CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR

SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE

Specific weight (y)

It is defined as the
quotient
UNIT
between1:
volume.
Q
H
the weight
mg
of an object and its
IDROSTATICS
Y
= v, Y =~T, Y=Sg
Hydrostatics: It is the study of the behavior of fluids at rest.

Fluid: is the material substance in which the molecular

Unit Cy) s¡ = N interaction is not very significant
so that the tangential stresses are the cause of the molecules slipping over each other, a
m
phenomenon called flow; All fluids correspond to liquids and gases, establishing the
Pressure (p) 3
following difference: between the perpendicular force and the area on which it
It is defined as the
quotient acts.
F = pA, Unit(p) SI N
F P
=A, Other
Mass density (δ, ρ) units: = Pa
It is defined as the ratio between the mass of an m¿
volume.
s
= P = V object m kg humidity(8)
kgf baria;
kg g cm 2 ; 1kg s=—
kg kg
1 3= 10 1 =10-3g
-- ; m3 Yo
m3 cm 3 m3 ;

Liquids: Gases:
4- They are few compressible. 4- They are highly compressible.
4- They have a defined volume. 4- They do not have a defined volume.
4- They take the shape of the container 4- The 1Amolecular interaction is almost
that contains them. zero.
4- They provokeefforts normal 4- They are highly expandable.
compressors on the container that
Equivalences: 4- Normal efforts are almost zero
contains them and the objects
lPasubmerged
= lO bar, Ibar = lO 6 bar,
in them Imilibar = 103 bar = lOOPa
Relative density δr, ρ r ( "
It is defined as the ratio between the density of a test substance and the density
of a reference substance. The density of the reference substance is that of water.
3
F _ A u ______ , between
Equivalences 3 10 kgpressure
19
m
∗
units
rAuS
,2 3 3
1 0 kg m - 3
- = 19,3
Density of some materials
Unit atm bar kg/cm 2 piss PSI KPa (SI)
Solids Liquids Gases
1 atmosphere 1 1,013 1,033 10,333 14,696 101,325
Material Density ( Material Density ( Material Density
1 bar g/cm3 ) 0,987 1
g/ ) 1,020 10,197 14,504
( g/ 100)
Steel 7,8 Acetone 0,79 1Air 1,29.10-3
1kg/ cm2 0,968 0,981 10 14,223 98,067
Aluminum 2,7 Ac. hydrochloric 1,2 Ammonia 0,77.10-3
Bronze1 meter water8,6
column Water 0,097 0,098
1,0 0,100 1 1,4221,98.109,806
-3
CO2
-3
Copper 8,9
1 pound per square inch Seawater0,068 1,025
0,069 Helium 0,703
0,070 1 0,18.106,895
Diamond 3,5
1 Kilopascal (SI)
Alcohol 0,010
0,80
0,010
Hydrogen0,102
0,010 0,145
0,08.10-3 1
Iron 7,8 Benzene 0,90 Nitrogen 1,25.10-3
Ice 0,92 Chloroform 1,5 0oxygen 1,43.10-3
Nickel 8,6 Gasoline 0,68 H 2 O vapor 100°C 0,82.10-3
Gold 19,3 Glycerin 1,26 Ozone 2,14.10-3
According to the
Silver 10,5definitionMilk 1.03 Neon 0,90.10-3
model:
Lead 11,5 Mercury 13,6 Chlorine 3,22.10-3
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE

Example: the rigid solid th figure, the pressure changes according to the area in
rests on the blocks. e which

y
e mg mg
1
s P = yes P3 = ^
Yo
Therefore:
I >^> s → p 2 > p 1

Hydrostatic Pressure: In fluids, the tangential stresses are very small, they only allow
the molecules to slide over each other, on the other hand, the normal stresses are very
significant so that the fluids exert pressure on all the objects submerged in them and on
the walls of the fluid. container that contains them, this pressure is called
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE.
All objects immersed in a liquid experience a normal compressive stress called pressure
and is defined by the depth at which the object is inside the liquid.

In the graph there is a container with a liquid at rest in which an internal cylinder of the same
liquid of height A h and the bases of area A is considered, the free level of the liquid is the level
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE
'^0.1* wge-
5-Quito-
of reference, the horizontal forces on the cylinder cancel out, on the other hand the pressures on
the upper face (
P l) and the lower face (
P2 ) are not equal, therefore at the top the
force is (
F — Pl^ ) directed downward and, at the bottom, the force is ( F2 — P2 A)
directed upwards.

Applying Newton's first principle in the vertical direction we have:

∑ F, = ^, F2 - Fl - P = ^, F2 - Fi
—P h
p2A-P l A — mg, m — pV, V = ^∆h, ∆h — h 2 - h l , m — P A(h 2 - h l )
P 2 A- P l A —P A (h 2 - h l ) g , P 2 - P l — p (h 2 - h l ) g
∆p — pg ∆h
The models indicate that the pressure difference between two points within a fluid at rest depends
on the vertical distance between said points and also on the density of the fluid.

If the upper face of the cylinder (A) is made to coincide with the free surface of the liquid, we
have to: (and
h l — 0 m and P l
— P 0 , P 0 : site pressure
P 2 - P 0 — pg ( h 2 -^) P 2 - P 0 — pg h 2 ,
If the pressure of the place (p 0 ) is not considered and applied to any internal point of a fluid, the
hydrostatic pressure is:
P h — pg h

The force exerted by a fluid on any surface is:

F
— P.^, F — pg h .^,y is perpendicular to the area
Atmospheric pressure (
Po)
It is the pressure to which all objects located on the Earth's surface are subjected, due to
the weight of the gaseous layer called the atmosphere and which surrounds the entire
planet. The atmosphere is a mixture of gaseous elements: nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%),
and gases such as argon, carbon dioxide and water vapor (1%), this gaseous layer called
air is very dense at sea level with a high oxygen content, 75% of the atmospheric mass is
found in the first 11 km of height, from the sea surface, the density decreases as the
elevation above sea level increases; The atmosphere is not a uniform layer. The
atmosphere becomes thinner until it gradually reaches space. It is divided into five layers.
Most of the weather and clouds are found in the first layer. The atmosphere is an
important part of what makes the Earth habitable. It blocks and prevents some of the
Sun's dangerous rays from reaching Earth.
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE

It traps heat, making the Earth a comfortable temperature. and the oxygen
within our atmosphere is essential for life.

The pressure exerted in all directions on a point in the atmosphere is that exerted by the column
of air on that point. Experimentally, the Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli (1644)
demonstrated the existence of this pressure at sea level by filling a tube with mercury. long ( I &
1m) of glass closed at one end, he inverted it and immersed it in a container that also contained
mercury, he observed that the column of mercury inside the tube descended to a height of
760mm in relation to the free surface of the mercury of the container, position in which it was
balanced with the atmosphere, given that a vacuum was formed at the closed end of the tube, it is
concluded that the pressure of the atmosphere balances a column of mercury 760mm high,
therefore the atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg or 76cmHg which corresponds to a pressure of
one atmosphere.
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE

PA =PB
—Phg . _ „ ^ hg
PO=PA AND PB = P 0 =~ 7g

TO TO
m
hg
g
P Hg ^ reci.pii.en.te g
P to A, P a TO
_ PHg (^∙ y g
)
p
to
TO
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE
Po = pH and atmospheric pressure
Example: Calculate the atmospheric pressure if the height of the mercury column in the glass
tube
according to the previous graph it is 760 cm Hg
P o = PH g d'y atmospheric pressure
^gg m
P o =( 13 ,^∗1 0
3 )( 9 , 82 )(^, 760 m)
m 3
yes
ggm 2

P o = 1 01292 , 3 - 3= 12 0 1292, 3 P^ =1 0 1, 3 gpa =1A tm

° m s
In the previous graph on the right it is observed that the pressure is different at different heights
above sea level, this depends more on the height, on the density of the air in the atmosphere that
varies with temperature, in the case of city of Quito the pressure is 540mmHg, atmospheric
pressure is measured with a device called a barometer, therefore, it is also called barometric
pressure. 3
Absolute pressure (
Pabs)
The pressure measurement can be expressed based on an arbitrary reference, the absolute
vacuum being recommended where zero pressure is considered ( P = ^ ), the atmospheric
pressure of the experimentation site also serves as a reference.
e is called absolute pressure (+) , in
If the pressure is measured in relation to the absolute
change
vacuum the measurement of pressure with respect to the atmospheric pressure of the place is
called manometric pressure (+ or -) the device to measure pressure with respect to atmospheric
pressure is called manometer, the attached graph illustrates these pressure scales

absolute pressure on
P to P abs = P
a + pgh,h(+)
= pgh(+)

Atmospheric pressure at sea level P a =101, 3P^ =1atm=160mmHg

P man = pg h (-)

Absolute pressure under P a , p a bs = P a pg h, h(-)

absolute
vacuum
P= 0
pa

Pascal's Principle: Within a fluid (liquid) the pressure is the same at points
that are at the same depth. In the diagram you can see this
affirmatio
n:
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE
PA=PB=Pc=PD
So liquids are devices that transmit pressure, unlike solids that transmit forces. If a
pressure variation is carried out on a liquid, it is transmitted throughout the entire body of
the liquid, it is indicated in the device in the attached figure:

Pascal's principle states: “ If a pressure difference ∆ is applied to an incompressible fluid

that is in equilibrium,
P , this is transmitted with equal intensity to all
points of the fluid and to the walls of the container that contains them ."
One application of this principle is the hydraulic press. which consists of two cylinders of
different diameters joined by a pipe that connects them.

An outside is applied to one of the cylinder plugs, which generates a pressure that is
transmitted in the liquid and presses the plug in the other cylinder. The fluid particles C
and D are at the same level, therefore, They experience equal pressure.

Items Relationship
large cylinder small cylinder between
magnitudes
fluid particles c d Pc= PD
Diameter d d D> D
Plug area TO to | A>a
Force applied to the plug F F F>f
Pc ,
P D = PRESTON
Pc = PD
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE
Since the area is:

The expression of Pascal's principle will be:

Fff Ff
Tp2Td2'a D2d2'
4• 4

Archimedes' principle: 3rdevidenced by the mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse in

century BC. History tells the us that,
having ordered the making of a crown of pure gold, King Hieron wanted to check if he
had not been deceived by the goldsmith who built it, for which he asked Archimedes to
devise a method to find out, without destroying it. , if the crown contained another metal
besides gold. The study and analysis of this problem led Archimedes to the following
conclusion: “Every body in contact with a fluid in equilibrium experiences a vertical
force directed from bottom to top and equal to the weight of the volume of fluid
displaced. ” This force is called thrust, its line of action passes through the center of
gravity, called the center of flotation,

Let us consider a liquid in equilibrium contained in a container, and a cylinder of the

The same liquid will be submerged. The upper base of the vertical downward
completely affected by a weight mg cylinder (F1) the lower base will be affected,
vertical force resulting in zero. as the cylinder is in equilibrium, the force

F
F1#0, F 2 > F r , F2= 1 p2A F±=p±A
F2 —F1=E E: thrust
E=P2A-PA P2=Pi+P9^y
E Oh = A(p 1 + pg^y)-p 1 A
E = p i A + pg^yA-p i A
E = pg^yA ^yA = Vs =
submerged volume
EF2 = pgV s weight of liquid displaced
ZFy = 0,
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE
Force on a retaining dam: Dams are walls to store or impound large quantities of
water, the water exerts a force on the dam:

In the figure it is observed that the water reaches a height vertical wall width L
H
and exerts a horizontal resultant force F that tends to displace it along the base and this
force generates a torque that tends to turn the dam around point O. The total force will
be:
Without considering the effect atmospheric pressure, water exerts pressure on the
of the dike at a height and
given by:
= =pg(Hy)
The force exerted on nitesimal will be:
dF = pdA, dA = Ldy, dF = pg(H — y)Ldy

tion difference will give us the resultant force on the dam:

F h
f dF = f pg(H—y)Ldy or
either

pgHLdy—í pgyLdy, F— 0 = pgHL f dy —pgL f ydy o

either either

F = pgHL\y l 0 —
pgL2,
F = pgHLH — pgL H , Z F=^pgLH 2
Z

The torque, moment of force or gyrogen of the force F with respect to point O will be:
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE
dTo = ydF, dF = pdA
dx 0 = ypdA, p = pg(H - y), dx 0 = ypg(H - y)dA, dA = Ldy
By integrating the differential equation we have: T h h
í dT o = | pgHLydy- í pgLy 2 dy or either
either

dto = ypg(H - y)Ldy, dx 0 = pgHLydy - pgLy 2 dy

T 0 = pg L í y d y - pgL í y 2d y
H

either either

f,=pghL2o
H pg'
H3
To = pg H i^- - pgi^- Z 3
- *pgLH3, H 3 i---
2 3

1
which
To force isthe
determine applied is in
position To = pgi H3
mode: EITHER
determined as follows
The torque is given by:

1
pgLH 3 = 1 pgLH 2 h o=1pgLH3, and F = 1 pgLH 2
62 either 2

1H=h
3
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE
The last expression indicates that the resulting force acts on the dam at the position and
the height of the water measured from the base of the dam.

Surface tension (Y)

The liquids exert pressure on the walls of the container that contains it and on all the
bodies submerged in them, all the internal molecules of the fluid are mutually pressed
against each other, the molecules located on the free surface of the liquid that when in
contact with the air The force of the surrounding air molecules exerts less pressure than
those of the internal liquid, determining that in the
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE

free surface, a film of forces called surface tension is formed, which is

capable of holding very small objects such as bits of leaves and insects.

Strain
superficial (
^)

In the following graph you can see the fluid film develops the very flexible where
surface tension, so that the red arrows represent the surface small objects, with a
tension of the free surface of the liquid. force parallel to the

In the U-shaped device, the film formed is a very thin sheet, which changes dimensions
when the mobile bar PQ moves under the effect of a force F, causing the internal
molecules to come out to the external surface, considerably increasing the dimensions of
the area. up to a point where the applied force F is balanced with the surface tension ^ .
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE

The surface tension acts on the 2 sheets of the film, so that the surface tension is given by
the following model.

F
^= ,
Y ^ Surface TensionI
2 and L
=F,
N
Unit (^) if — k gms -2 1000
g 100 cm s -2
m 100cm
(Y) Dyne N = 10m
-3

English l
cm
The surface tension in liquids changes with temperature; as the temperature increases, the
surface tension decreases.
The attached table indicates values for surface tension:
Experimental values of surface tension
Liquid in contact with air T (°C) y( Din3 ^ )(
10 - ^ ) cc cm m
Water 0 75,6
Water 20 72,8
Water 60 66,2
Water 100 58,9
Olive oil 20 32,0
Ethyl alcohol 20 22,3
Benzene 20 28,9
Glycerin 20 63,1
Mercury 20 465,0
soap solution 20 25,0
Carbon tetrachloride 20 26,8
Oxygen -193 15,7
Neon -247 5,15
Helium -269 0,12
A surface under tension tends to contract until it occupies the minimum area compatible with the
limits of the surface and with the pressure differences on the opposite sides of the surface. In the
case of a liquid drop not subjected to external forces or floating freely in a vacuum, it always has
a spherical shape because, for a given volume, the sphere has a smaller area than any other
geometric shape. (water droplets hitting a water surface)

Pressure difference between the faces of a surface film: a soap bubble is formed by
two spherical surface films very close together with liquid between them. Surface tension
makes the films tend to contract, but as it contracts, the bubble compresses the internal
air, increasing the internal pressure to a level that prevents contraction.

In the case of a bubble, consider an element ∆^ of the surface as shown in the figure:
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE

AA

Since the internal pressure of the air is

p and the external pressure is
p ^ . The force the force
normal to the element is: F = (
p - p ^ )∆^
)∆^
F =( p -
A)AA cos
0

In the case of a bubble that remains in equilibrium in air, the analysis of a portion of it is
necessary because it is a symmetrical hollow sphere. To determine a relationship
between surface tension and excess pressure, we will analyze

Fb =∆ p A

The bubble remains in equilibrium due to the action of two

forces:
Upward force F ^ generated by the surface tension of the two films (inner and outer) of
the bubble (on each circumference).
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
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SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE
F a = 2Y(C)

Fa = 2y(2TR)

Downward force F b generated by the pressure difference (internal and external) of the
bubble:
F b = ^p A

F
b =(P- P a ) ^F 2

Since the bubble is in equilibrium:

>F,=0
F -F
a b= °, F
a= b
F

4ynR = (p- p n )nR 2

, ,4y
(P — Po) = —, pressure variation for a bubble

In the case of the solid drop, the pressure

There is only an outer film since it is a sphere
difference is given by:
2
an
{ PPosR d
The surface
different tension
when varies
it is in withwith
contact temperature
a solid orand thissotension
a gas, has a behavior
that a liquid contained in a
container experiences three types of surface tensions.
1. Surface tension betw the solid and in the liquid:
2. Surface tension een and SL the liquid and the
surface ion between
betw vapor: and Lv the solid and
een the vapor: and sv

an
d sv

Steam
YLV

Liquid

solid, container
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
SUBJECT: PHYSICS 2
SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE

Contact angle ( θ )
It is the angle that the free surface of the liquid forms with the solid container when
In contact, they this angle is between the solid-liquid surface tension and the liquid-vapor surface
enter depends on the relationship between the solid-liquid surface and the solid-vapor
tension, itliquid,
surface tension tension.
In the case of methylene iodide, the liquid in contact with the container tends to
rise because the solid-vapor surface tension is greater than the solid-liquid surface the tension

In the case of mercury, the free surface in contact in the container will descend tends to
so that the contact angle is obtuse, because the solid-vapor surface tension is the
tension
less than the solid-liquid surface tension.

Y sv <Y s L= 0<e< 18^°

When the solid-vapor surface tension is equal to the solid-liquid surface tension, the contact angle
between the liquid and solid is 90°.
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
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SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE

and sv

t 0-
v
Pure water
ys
l Yo
Clean glass
and sv = YsL ^O = 9 ^°

Liquid Wall Contact angle

Soda and lime glass 5°
.α-bromonaphthalene ( lead glass 6°45´
C1 0 H 7Br )
Pyrex 20°30´
molten quartz 21°
Methylene iodide ( cH Soda and lime glass 29°
212 )
lead glass 30°
Pyrex 29°
molten quartz 33°
Water Paraffin 107°
Mercury Soda and lime glass 140°

Impurities or adulterations present or added to a liquid can considerably alter the contact angle. Wetting
agents or detergents reduce the contact angle from a large value, greater than 90°, to a value much less
than 90°. Conversely, waterproofing agents applied to a fabric make

that the contact angle of water with the fabric is greater than 90°, the figure represents the effect of a
detergent on a drop of water that is at rest on a block of paraffin.

Effect of decreasing contact angle for a wetting agent

 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
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SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE

The consequence of the liquid rising or falling in contact with the solid generates
a phenomenon called capillarity, which constitutes when the liquid tends to flow in very
small diameter tubes called capillaries, in the case of humans, the liquid rises in the tube
hair, the arteries, in the case of plants the xylems.
In the case of a liquid that wets a tube, if the contact angle is less than 9
a
And cos n
O

until it reaches an equilibrium height.

called the meniscus and , the surface c is

If the tube is a cylinder of radius ^^ , the liquid is in contact with the tube along a line of
length 2 ^^ . The total upward force F ^ for the cylinder of radius ^ and height
forks :
ACF a =2 ^RY L v COSO
The downward force
FL is the weight of the height liquid cylinder
y and radius
^ , neglecting the volume of the small meniscus, we have:

p = mg, m = pV, v = nR 2 and

A) F = P = P (nR )ya,
b 2
F b = n paR 2 y
Since the cylinder is in equilibrium:

• ∑ F y = ^, F
to F b = ^, Fa=Fb, 2 nRy Lv cosO = n paR 2 y
2 and L cOSSe
AND pair
The same equation is valid for capillary depression. The surface tension in the capillaries
allows a saline solution to travel from the roots to the leaves in vegetables. In the same
way, fuel travels through a wick. In the case of humans, the blood is pumped through the
veins and passes through the arteries that are capillaries of
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
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way that circulates from the brain to the feet, in the case of a liquid such as water
contained in a very hermetic and completely filled container, we know that the water
exerts a pressure but it is also possible to try to deform the water by stretching it
(TENSOR EFFORTS) to a limit of 300 atmospheres in very special conditions, in the
laboratory this situation is highly unstable, since the liquid under tension tends to break
into a multitude of drops, however, in tall trees negative pressure regularly manifests
itself. It is commonly believed that negative pressure is an important mechanism for
the transport of water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves through the small
xylem tubes (with a diameter of 0.1 mm) located in the growth layers of the tree.

HYDROSTATIC WORKSHOP

1. A U-shaped tube with a uniform section contains mercury. How much water must be
poured into one of the branches so that the mercury rises 3 mm in the other branch.

2. A hydraulic press has a large cili small 2 cm in diameter, and the cylinder
12cm in diameter, if placed of 8N on the small cylinder plug.
a) What value of weight is car the large cylinder plug to keep the
given for plugs at the same
height? , how high will the liquid rise if the weight is
b) In the press of the piston removed?
and cylinder exercise
3. A container is completely filled with 2450g of gasoline (ρ = 0.7g/cm 3 ), emptied and
refilled with seawater (ρ = 1.03g/cm 3 ), determine:
a) The volume of the container.
b) The weight of sea water.

4. A rifle fires a 120g projectile and 9mm in diameter. If the projectile travels through
the 0.9m long barrel in 0.018s, calculate:
projectile acceleration
b) The force acting on the projectile
pressure exerted by the gunpowder gases on the projectile.

5. A cylindrical container is completely filled with 600kg of water. If the hydrostatic

pressure at the bottom of the tank is 0.2kg/cm 2 , determine:
a) The radius of the base of the container.
b) The height of the container.

6. In a lake there is a liquid with a density of 1.01g/cm 3 , calculate at what depth the
absolute pressure will be twice the atmospheric pressure.
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
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SEMESTER 2 ENGINEERING COURSE

7. In a U tube the straight sections are in a ratio of 1/5. Mercury is introduced into the
narrow branch to a point located 20cm from the mouth of the tube. If this branch is
completely filled with water, determine the height that the mercury descends.

8. In a U-shaped tube with a uniform straight section, a liquid with a density of

0.95g/cm 3 is introduced through one branch and 52g of another immiscible liquid is
introduced through the other, with which the first reaches a height equal to the diameter
of the tube. Determine the radius of the tube.

9. Determine the pressure exerted by a concrete block of mass 10 kg, dimensions

are 10, 20, 50m. When you rest in the different possible positions.

10. An object weighs 100 N in air, when it is completely submerged in water its weight
is 92N and when it is submerged in another liquid its weight is 96N, determine: •
a) The push that the object experiences in each of the liquids.
b) The density of the object.
c) The density of the liquid.
TO) , •
11. Using the manometer in the figure, calculate the gauge pressure at point A.

12. A block of wood floats in fresh water, leaving 3cm out of it. When it is placed in
glycerin, 4.2cm is left out of this liquid. Determine:
a) The density of the wood.
b) The height of the wooden block.

13. A cubic block of wood with an edge of 10 cm floats on the separation surface
between oil and water as shown in the figure, with its lower surface 2 cm below the
separation surface. The density of the oil is 600 kg/m 3 . Determine: a) The mass of
the block
b) The gauge pressure on the underside of the block.
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ECUADOR
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14. Archimedes weighed King Hiero's crown first in the air and weighed 482.5g, then he
weighed it completely submerged in water and weighed 453.4g and showed that it was
not completely gold.

15. A cork sphere of volume 50cm 3 floats in water with 1/5 of its volume submerged,
calculate:
a) The density of the cork.
b) The weight of the cork sphere.
c) The push on the cork sphere, if it is introduced at a depth of 5m.
d) The acceleration of the sphere when it is released.
e) With what speed does the sphere reach the free surface of the water?
f) To what height in the air does the sphere rise, with respect to the free surface
of the air?

16. A hollow sphere made of a material with a density of 8 g/cm 3 floats completely
submerged in water. If the external radius is 2cm, what will be the internal radius?

17. A cork cylinder with a density of 0.2g/cm 3 is balanced by a mass of 78g, made of
7.8g/cm 3 iron, on a balance with equal arms. What is the exact mass of the cork?

18. A gold ring with a diamond weighs 0.12N in air and 0.10N submerged in water. If
the gold alloy has a density of 18000kg/m 3 and the diamond has a density of 3500kg/m
3
, what is the weight of the gold and what is the weight of the diamond?

19. The block in the figure is suspended from a Newtonometer and is submerged in a
liquid contained in a glass placed on a pan of a balance. The mass of the glass is 1kg and
the mass of the liquid is 1.5kg. The scale indicates 30N and the spring indicates 60N. The
volume of the block is 0.4dm 3 . What is the density of the liquid? What will each scale
indicate if the block is removed from the liquid?

20. The total mass of a balloon and its (empty) gondola is 2.10 2 kg. When the balloon is
full, it contains 900m 3 of helium with a density of 0.183kg/m 3 . Calculate the extra load,
in addition to your own weight, that you can lift. The density of air 1.20kg/m 3 .