### Ia.

Fill in the blanks:

1. The processes which together perform this maintenance job are **life processes**.

2. Complex substances have to be broken down into simpler ones. To achieve this, organisms use
bio-catalysts called **enzymes**.

3. The desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an **intermediate** which is acted
upon by the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll during the day.

4. **Paramecium**, which is also a unicellular organism, the cell has a definite shape and food is
taken in at a specific spot.

5. This build-up of **lactic acid** in our muscles during sudden activity causes cramps.

6. When air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a **residual volume** of air so that
there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.

### Ib. Multiple choice questions:

7. In human beings, the respiratory pigment which has a very high affinity for oxygen:

(a) Carboxyhaemoglobin

(b) Oxyhaemoglobin

(c) Haemoglobin

(d) Chlorophyll

**(b) Oxyhaemoglobin**

8. It provides a surface where the exchange of gases can take place:

(a) Bronchi

(b) Bronchioles

(c) Trachea

(d) Alveoli

**(d) Alveoli**

9. The pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process takes place in yeast
during:

(a) Fermentation

(b) Respiration

(c) Digestion

(d) Excretion
 **(a) Fermentation**

10. The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections called:

(a) Gall bladder

(b) Intestinal glands

(c) Gastric glands

(d) Villi

**(d) Villi**

### Ic. Assertion and Reasoning:

11. Assertion: In anaerobic respiration, one of the end products is alcohol.

Reason: This is because of incomplete breakdown of glucose.

**(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of the assertion.**

12. Assertion: The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline.

Reason: Bile juice from the liver accomplishes this in addition to acting on fats.

**(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of the assertion.**

13. Assertion: Some organisms break-down food material outside the body and then absorb it.

Reason: This parasitic nutritive strategy is used by a wide variety of organisms.

**(iii) A is true but R is false.**

14. Assertion: The opening and closing of the pore is a function of the guard cells.

Reason: Guard cells are specialized plant cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems.

**(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of the assertion.**

15. Assertion: Desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an intermediate.

Reason: Other plants take up carbon dioxide during the day and prepare carbohydrates.

**(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.**

### Id. Passage Based Questions:

i. What is the method of feeding in bacteria and protozoans called?

**Phagotrophic nutrition and osmotrophic nutrition.**

ii. How does the pseudopodia in amoeba help in injecting food?

**Pseudopodia flow around the food particle until it is completely enclosed in a membrane-
bounded chamber called a food vacuole.**

iii. How do paramecia obtain their food?

**Paramecia pinch off food vacuoles from the end of a prominent oral groove into which food
particles are drawn by the beating of numerous small hair-like projections called cilia.**

iv. What happens to tiny particles of food adhering to the membrane surface of the cell?

**The cell membrane folds inward, pinches off as a vacuole, and is digested by enzyme-containing
organelles called lysosomes.**

### II. Very Short Answers Type Questions Carrying 1 Mark Each:

17. Which is the longest part of the alimentary canal?

**Small intestine.**

18. What is the function of mucus secreted by gastric juice?

**Mucus protects the lining of the stomach from the corrosive action of hydrochloric acid.**

19. What is the function of rings of trachea?

**The rings of trachea prevent it from collapsing and provide structural support.**

20. What happens to the ribs and diaphragm when we breathe in?

**The ribs move upward and outward, and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward.**

21. Where does the first step in the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate take place?

**Cytoplasm.**

### III. Short Answer Type Questions Carrying 3 Marks Each:

22. In single-celled organisms, diffusion is sufficient to meet all their requirements of food, exchange
of gases, or removal of wastes but it is not in case of multicellular organisms. Explain the reason for
this difference.

**In single-celled organisms, the entire surface of the cell is in contact with the environment,
allowing efficient exchange of materials by diffusion. In multicellular organisms, cells are specialized
and organized into tissues and organs, increasing the distance and reducing the surface area relative
to volume, making diffusion alone insufficient to meet metabolic demands.**

23. State the role of the following in human digestive system:

(i) Digestive enzymes

**Digestive enzymes break down complex food molecules into simpler substances that can be
absorbed.**

(ii) Hydrochloric acid

**Hydrochloric acid creates an acidic environment in the stomach, aiding in the digestion of
proteins and killing harmful microorganisms.**

(iii) Villi

**Villi increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.**

24. Mention the raw materials required for photosynthesis.

**Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.**

25. Differentiate between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration.

**Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, produces more energy (ATP), and results in carbon dioxide
and water as end products. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, produces less energy,
and results in end products like lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide.**

26. Differentiate between inhalation and exhalation.

**Inhalation is the process of taking in air, where the diaphragm contracts, ribs move up and out,
and the chest cavity expands. Exhalation is the process of expelling air, where the diaphragm relaxes,
ribs move down and in, and the chest cavity contracts.**

### IV. Long Answer Type Questions Carrying 5 Marks Each:

27. (a) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label the following:
 (i) Part where air is filtered by fine hair and mucus.

(ii) Part which terminates in balloon-like structures.

(iii) Balloon-like structures where exchange of gases takes place.

(iv) Part which separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity.

**(Diagram not included due to text format)**

(b) Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms?

**Aquatic organisms have to extract oxygen from water, which contains much less oxygen than air.
To meet their metabolic needs, they must pass a larger volume of water over their gills, resulting in a
faster rate of breathing.**

28. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.

**Amoeba uses its pseudopodia to engulf food particles through a process called phagocytosis,
forming a food vacuole. Enzymes from lysosomes digest the food, and the nutrients are absorbed
into the cytoplasm, while the undigested waste is expelled out.**

29. (a) List the three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis. Explain the role of
stomata in this process.

**1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

2. Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen
and oxygen.

3. Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

Stomata are tiny openings on leaves that allow the exchange of gases; they take in carbon dioxide
and release oxygen.**

(b) Describe an experiment to show that “sunlight is essential for photosynthesis.”

**Take a potted plant and place it in darkness for 48 hours to de-starch its leaves. Cover part of a
leaf with black paper and place the plant in sunlight. After a few hours, remove the leaf, boil it in
alcohol to remove chlorophyll, and test it with iodine solution. The part exposed to sunlight will turn
blue-black, indicating the presence of starch, while the covered part will not, proving sunlight is
essential for photosynthesis.**

30. (a) Draw a diagram to show open stomatal pore and label on it:
 (i) Guard cells

(ii) Chloroplast

**(Diagram not included due to text format)**

(b) State two functions of stomata.

**1. Allow exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) for photosynthesis and respiration.

2. Facilitate transpiration, helping in the cooling of the plant and movement of nutrients.**

(c) How do guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomatal pore?

**Guard cells absorb water and become turgid to open the stomatal pore. When they lose water
and become flaccid, the stomatal pore closes. This regulation is influenced by factors like light,
carbon dioxide

concentration, and internal water balance.**

### V. Board Based Questions:

31. A variegated leaf with green and yellow patches is used for an experiment to prove that
chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis. Before the experiment, the green portions (A) and the
pale-yellow portions (B) are observed. What will be the color of ‘A’ just before and after the starch
test? Also, write the equation of photosynthesis and mark, as well as validate from which molecule
the by-product is obtained.

**The color of ‘A’ just before the starch test will be green and after the starch test, it will turn
blue-black, indicating the presence of starch. The color of ‘B’ will remain unchanged as it does not
contain chlorophyll and hence cannot photosynthesize.

The equation of photosynthesis:

\[

6CO_2 + 6H_2O \xrightarrow{\text{sunlight}} C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2

\]

The by-product oxygen is obtained from the splitting of water molecules (photolysis) during the
light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.**
32. Name a common nutrient that is absorbed in the small intestine and reabsorbed by the kidney
tubules.

**Glucose.**