WEEK 6 MATHEMATICS LESSON NOTE FORE JSS3

TOPIC: FACTORIZATION OR ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

CONTENTS:
 Factorizing algebraic expressions of the form (ax+ay)
 Factorizing expressions with a common factor bracket and by grouping
(3m+pq+3p+mq)
 Special cases of factorization of the form (a2 – b2)
 Using factorization to simplify expressions and coefficient of terms (3m+pq+3p+mq)
 Word Problems Involving Factorization

REMOVING BRACKETS (REVISION)

Example 1
Remove brackets from
a) 3(2u - v)
b) (3a+8b)5a
c) -2n(7y – 4z)

Solutions
a) 3(2u - v) = 3 x 2u - 3 x v
= 6u - 3v
b) (3a + 8b)5a =3a x 5a + 8b x 5a
=15a2 + 40ab
c) -2n(7y – 4z) =(-2n) x 7y – (-2n) x 4z
= -14ny + 8ny

FACTORIZATION BY TAKING COMMON FACTORS

To factorize an expression is to write it as a product of its factors
Example
Factorize the following:
a) 9a – 3z
b) 5x2 + 15x
c) Factorize 2x(5a + 2) − 3y(5a + 2)

Solution:
a) The HCF of 9a and 3z is
9𝑎
9𝑎 − 3𝑧 = 3 ( 3 −3𝑧
3
)
= 3(3a – z)

b) The HCF of 5x2 and 15x is 5x

5𝑥 2 15𝑥
5𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 = 5𝑥 ( 5𝑥 + 5𝑥 )
= 5𝑥(𝑥 + 3)
c) Factorize 2𝑥(5𝑎 + 2) − 3𝑦(5𝑎 + 2)
 In the given expression,
2𝑥(5𝑎 + 2) = 2𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 (5𝑎 + 2)
3𝑦(5𝑎 + 2) = 3𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 (5𝑎 + 2)
Hence the products 2𝑥(5𝑎 + 2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑦(5𝑎 + 2)
have the factor (5𝑎 + 2) in common. Thus,
2𝑥(5𝑎 + 2) − 3𝑦(5𝑎 + 2) = (5𝑎 + 2)(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)

CLASS ACTIVITY

1. Remove brackets from the following:

i) 8(2𝑎 − 3𝑏) ii) −3(𝑎 − 𝑏) iii) (𝑟 + ℎ)2𝜋𝑟
2. Factorize the following:
i) 5a +5z ii) 33bd-3de

FACTORIZATION BY GROUPING
Example
Factorize the following:
a) 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄𝒚 + 𝟐𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒅𝒚.
b) 𝟑𝒂 − 𝟔𝒃 + 𝒂𝒙 − 𝟐𝒃𝒙.

Solution:
a) 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄𝒚 + 𝟐𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒅𝒚.

The terms 𝒄𝒙 and 𝒄𝒚 have c in common.

The terms 𝟐𝒅𝒙 and 𝟐𝒅𝒚 have 𝟐𝒅 in common.
Grouping in pairs in this way,
𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄𝒚 + 𝟐𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒅𝒚 = (𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄𝒚) + (𝟐𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒅𝒚)
=𝒄(𝒙 + 𝒚) + 𝟐𝒅(𝒙 + 𝒚)
The two products now have (𝒙 + 𝒚) in common.
∴ 𝒄(𝒙 + 𝒚) + 𝟐𝒅(𝒙 + 𝒚) = (𝒙 + 𝒚) + (𝒄 + 𝟐𝒅)

CLASS ACTIVITY
Factorize the following by grouping:
a) x2 + 5x + 2x + 10
b) 2ab – 5a + 2b -5
c15 – xy + 5y – 3x
d) t + 6sz + 3s + 2tz

EXPANDING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Example
a) Find the product of (𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒙 − 𝟓)
(The expression (𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝒙 − 𝟓) means(𝒙 + 𝟐) × (𝒙 − 𝟓).
The product of (𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒙 − 𝟓) is found by multiplying each term in the first
bracket by each term in the second bracket.)
(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟓) = 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝟓(𝒙 + 𝟐)
= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎
b) Expand (3a +2)2.
 Solution
(𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐)𝟐 = (𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐)(𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐)
= 𝟑𝒂(𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐) + 𝟐(𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐)
𝟐
= 𝟗𝒂 + 𝟔𝒂 + 𝟔𝒂 + 𝟒
= 𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒂 + 𝟒
CLASS ACTIVITY
Expand the following:
i. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
ii. (𝑥 − 𝑦)2
iii. (1 + 2𝑓)2

FACTORIZATION OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS

A quadratic expression is one in which 2 is the highest power of the unknown(s) in the
expression. For example, 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 12, 16 − 𝑎2 , 3𝑥 2 + 17𝑥𝑦 + 10𝑦 2 are all quadratic
expressions.
To factorize a quadratic expression is to express it as a product of its factors.
NOTE: A quadratic expression may not have other factors other than itself and 1. For example,
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6, this type of quadratic expression cannot be factorized.
Example
1. Factorize the following quadratic expressions:
a) 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10
b) 𝑑 2 + 11𝑥 + 18

Solution
a) 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10

1st step: 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10 = ( 𝑥 )( 𝑥 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 2 .

2nd step: Find two numbers such that their product is +10 and their sum is +7.
Number pair which has a product of +10 sums of factors
i) +10 and +1 +11
ii) +5 and +2 +7
iii) -10 and -1 -11
iv) -5 and -2 -7

Of these, only ii) gives the required result; Thus,

𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10 = ( 𝑥 + 5)( 𝑥 + 2)
Note 1. The answer can be checked by expanding the brackets.
2. The order of the brackets is not important.
( 𝑥 + 2)( 𝑥 + 5) = ( 𝑥 + 5)( 𝑥 + 2)
b) 𝑑 2 + 11𝑥 + 18

1st step: 𝑑2 + 11𝑥 + 18 = ( 𝑑 )( 𝑑 )

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑2 .
2nd step: Find two numbers such that their product is +18 and their sum is +11. Since the 18
is positive, consider the 11 is positive, consider positive factors only
Factors of +10 sums of factors
i) +18 and +1 +19
ii) +9 and +2 +11
iii) +6 and +3 +9

Of these, only ii) gives the required result; Thus,

𝑑2 + 11𝑥 + 18 = ( 𝑑 + 2)( 𝑑 + 9)

CLASS ACTIVITY
Factorize the following:
i) 𝒙𝟐 − 4𝑥 + 3 ii) 𝑝2 − 11𝑝 + 24

DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES

The difference of the squares of two quantities is equal to the product of their sum and their
difference.
(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
Hence 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)

Example:
Factorize the following:
a) y2 – 4
b) 36 – 9a2
c) 5m2 – 45
d) 𝝅𝑹𝟐 − 𝝅𝒓𝟐

Solution
a) y2 – 4 = (y)2 – (2)2
= (y-2) (y+2)
b) 36 – 9a2 = (6)2 – (3a)2

= (6-3a) (6+3a)
c) 5m2 – 45 = 5(m2 – 9)
= 5(m2 – 32)
= 5(m+3)(m-3)
d) 𝝅𝑹𝟐 − 𝝅𝒓𝟐 = 𝝅(𝑹𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 )
= 𝝅(𝑹 − 𝒓)(𝑹 + 𝒓)

CLASS ACTIVITY
Factorize the following:
i) 𝒙𝟐 − 1 ii) 4𝑔2 − 4 iii) 100 – w2

Coefficients of terms

The number before a letter in an algebraic expression or an equation is called its coefficient.

Example: Find the coefficient of i) x2; ii) x in each of the following expressions.

a) 4x2 -5x + 7
b) 1 + 4x – x2

Solution:

a) i) +4 ii) -5

b) i) -1 ii) +4

CLASS ACTIVITY

Write down the coefficient of i) x2 and ii) x in each of the following expansions:

a) (x + 1) (x + 2) b) (2x – 1)2

SIMPLIFYING CALCULATIONS BY FACTORISATION AND SUBSTITUTION

EXAMPLE:

1. Simplify 34 x 48 + 52 x 34

Solution:

34 is a common factor of 34 x 48 and 52 x 34.

Thus, 34 x 48 + 52 x 34 = 34(48 + 52)

= 34(100)

= 3400
22
2. Factorize the expression πr2 + 2πrh. Hence, find the value of πr2 + 2πrh when π = , r = 14
7
and h = 43.

Solution:

πr2 + 2πrh = πr(r + 2h)

22
When π = , r = 14 and h = 43,
7

22
πr2 + 2πrh = x 14(14 + 2 x 43)
7

= 44(14 + 86)

= 44 x 100

= 4 400

CLASS ACTIVITY

1. Simplify the following by factorizing:

a) 67 x 23 – 67 x 13
 22 1 22 3
b) 𝑥 14 + 𝑥 24
7 7

22
2. Factorize the expression 2πr2 + 2πrh. Hence, find the value of the expression when π = , r
7
=5, and h = 16.

WORD PROBLEMS INVOLVING FACTORIZATION

The figure below shows a circular metal washer. If the diameters of the washer and its hole are
3cm and 1cm respectively, find the area of the washer. Use the value 3.14 for 𝝅.

SOLUTION
Let the outer and inner radii of the washer be R and r respectively.
a) Area of washer = 𝜋𝑅 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2
= 𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
= 𝜋(𝑅 − 𝑟)(𝑅 + 𝑟)
But,
3
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑅) = = 1.5𝑐𝑚,
2
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠(𝑟) = 0.5𝑐𝑚
∴ Area of washer = 𝜋(1.5 − 0.5)(1.5 + 0.5)𝑐𝑚2
= 𝜋 × 1 × 2 = 2 × 𝜋𝑐𝑚2
= 2 × 3.14 = 6.28𝑐𝑚2
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Expand and find the coefficient of d in the expansion of the following expressions?
i) (d + 2) (d + 7) ii) (d – 8)(d + 3)
2. Factorize the following:
i) s2 + 10s +16 ii) n2 -7n + 10 iii) 36a2 -49b2 iv)100𝒙𝟐 − 1
iv) 𝒙𝟐 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2

ASSIGNMENT

1. Factorize the following:

i) 10ax2 + 14 a2x ii) 3m – m(u – v) iii) h(2a – 7b) – 3k(2a – 7b)

2. Factorize by grouping:

i) ac – bd – bc + ad ii) 8a + 15by +12y +10ab

3. Find the product of the coefficient of a2 and ab in the expansion of (a – b) (3a – 2b)
4. Factorize: i) 25k2 – 16 ii) 5x2 – 45 c) y2 - 2y + 1

5. Use the difference of two squares to evaluate 962 - 42.