENTS
4.2.3.2. AGAINST ABIOTIC (METEOROLOGICAL) AGENTS
4.2.4. APPLICATION TO OUR STUDY
4.3. PARTS OF THE STRUCTURE
4.3.1. FOUNDATION
4.3.2. HORIZONTAL SLABS
4.3.3. VERTICAL FRAMEWORKS
4.3.4. ROOF STRUCTURE, WATERPROOFING AND COVERING
4.4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM CHOSEN FOR OUR STUDY.
4.4.1. FOUNDATION
4.4.2. FIRST FLOOR FORGING
4.4.3. VERTICAL FRAMEWORK
4.4.3.1. EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK
4.4.3.2. NON-LOADING INTERIOR FRAMEWORK
4.4.4. ROOF FORGING
4.4.4.1. INCLINED COVER
4.4.4.2. FLAT ROOF
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.4. GOALS
The main objective is to study and demonstrate the suitability of wooden housing
construction using the light platform framing system. It is intended to ensure that both
home buyers and construction technicians stop viewing wooden homes under the typical
statements that are gradually disappearing, such as: wooden houses burn with a match,
they are like saunas and it is very hot inside, when a strong wind blows they fly away, they
are eaten by woodworm, they do not last many years, etc., and other similar things, which
the younger generations are banishing from their mentality thanks to the knowledge of
other cultures and other countries.

The aim is to carry out a study of both the materials and the different options of the
construction system that lead to the correct execution of a wooden home, as well as to
provide general application guidelines to achieve compliance with the regulations in force,

in particular? ? of the different sections of the National Building Regulations, which

differentially affect the construction of wooden homes with this system compared to that
understood as “traditional” construction.

1.5. METHODOLOGY
We have proceeded to study an extensive bibliography, both written and from specialized
press and research articles, where I have found great information for the correct
execution of this process and the most appropriate materials to use. And finally, as the
main part of the objectives of this work, we proceeded to consult and study all the
regulations of the National Building Regulations, in order to demonstrate the suitability of
the system to build in our country; also including the Supporting Documents and Catalog
of Materials published for its development. As well as many other Peruvian regulations
and documents from official organizations.
1.6. SUMMARY
 CHAPTER II
THE CONSTRUCTION OF WOODEN HOUSES
2.1. GENERALITIES

Wood has been part, totally or partially, of buildings built by man since the Neolithic itself; Before
man had tools with sufficient cutting capacity to work with wood (a tool with sufficient cutting
capacity does not have to be anything more complicated than a stone axe, for example) it is very
likely that he already used wood. as construction material for their first shelters.

2.2. DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS IN WOOD

2.2.1. SOLID TRUNK SYSTEM
This construction system is traditional from northern countries, with cold and humid
climates and a large forest mass, since it requires a large volume of wood for its execution.
Wood aesthetically conditions the final finish of the house, normally serving as an exterior
and interior finish. The structural method is based on solid, resistant wooden walls that
transmit the loads of the roof and slabs to the foundation. The wood is not used in its best
resistant form, by transmitting the vertical loads in a direction perpendicular to the grain
of the wood, when it really works well it is working in the parallel direction. It is executed
by stacking logs one on top of the other to achieve the resistant structure of the wood.
walls, with different thickness of the wall depending on the section of the trunk, and with
different shapes depending on how the wood is worked.

2.2.2. FRAMING SYSTEM

In this system, the loads are transmitted along the structural elements in their
longitudinal direction. Working the wood in the most appropriate way to obtain its
greatest resistance and thus be able to lighten the structure. Three types can be
differentiated based on their particular way of constructing and transmitting loads.
2.2.2.1. LIGHTWEIGHT FRAMING SYSTEM. (LIGHT FRAME)

The resistance is achieved through wooden elements of small squareness

and little separation between them, distributing the loads in a joint manner
through all the elements. In this system, the wood works in flexion and
compression parallel to the fiber, which is how it has the greatest resistance. It is
made up of vertical wooden elements (called uprights or uprights) with lower and
upper end walls, on which the wooden beam slab or light wooden trusses are
supported to form the slope of the roof.
This system is further subdivided into two methods:

 BALLOON FRAME SYSTEM. In this method, the uprights of the resistant

vertical framework structure that compose it are continuous from the foundation
to the roof. The intermediate floor is supported by the uprights, without
interruption of the wooden elements that form the load-bearing walls, using joists
screwed to the uprights at their height for their union. Due to the length of the
pieces of wood that will form the uprights, it is limited to two stories high, as
longer wooden planks are not normally found on the market.

 PLATFORM SYSTEM (PLATFORM FRAME).

It was an evolution of the previous system, and the vertical resistant

structure is interrupted floor by floor with the support of the floor joists on
the upper end of the pillars of the lower floor. This allows you to build a
greater number of heights as you are not limited by the material. This
system is the one that has prevailed over the balloon system, since it gives
 better results as the structure of the partitions is less slender, is easier to
execute and better separates one floor from another to comply with the
different regulations.

2.3. JUSTIFICATION OF THE CHOICE OF THE LIGHTWEIGHT

PLATFORM FRAMING SYSTEM
For decades, it has established itself as the most used and technically developed
construction system with solid sawn wood for the construction of single-family homes in
the countries where it was built. For this reason, it is the most exported system and used
in the rest of the developed countries that have joined this construction material. But we
will proceed to comment on the main advantages of this system with respect to other
systems and in particular compared to the construction of “traditional” work.
In a synthetic way we can highlight the following aspects, which throughout this Work we
will proceed to develop:

 They are cheaper.

 They take a much shorter execution time.

 Wood is a very light material (it has much lower density).

 They have an unlimited life following minimal maintenance.

 Very good behavior against seismic actions as it resists impact loads very well and
absorbs energy.

 In the event of a fire, a wooden structure behaves better than other “traditional”
structural materials.
  Its acoustic insulation is very good, adequately absorbing airborne and impact
noises.

 Thermal insulation gives exceptional comfort results.

2.4. SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF THE SYSTEM
The seismic resistance of light-framed wooden structures is very high, provided that the
quality of the materials, their design and their execution are correct. This is mainly due to
its lightness and flexibility compared to brick, concrete or stone construction systems,
which helps reduce the seismic forces acting on the structure. Furthermore, due to the
large number of connecting pieces between the different elements of the light frame
structure, it has already been proven that they have good behavior in the event of an
earthquake, so that deaths and serious injuries are less frequent than in the other cases.
types of “traditional” construction systems.
Non-structural elements also favor its seismic behavior, such as non-load-bearing walls,
which help dissipate the energy that shakes the home during an earthquake. Likewise,
exterior and interior coverings such as OSB boards or laminated plasterboard brace the
entire structure, thereby helping to provide homes with greater resistance. Therefore, a
wooden house is considered to have a medium-low vulnerability to an earthquake.
2.5. ECONOMIC AND COST ANALYSIS
Due to the high industrialization and prefabrication of the different phases of
construction, it implies a reduction in execution times and therefore the final cost of the
home is reduced. It is also worth noting that the purchase of these homes is usually done
at a fixed price, avoiding the normal surprises of “traditional” construction in our country.
Another factor to take into account, although difficult to quantify, is the great energy
savings they represent during their useful life, given their higher degree of thermal
insulation.
This construction system does not require specially qualified labor in most of its phases,
reducing personnel costs. And also the raw material used (wood) since it is easy to acquire
in Peru, thanks to the increase in imports that the globalization of current markets entails.
2.6. ANALYSIS OF EXECUTION TIMES.
Different factors intervene in the speed of execution of this type of housing. From the
beginning, the possibility of prefabrication in the workshop of vertical frameworks, floor
slabs and roof trusses makes the assembly of the entire structure of a wooden house
using the light framework system really agile. This is possible since when the dry resistant
elements are assembled they come into service immediately. Not having waiting time to
load and be able to continue with the assembly of the structure, as occurs with other
construction elements such as concrete. In the exterior and interior coatings we find
ourselves in the same case of the structure, dry coatings are usually used, which do not
require setting time to continue with the next phase. When carrying out the pre-
installations, we replaced the grooves with simple drills; Just as when it comes to taking
the exterior and interior carpentry, we already have pre-frames in the vertical framework
itself. All of the above allows you to easily give a completion date to the client, once the
project is available with all the details of the home and the corresponding municipal
construction license; Being able to know when you will be able to enjoy it without the
typical problems that usually arise in “traditional” work and that cause easy delays. We go
on to detail all the phases of work with their execution times, seeing the ease of being
able to execute a house of 92 m2 total (which we will detail later) in just 7 weeks of work
with a normal development of work and having a staff of about 2 or 3 people, depending
on the phase, to carry out the different jobs.

Scheme 2: Planning of work in the workshop and construction site.

As we can see in the planning, the first place where we save execution time is in the
possibility of simultaneous work on the ground and in the workshop when executing the
foundation and pre-fabrication. Likewise, we can see the speed of assembly of the
structure and its rapid coverage, which already surprises the client and excites them with
the prompt availability of their home. All the installation and coating chapters are also
very quick, as they are dry work as we have already mentioned. In summary, we can say
that one of the great advantages of this system, which no “traditional” construction
system could achieve in any way, is the speed of execution, with all the advantages that
this implies for the owner.

CHAPTER III
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIGHTWEIGHT PLATFORM WOOD FRAME
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
3.1. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
3.1.1. SOLID SAW WOOD
According to the CTE, it is defined as: “A piece of solid wood obtained by sawing the tree,
generally squared, that is, with faces parallel to each other and edges perpendicular to
them.” Of the solid sawn structural woods, the most used in the structure and cladding of
single-family homes in Peru is that from conifers (and in particular from the so-called Scots
pine, radiata pine or red pine), since it perfectly meets the conditions that we require and
is easy to find on the import market at reasonable prices.

3.1.2. STRUCTURAL PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS

Thanks to technological advances, we have elements made from wood that can replace
sawn wood, obtaining better resistant characteristics according to their function. We
mention the two most common:
3.1.2.1. PREFABRICATED JOISTS
There is a wide variety of products of this type, with different shapes,
combinations of materials and trademarks; in each case with different resistant
and use characteristics depending on the manufacturer. These should be the ones
who tell us the same based on their tests. They can be rectangular or double T in
shape, and in turn be formed by combinations of: wooden joist, wooden joist-
board and wood-metal joist. The most used of these in single-family homes are the
double T structural wood-board joists, since, even by lightening the weight of the
element, we achieve greater resistance.
 Double T wood joist – board Wood-metal joist.

3.1.2.2. LIGHT WOOD TRUSSES

It is used in most homes to form slopes on the roof. They can be triangular
(for sloping roofs) or flat latticework (for flat roofs). Later we will study triangular
wooden trusses in more detail to apply them to our homes .

Flat lattice trusses. Lightweight solid wood semi-truss.

3.1.3. UNIONS
Knots or joints in wooden structures are a major problem, as they are load transmission
points, which if not resolved correctly can lead to the collapse of the structure. You could
say that they are the weakest points of our home, structurally speaking.
Whenever the joining element is going to be outside or may be attacked by some other
material or external element, stainless steel or double galvanized steel must be used, so
that we guarantee its durability by avoiding corrosion.
3.1.3.1. PIN TYPE FIXINGS
With this name we refer to elements such as nails, spikes, lag bolts, wood screws,
staples, etc. It performs its function by friction with the wood in its longitudinal
direction and by shear in its transverse direction. Among them, the most
advantageous is the screwed joint, as it provides the possibility of disassembly and
greater guarantees for the joint.

Different plug-type elements.

3.1.3.2. BOLTS
Elements that join wood with other construction materials such as concrete. It has
a cylindrical shape, with a threaded end for placing a nut. It will mainly serve as an
element for joining the foundation with the wooden sleeper, even though today
self-tapping screws and other types of elements such as chemical plugs are used
for this function. Thus facilitating the execution of the concrete walls as it is not
necessary to place and stake out the holding bolts.

4.1.3.3. HARDWARE AND CONNECTORS

They are sheet steel elements designed with different shapes depending on the
use to which they are going to be used. We must choose the most appropriate
type of hardware depending on: type of support, shape of the wooden pieces to be
joined and force that must be transmitted.
The most common are:
  Stirrups: Their function is to solve the support of beams and joists on walls
or main beams. They can be seen or hidden, and are perforated for fixing
with pegs to the wood.

 Squads. They have an angular (L) shape. They are used to anchor posts,
beams or truss feet to each other or to other elements.

 Pillar feet. It solves the union of the base of the pillars with the
foundation, slab or beam, which is generally made of concrete.

 Toothed plates. They are flat steel sheets, they are perforated in a
triangular shape so that when rotated they form a type of teeth on one of
the sides of the sheet.

4.1.3.4. ADHESIVES
There are all types of adhesives today, and their function is to hold two
pieces together, whether they are wood or wood-metal, and also have
physical and mechanical resistance so that the structural element maintains
its properties. In carpentry, glue is usually used more, which is nothing
more than the adhesive in the aqueous phase.
4.1.4. WOODEN BOARDS
4.1.4.1. PLYWOOD BOARDS.
It is manufactured by superimposing a minimum of 3 wooden veneers (and
always in an odd number) joined by glue, placed so that the fibers of the
consecutive veneers form an angle between themselves, which is normally
90 o.
4.1.4.2. OSB BOARDS
 It is formed with wood chips superimposed on each other and joined with
glues through the application of heat and pressure. In the outer layers the
chips are placed oriented in the longitudinal direction of the board, and in
the inner layers it does not matter as it does not influence its
characteristics. As glue, one based on phenolformaldehyde is usually used,
which gives it certain water-repellent characteristics.
4.1.5. EXTERIOR COVERINGS
Focusing now on the exterior coatings, we must clarify that currently a single-family
wooden house built using the light platform framework system can easily be finished on
the outside with any type of coating, giving it an appearance exactly the same as a house
with a “traditional” structure. even using the same materials to achieve that finish.

4.1.5.1. WOOD COVERING

It can be considered the most primitive and traditional of the coatings used in this
type of construction, since in the origins of these homes it was the material used
for their exterior finishing, as it was available. This has been the case until the
appearance of other elaborate elements that have been replacing it, because with
these others zero maintenance is achieved and an external appearance similar to a
“traditional” construction. This type of wooden cladding is still widely used in the
case of homes built in mountain areas, when a rustic look is desired or where the
landscape invites this cladding to integrate into the environment.

Its execution consists of nailing tongue-and-groove wooden boards with a

minimum thickness of 20 mm to the uprights of the framework, generally
horizontally, although it can be varied to suit the client or technician. Between the
framework and this covering there must always be the breathable sheet that
wraps the outside of the entire framework.
It should never be placed at a distance of less than 20 cm from the ground, to
ensure its protection against biotic agents. As it is not a structural element, but
rather a simple coating, there is no regulation that indicates the protection to
apply to this wood; Even so, at least two or three coats of the so-called open-pore
surface treatment or “lasur” should always be applied, according to the
manufacturer's instructions; as well as indicating to the owner the need for
subsequent maintenance.

4.1.5.2. CANEXEL TYPE COATING

This type of material is the most used to cover single-family homes throughout the United
States and Canada, where the material is original and has been studied and perfected for
more than 50 years; having already imposed itself in most of the rest of the countries that
now build with this system. The main advantage is its zero maintenance, also having the
following characteristics: it respects the shapes that simulate wood, it is tongue and
groove to avoid problems with possible expansion, and it offers a wide variety of colors
and models. This offers the homeowner the sturdiness and aesthetics of colored wood
without its natural imperfections.

This coating is made up of high-density wood fibers. These wood fibers are joined hot (at
220 º C) and under high pressure (3,100 t/cm2) using natural binders (such as the lignin of
the wood itself) and other additives (such as waxes and phenolic resin). When they leave
the hydraulic dams, the slats already have a density of 920 kg/m3 (twice that of natural
wood), and they are cut according to the different profiles. It allows the combination with
other exterior cladding materials such as stone, brick, ceramic cladding, etc., creating the
design that the client or technician desires. Due to its technical qualities and natural
aesthetics, it is not only used in homes, but also has application in all types of public or
private buildings (schools, shopping centers, etc.). To make the finish more aesthetic, the
manufacturer supplies a complete range of metal profiles and accessories that allow the
proper execution of any encounter that will arise on site.
4.1.6. INTERIOR COVERINGS
4.1.6.1. WOODEN FRIEZE
It consists of covering the walls and/or ceilings of the home with tongue-and-
groove red pine or spruce wood boards about 10 mm thick, nailed to the structure
of the vertical frameworks or to the slats of the truss braces. Generally, these
boards usually come lacquered from the factory to achieve a smoother surface
finish to the touch and with a wide variety of colors and wood tones to choose
from. This material manages to give the interior of the home a warmer
atmosphere in the rooms it is used, also achieving a more rustic appearance.
Therefore, it is mainly used in rural mountain homes or when you want to give a
warmer appearance to the interior of the home.

4.1.6.2. LAMINATED PLASTERBOARD

They are used for the interior finishing of vertical and horizontal walls with plastic
paint, tiling, paper or any other type of coating that needs a flat surface to adhere
to. On walls it will be placed screwed directly to the wooden structure or to metal
profiles, and for false ceilings the plates will always be screwed to metal profiles.
Once the home has been covered, the joints of plates, corners and screw holes will
be taped, puttyed and sanded, for the subsequent application of paint or other
types of finish.
 4.1.7. FACILITIES
These homes will be treated for the calculation and design of facilities exactly the same as
a home built by any other system. The only recommendation is the use of flexible pipes,
ducts, tubes and pipes for its execution, to prevent possible expansion-contraction of the
wooden structure from causing cracks in joints.
The uprights and joists must be drilled in their central third so as not to weaken their
resistance, and the dimension of the drill should never be greater than one third of their
width. In the case of joists, all types of cuts should be avoided, and if necessary they
should be made in the upper part; Cuts should never be made in the lower part of the
joists of the slabs, otherwise we would dangerously weaken their resistant section.

4.1.8. CARPENTRY
They will be used of any type and material to the liking of the end client, just as in any
other construction system. With the only particularity that the doors and windows will be
placed by fixing them with screws or nails to the jambs of the holes opened for this
purpose in the vertical framework, which act as a pre-frame. The joints between the
carpentry and the framework must always be left perfectly sealed with the use of
polyurethane foam or material with similar characteristics, to prevent a thermal bridge
from appearing at that joint.
4.1.9. INSULATIONS
As will be demonstrated later in this work, the insulation that gives the best results and
also best fits our system is the low-density glass mineral wool blanket. Its advantages for
us are: its hygrothermal capacity, its inorganic and mineral nature (so it does not rot or is
corrosive), the wide range of classes on the market, ease of handling and placement on
site in our system, its dimensional stability ( it does not suffer contractions or expansion)
and its consideration as a sustainable material (compared to other common, more
polluting insulation).
It is ideal for both our facades and our interior partitions, and it is also suitable for both
the air chamber separation floor slabs and the roof slabs, whether flat or inclined.

4.2. WOOD PROTECTION

4.2.1. TYPES OF ATTACKS

 Fungi and molds. There are two types: chromogens and xylophages.
Chromogens (molds) that are not structurally dangerous but cause a bluing
of the wood that warns us of a high degree of humidity. Xylophagous fungi,
on the other hand, can disintegrate wood because they feed on its
cellulose.
 Insects. They are of the larval type and are included in two groups:
xylophages and xylomycophages. Of the xylophagous insects, the best
known is the woodworm, and they feed on wood during their larval stage,
forming galleries. Xylomycophages are not so dangerous, since what they
do is devour the fungi present in the wood when it is dry.
 Termites. They work in groups forming termite mounds and from the
ground they reach the wood to feed mainly on its cellulose. It nests in the
ground in subterranean termite mounds (just like ants) in areas of
abundant humidity, such as gardens or patios with a well or swimming
pool; and for its survival it needs temperature conditions of between 20
and 25 ºC and a stable humidity of between 95 and 100%.
4.2.2. PREVENTIVE PROTECTIONS
4.2.2.1. AGAINST BIOTIC AGENTS
Where the risk of attack is high, special care must be taken to comply with what is
stated in Chapter 2. From the E010 standard
11.2.2 Organic remains in the construction area must be removed
11.2.3 Where subterranean termites exist, metal barriers or shields must be placed
continuously on the foundation surfaces.

From this table we draw a clear conclusion of the importance of choosing the
species of wood to guarantee the durability of our homes. Which we can
overprotect if we apply the protection indicated in table 2 that we saw previously
to its natural durability.
4.2.2.2. AGAINST ABIOTIC (METEOROLOGICAL) AGENTS
Likewise, it tells us that in structural elements located outside, products that allow
the exchange of moisture between the environment and the wood should be used.
It is recommended to use surface protectors that do not form a rigid layer or film,
allowing the exchange of water vapor between the wood and the environment;
which means that protections based on varnishes, lacquers, enamels or similar on
the exterior must be abandoned, as has been imposed for years.

4.2.3. APPLICATION TO OUR STUDY

Applying everything seen in the previous points to our case, we assume that if the
wood used is suitable and dry (less than between 19 and 20% humidity), it will be
the correct design and execution of the structure that will prevent the wood is
placed in contact with the ground, not protected, subject to humidity variations,
etc.; in order to ensure that we have to give it minimum preventive protection as
we will see below. As we will see in the following subchapters 4.3. and 4.4., in our
home all the structural wood is protected from the elements and humidity, so it
will be considered Use Class 1 and the standard does not require any protection;
The application of a surface treatment with an insecticidal product is only
recommended. Only special parts of our home will be in direct contact with other
materials that can transmit humidity, as they are in contact with the ground, so we
 must treat them as Use Class 4 and with a Protection Level 5, so they must be
treated with total penetration into the sapwood and with all sides treated. This is
the particular case of the sleeper on the foundation and under the slab, apart from
other elements that could occasionally be left in a similar situation. The protection
of the structure with the two sheets that surround it both on the outside and on
the inside (breathable sheet and vapor barrier) already give us effective protection
against both biotic and abiotic agents .
In conclusion, we can say that almost all of the structural wood that we need for
the construction of our wooden home using the light platform framing system does
not necessarily require any preventive protection against biotic or abiotic agents.
4.3. PARTS OF THE STRUCTURE
4.3.1. FOUNDATION
It is executed by the same systems as in “traditional” work, so we will simply cite them
without going into depth to talk about them. In any case, what is most important in our
construction system is the creation of a well-ventilated air chamber by opening the gaps
that are considered necessary (as indicated by the CTE-DB-HS) and that prevents the
accumulation of humidity under the floor, in order to prevent said humidity from affecting
the floor and the rest of the wooden structure.
They are basically grouped into 2 foundation systems, to support the first floor wooden
floor slab:
a) Strip footing with reinforced concrete wall or resistant masonry.
b) Reinforced concrete slab with reinforced concrete wall or resistant masonry

The above systems may suffer small variations depending on two construction
solutions occasionally used, such as:
 a) If the home has a basement.
b) If the first floor of the home is solved using reinforced concrete

4.3.2. HORIZONTAL SLABS

Even though the first slab can also be solved using reinforced concrete slabs, we will focus
on the execution using wooden slabs as it is more in line with our study. The first element
that will appear will be a wooden sleeper treated against biotic and abiotic agents with
Protection Level 5, and placed on the foundation wall, held by: bolts anchored to the wall,
self-tapping screws, chemical plug, etc. It will be placed on an elastic joint, apart from a
waterproofing band with the function of a breathable sheet and the vapor barrier sheet
placed on the upper part of the wall, to protect the wood of the slab structure, and which
will then be extended along the exterior face. and interior of our envelope. It is always
recommended that the minimum distance from the ground of this sleeper or any other
wooden element in our home is 20 cm.

The first slab will be supported on the previously mentioned sleeper, placing the joists
supported on the sleeper and leaving space for the perimeter tying beam. All these
elements must be properly joined to each other and to the wall, to give the entire
structure due stability, particularly against earthquakes and wind.
The second or subsequent floor, or first floor, is executed exactly the same as the first
floor in terms of its composition using beams or joists, with the only difference that in this
case we will support it on the upper finishing sleeper of the structure of the vertical
framework, which acts as a load-bearing wall transmitting the loads. This floor will be
finished on its underside with the false ceiling covering of the ground floor using
plasterboard panels or wooden frieze, which in turn serves as thermal, acoustic and fire
insulation. It will also have the vapor barrier sheet placed exactly the same as in the first
floor.

4.3.3. VERTICAL FRAMEWORKS

 Ground floor.

We start from the principle that in this system they are light elements as its name
indicates, but at the same time they are resistant elements that act as walls of
load, serving as support for the next floor floor or the roof, and transmitting these higher
loads to the ground floor floor, and this in turn to the foundation.
 Upper floor.

The vertical frameworks are manufactured in the same way as those on the ground floor,
they will even be nailed or screwed to a sleeper placed and screwed on the joists that
form the floor slab of this floor.

4.3.4. ROOF STRUCTURE, WATERPROOFING AND COVERING

 Sloped roof.

There are different methods, although the most common are either the inclined
placement of wooden joists, or the use of light wooden trusses that already form the
slopes. The latter system being the most used, due to its greater prefabrication and ease
of compliance with the regulations to be applied in relation to insulation and firefighting.

 Flat roof.
This option is quick to explain in terms of its structure, since it will be executed exactly the
same as the floor slabs, with the correct placement of its joists on the sleeper (which is
screwed to the upper end of the vertical framework) and the inter-beam boards. For
finishing on the underside, the thermal insulation, the vapor barrier sheet and the false
ceiling coating that is preferred will be provided.
4.4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM CHOSEN FOR OUR STUDY.
Below we will proceed to describe within the different options explained in the previous
subchapter, which are all the materials, systems and other elements selected by us for the
construction of the single-family wooden house using the light platform framework
system that is the object of our study. , and whose plans we have detailed in annex A.
We will be based on the most advanced light platform framing system that is already
becoming established in all countries, although it was developed in the 60s in the USA,
and which is called Advanced Framing (AF), although it is also known as Optimum Value
Egineering ( OVE). This system achieves great thermal performance and a reduction in the
volume of wood used, with the resulting cost savings.
We will state that all the materials and systems are completely appropriate for our home,
in order to justify compliance with the applicable regulations, and in particular the current
CTE, in the following chapters of our Work.

4.4.1. FOUNDATION
Although, as we have already mentioned, we will not study this part in depth
because it is not specific to our work, as if it affects the support of the ground floor
slab, we decided to start with a foundation using continuous footing and structural
wall with a free chamber height of air of about 60 cm, which allows access for the
execution of the installation of the home's drains and the buried connection of the
different connections.
The maximum separation between wall axes will be 4.00 meters, to avoid
problems with deflection with the solid wood beams that make up the ground
floor floor slab. We must take into account leaving access to the chamber and
passageways between the different areas of the chamber.
4.4.2. FIRST FLOOR FORGING
We will begin by placing an elastic band with an anti-humidity function on the foundation
wall, then a sleeper made of autoclaved wood Use Class 4 (Penetration Level 5) measuring
14x4 cm, attached to the wall using self-tapping type screws. On it we will place the
breathable sheet and the vapor barrier, both in the direction of the interior of the
chamber towards the outside, to protect the support of the wooden beams of the floor on
this sleeper and then the exterior face of said floor.
We will form the slab with solid pine wood joists of 23x4.5 cm section, with a surface
primer as preventive protection against biotic agents (although it is not mandatory), and
placed every 31.3 cm of separation between axes (to make it match the measurements of
the later OSB board). The joists will have a maximum length of 4 m as we have indicated in
the previous point. We will also have a perimeter beam that we will wrap with the vapor
barrier sheet and with the breathable sheet on the outside.

On the underside of the joists we will place a chicken coop-type plastic or metal mesh, on
which we will support the thermal insulation of low-density glass mineral wool 120 mm
thick, and which we will climb along the perimeter beams to prevent thermal bridges in
the floor slab level.
As a beam we will use an 18 mm class 3 OSB board, screwing its longitudinal side
perpendicular to the direction of the joists, to achieve better bracing of the structure.
4.4.3. VERTICAL FRAMEWORK
4.4.3.1. EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK
The vertical perimeter frameworks will be made up of the upper and lower end
walls between which the vertical uprights will be placed every 60 cm apart
between axes, and a crossbar at half height, all of them will be planks of pine wood
treated with a surface primer such as preventive protection against biotic agents,
and with a section of 14x4 cm.

The entire gap between the studs will be filled with 120 mm low-density glass
mineral wool, to fulfill the function of thermal and acoustic insulation and help in
fire protection.

As an exterior finish we will use the canexel type coating, due to its very good
characteristics for this type of), which will be nailed on 30x30 mm wooden slats,
and which in turn will be screwed or nailed to a class 3 OSB type board. 15mm. This
board will be screwed to the planks of the framework, with the function of also
providing bracing to the vertical structure. We must not forget the breathable
sheet mentioned above on the outside of the OSB board.

4.4.3.2. NON-LOADING INTERIOR FRAMEWORK

The vertical frames of non-load-bearing interior partitions will be formed to
then assemble on site exactly the same as the previous ones, but with a 9x4 cm
plank section. We will fill the entire gap between studs with 80 mm glass mineral
 wool insulation, to achieve adequate acoustic insulation between the different
rooms of the home.

As a finishing interior vertical covering we will use 15 mm laminated plasterboard, which

will be screwed to the structure or to an auxiliary metal profile that is used. Their surfaces
will then be taped, plastered and finished with the application of plastic paint and tiling in
wet rooms.

4.4.4. ROOF FORGING

4.4.4.1. INCLINED COVER
Although we will not use it in our study, we recommend choosing to form the
structure of the slopes using light W-type wooden trusses, placed every 60 cm
apart between axes, and formed with 14x4 cm wooden planks. These elements are
recommended to be prefabricated in the workshop for quick assembly.
A 15 mm class 3 OSB type board will be placed and screwed on them with the
function of bracing the structure, and which at the same time serves as a surface
for under-tile waterproofing using a bituminous sheet. The 30x30 mm pine wood
strip will be nailed on top of it for hooking and holding the covering that we would
solve with mixed ceramic tiles.

On the lining that we will form with the false ceiling of laminated plaster boards
screwed to metal profiles, screwed in turn to the underside of the truss structure,
its 120 mm glass mineral wool insulation will be placed covering all the planks.
lower parts of the structure, and leaving between them the sheet with a vapor
barrier function that is attached and sealed to the one that rises from the vertical
frameworks that form the partitions.

4.4.4.2. FLAT ROOF

In our study we are based on a non-passable flat roof, and we will solve it with a
resistant slab made of pieces of the same execution and section as the first slab,
that is, with pine wood plank joists with a section of 23x4.5 cm. with a surface
primer as preventive protection against biotic agents, and placed every 31.3 cm of
separation between axes. It will also have a vapor barrier on the inside between
this floor and the subflooring, which we will execute with 15 mm laminated plaster
boards attached to metal profiles screwed to the underside of the joists, filling all
the inter-beams with mineral wool insulation. 120 mm glass, which we will climb
through the perimeter beams to prevent thermal bridges in the edges of the slab.
A class 3 OSB type board, 18 mm thick, will be screwed onto said slab to form the
inter-beam, which also serves as a bracing function for the joists. On this, rainwater
evacuation slopes of 1% will be given using cement mortar. lightened, layer of
geotextile felt sheet, waterproofing using a plasticized PVC membrane placed by
thermofusion with hot air, new layer of geotextile felt and finishing with a layer of
lightened volcanic-type gravel 40-50 mm thick and with rounded edges.
ANNEXES