A Project Report on

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

Submitted by

PRAKASH KUMAR(ST-659282-7)

Under the Guidance of

Dr.B.K Sahay,MIE(M130915-8)

In winter 2020

In partial fulfillment for the requirement of passing Section B Examination

in Civil Engineering Branch

1
 The Institution of Engineers (India)
AN ISO 9001: 2008 CERTIFIED ORGANISATION (ESTABLISHED
1920, INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1935)

8 Gokhale Road, Kolkata 700020

(ESTABLISHED 1920, INCORPORATED BY ROYAL

CHARTER 1935)
CERTIFICATE BY LOCAL GUIDE

This is to certify that this project work on “Sewage Treatment Plant” based
on study carried out by Mr. Prakash kumar.(ST-659282-7) is an original work
and has not been submitted earlier to any other institution for fulfillment of
the requirement of a course of study.

The Study highlights the core concern for Sewage treatment

plants, especially for developing nations.

Dr.B.K Sahay

MIE (M130915-8)

Project Guide

Note: This Work is carried out for requirement of The Institution of

Engineers (India) and it has not been submitted anywhere for any other
purpose.

Prakash kumar

(ST-659282-7)

2
 PREFACE
The Engineering curriculum has been designed with a view to enabling

the students to have an opportunity of applying their theoretical knowledge into the

practical field.

The concept taught in the classroom would be better understood

if they could actually be observed being practiced.

Here the project is taken up on Sewage Treatment Plant in an urban

area for studying current practice of Sewage disposal from source for
sustainable growth and Prosperous Health and life.

Rapid Urbanization has given rise to the production of waste in the cities. The
steady incremental in the city population results in the increase of domestic
sewage generation. The sewage generated in this zone is routed to 35 MLD (Year
of commissioning- 1970 (15 MLD), 1988 (5 MLD), 1993 (15 MLD)) existing STP
located in Khagaul-ward 11 and is finally disposed to river punpun after
treatment. But existing STP should again planned and designed for flows
generated up to year 2048 (ultimate phase).So it is required to construct a
Sewage Treatment Plant with sufficient capacity to treat the increased sewage.

The Race for developing nation to developed nation has witnessed

empirical growth both in terms of population and Industrialization. The Growing
sectors also have their share of adversity- a negative impact on the climate. The
Unchecked growth in industrial, Agricultural and domestic sectors possess a
serious threat to the future. Notwithstanding this situation, it would be wise to act
now and manage sewage in every best possible way for our future security.

Message: “Sewage Treatment is the process of removing contaminants from

wastewater, primarily from household sewage. It is the part of overarching field of

sanitation

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 INDEX:

S. No. Description Page No.

1. Certificate by Local Guide 2
2. Preface 3
3. Acknowledgement 6
4. Synopsis of the project 7-8
5. Objectives of the Study 10
6. Methodology of the study 10-11
7. Statement of the problem 11
8. Input data/ Structure/ Questionnaire 12-55
UNIT-1
1. Introduction 12
I Definition & Treatment of sewage 13
Ii Sewage composition 14
2. Origin of sewage 15-16
3. Types of sewage 16-17
4. Types of sewerage system 18
5. Advantages & Disadvantages of 18-19
sewerage system
UNIT-2
6. Characteristics and examination of 20-24
Sewage

I Sampling of sewage 20

Ii Physical characteristics of sewage 20-21

Iii Chemical properties of sewage 21

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Iv Biological characteristics of sewage 21
V Decomposition of sewage 22
Vi Determination of BOD 22-23
Vii Determination of COD 24
UNIT-3
7. Treatment of sewage 25-35
8. Design Period 36-37
9. Population forecast 38-39
10. Points considered in design 40
11. Location of STP 40

12. Calculation of sewage generation 41

13. Process of STP 42-44
14. Operations in STP 45-57
15. Sewage Disposal 58-60
16. Details of existing STP 61
17. Process of existing STP in figures 62-68
E. Analysis /Solution /Description 69
F. Final Result 69
G. Conclusion 70
H. Scope of Future Study 70
I. Comments of the Project Guide 70
J. Abbreviations 71
K. References 72

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This Project was achieved for the fulfillment of requirement for

AMIE Civil Engineering through “The Institution of Engineers (India)”.

I wish to express special thanks to “The Institution of Engineers

(India)”

And Dr.B.K sahay Sir who has given me such an opportunity to

accomplish this project and has given support and precious advice
which contributed importantly to successful achievement of the work.

Dr.B.K sahay Sir has given his pursuant supervisory, his help
during the period of this work to complete the project within time limit.

Finally, I thank to all my Colleagues, friends and family for

their help, support and encouragement.

PRAKASH KUMAR

(ST-659282-7)

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 SYNOPSIS

1. Title of the Project:

A Management-Oriented study on Sewage Treatment Plant of an Urban

Area.(Khagaul,Patna.)
2. Objective of the study:

The Objective of the Project Report is to have an idea of how local body
implementing Sewage Treatment Plant, Drawbacks of Sewage Treatment
Plant in Specific Urban Area, After that finding of solution for the same.

3. Rationale for the study:

The Study will give us an insight to management viability of Sewage in

Specified Area.

4. Detailed Methodology to be used for carrying out the study:

I) Theoretical Study on Sewage Treatment Plant,

ii)Case Study of Sewage Treatment Plant in any Specific Area.
iii) Questionnaire to STP Beur , User and Experts in the field,
iv)Analysis for alternative Solutions,
v) Recommendations,
vi) Further Work Suggestions

5. The expected contribution from the study:

The study will analyze present scenario of Sewage Treatment Plant in

Khagaul,Patna. After this study we will be able to trace drawbacks and
solutions in present method of Sewage Treatment Plant .

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6. List of activities carried out to complete the project:
S. No. Activity Expected

Duration in Days

1. Theoretical Study on Sewage Treatment Plant . 2

2. Case Study of Sewage Treatment Plant in urban area. (Beur 2
Patna)
3. Questionnaire to BRJP Staff, User and Experts in this field. 1
4. Analysis for Alternative Solution of Disposal of Sewage. 1
5. Conclusions 1
6. Scope of Future study 1

7. Places/labs/equipment and tools required and planning of arrangement:

I) PLACE: Office- BRJP STP Khagaul site /Lab / Office( for collection of data)

ii) EQUIPMENTS : Computer, Calculator, Camera, Internet- For Collection

of data and analyzing of same.

8. Problem envisaged in carrying out the project, if any

I) Problems in getting Data from Government Offices.
ii) Due to COVID-19 Pandemic, issue on Approaching site for getting ground
sample of site.
iii) Unbearable smell of Sewage, while carry out case study on ground.
iv) Costing (as it is vary according to season).
v) Time adjustment for STP site visit from my office.

Synopsis Submitted By
Synopsis Approved By

Prakash Kumar
Dr.B.K Sahay,MIE (M130915-8)
ST-659282-7
(Member of The institute of Engineers)

8
 SEWAGE

TREATMENT

PLANT
 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

A. Objectives of the study:

Sewage Treatment plant is a part of Public Heath and sanitation, and their
methods developed in response to the concern for public health and adverse
conditions caused by discharge of sewage to environment.The principal of
sewage treatment plant is generally to allow human and industrial effluents to
be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to
the natural environment .Major objective of this Study:

➢ Understand the process of sewage treatment plant in theory then

studying the process of sewage treatment plant on ground by
chosen a specific urban area.

➢ Study Effect of improper/proper sewage treatment plant on

Society and Ecology .

➢ Remove material which exerts an oxygen demand through

biological and chemical process.

➢ Prevent the receiving environment turning

anoxic

➢ Disposal is often via fresh and marine

ecosystem.

➢ Treatment of Biodegradable organics.

➢ Elimination of Pathogenic organisms.

B.Methodology of the Study:

After receiving of my allotment letter for Project work under
Dr.B.K Sahay,Sir, I contacted him and followed the direction given by him. After
approval of my synopsis by him I started my project under his guidance.

The Methodology may be summarized as follows:

i) Theoretical Study on Sewage Treatment Plant:Different
sources were approached for study of sewage treatment plant. Here I studied
ideal process of sewage treatment plant, Treatment of sewage, Layout of
Treatment plant, Advantage and Disadvantage of the sewerage system,
Process of STP.
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 ii)Case Study Of Sewage Treatment Plant:After study of
sewage treatment plant in theory, I select STP Khagaul for case study with consulting
project guide sir, Here I identified problems, Drawbacks of existing system of Sewage
Treatment plant and after studying case study I advised some solutions on behalf of
my theoretical knowledge.

ii) Questionnaire to BRJP staff, User and Experts in this

field:Different technical questions, Practical questions, User Related

questions, collection and Disposal related question were asked by me
to concerning person after satisfying with his authority.

iv) Analysis for Alternative Solutions: After Study of STP in

theory and as a case study, I started process of analysis on my own level. The
pattern considered as what to do for safe and economical alternative solution
for Treatment and Disposal of sewage . Also understand financial Viability of
Sewage Treatment Plant as how can we minimize the expenditure occurring
on Sewage Treatment Plant by adapting best practices.

v) Recommendations: After considering the local factors,

availability of local resources, cultural level of society or behaviors of people
and different available solutions for a particular area . The most Safe, Secure
and Economical practice was recommended.

vi) Further Work Suggestions: Along with Sewage Treatment

Plant, authorities have to ensure rich participation of people (Actively
Participation). As it will help us in Treatment of sewage at generation source
that will be favorable in with Sewage Treatment Plant.

C.Statement of the Problem:

The main problem in Sewage Treatment plant in city like Patna

is lack of adequate number of STPs that was posing environmental threat to
the ganga because of dirty drain water flows into the ganga and many rivers .
As of now,The existing sewage treatment plants in patna have long outlived
their utility .The old sewer lines are choked, so sewage and waste water
cannot flow into the STPs for treatment .As a result the STPs are lying
defunct and sewage is getting discharged into the river. So we need More
STPs that will replace existing STPs that will take care of its sewage
treatment requirements till 30 years.

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 D.Input data/ Structure/ Questionnaire:

UNIT-1

1. INTRODUCTION

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater

primarily from household sewage. It includes physical, chemical and
biological processes to remove these contaminants and produce
environmentally safe treated wastewater (or treat effluent).A sewage
treatment plant is used to purify waste water to reduce pollution and to
recycle the water. It short form called STP. Domestic drainage water or
industrial waste water is used for this. This type of plant is also known as –
STP (Sewage treatment plant), WTP (Water treatment plant, ETP (Effluent
treatment plant) We know that STP receives raw water from pumping stations
through pipe line or through sewage tankers. In this plant sewage pass
through many processes and remove sludge and waste material from sewage
water through treatment processes and generate clean water which can be
used for irrigation purposes or for other use.

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1-Definition:
i) Sewage:-Sewage is the waste water that has not been treated. It is
the waste of human existence, the solid and liquid waste of man and his
activities.

ii) Pump:- A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquid or

slurries or gases from one place to another place. A pump have motor,
bearing, shaft, impeller, casing etc. There are mainly two types of pump-
Centrifugal or Dynamic pump and Positive displacement pump.

iii) Sewarage: Sewarage is the network of collecting, treating and

finally disposing of the sewage.

iv) Storm sewage: Storm sewage is a liquid flowing in sewer during or

following a period of rainfall and resulting there from.

v) Aeration tank: Aeration tank is a type of tank which holds the mix
liquor and act as a reactor for aerobic decomposition of organic matter .
It works for -1. Complete mixing of RS and RAS , 2. Dissolving Oxygen
and decompose it, 3.Removal of gases,

4.Keep suspended activated sludge all times.

vi) RAS and Activated sludge process- The purpose of

Return activated sludge(RAS) is to establish and maintain a viable

population of microorganism by supplying food and proper
environment.

vii) Overflow rate/Surface loading: It is the discharge per

unit of plan area. This parameter is the design factor in

designing the settling tank.

1. 2-Treatment of Sewage:

Sewage treatment also referred as Wastewater Treatment, although the latter is a

broader term which can also be applied to purely industrial wastewater. For most cities,
the sewer system will also carry a proportion of industrial to the sewage treatment plant
which has usually received pre treatment at the factories themselves to reduce the
pollutants. If the sewer system is a combined sewer then it will also carry urban runoff
(storm water) to the sewage treatment plant. The term sewage treatment plant in many
countries is nowadays often replaced with the term Wastewater treatment plant.

Sewage can be treated close to where the sewage is created, which may also
called a decentralized system or even an on-site system. Alternatively, sewage can be
collected and transported by a network of pipes and pump stations to a municipal
treatment plant. This is called a centralized system although the borders between
decentralized and centralized can be variable. For this reason, the terms semi-
decentralized and semi-centralized are also being used.

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 1.3-Sewage Compositions:

Pollution in its broadest sense includes all changes that curtail natural
utility and exert deleterious effect on life.And due to rapidly growing
population and industrialization with the resultant degradation of the
environment causes a grave threat to the quality of life. Degradation of water
quality is the unfavorable alteration of the physical, chemical and biological
properties of water that prevents domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural, recreational and other beneficial uses of water. Sewage and
sewage effluents are the major sources of water pollution. Sewage
composition mainly depends upon per capita consumption of water and
varies from place to place and season to season. Sewage composition
divided under two heads-Chemical composition and Microbial composition.

Chemically, the sewage consists of approximately 99% water and 1 %

inorganic and organic matter in suspended and soluble forms .
Lignocellulose, cellulose, proteins, fats , and various inorganic particulate
matter exist in suspended state, whereas sugars, fatty acids, alcohols, amino
acids, and inorganic ions constitute the soluble forms. However, on an
average, the sewage of towns in our country contains about 350 ppm
biodegradable organic matter, 52 ppm nitrogen, 45 ppm potassium and 16
ppm phosphorus. Salts of several heavy metal such as Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, etc. are
also present above permissible levels in sewage.

Microbial composition per milliliter of sewage may vary from a few lakhs
to several millions. Various types of microorganisms, viz., micro-fungi,
bacteria and protozoa, collectively called ‘sewage fungus’, are known to grow
profusely in sewage .

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 2.ORIGIN OF SEWAGE

2.1-Sewage Origin:

Sewage is generated by residential, institutional, commercial and industrial

establishments. It includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths,
kitchens, and sinks draining into sewers. In many areas, sewage also
includes liquid waste from industry and commerce. The separation and
draining of household waste into grey water, brown water and black water is
becoming more common in the developed world, with treated grey water
being permitted to be used for watering plants or recycled for flushing

toilets.Sewage is the waste water that has not been treated.It is the waste of
human existence, the solid and liquid waste of man and his activities

2.2-Sewage Mixing with rain water:

Sewage may include storm water runoff or urban runoff. Sewerage

systems capable of handling storm water are known as combined sewer
systems. This design was common when urban sewerage systems were first
developed, in the late 19t h and early 20t h centuries . Combined sewers
needs much larger and more expensive treatment facilities than sanitary
sewers. Heavy volumes of storm runoff can overwhelm the sewage treatment
system, causing a spill or overflow. Sanitary sewers are typically much
smaller than combined sewers, and they are not designed to transport storm
water. Backups of raw sewage can occur if excessive infiltration/inflow
(dilution of storm water and ground water) is allowed into a sanitary sewer
system. Communities that have urbanized in the mid-20t h century or later
generally have built separate systems for sewage (sanitary sewers) and
storm water, because precipitation causes widely varying flows, reducing
sewage treatment plant efficiently.

As rainfall travels over roofs and the ground, it may pick up various
contaminants including soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals, large
and small organic compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease. These
sewage require some level of treatment before being discharged directly into
waterways.

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 2.3-Industrial Effluent:

In highly regulated developed countries, Industrial effluent usually receives

at least pre treatment if not full treatment at the factories themselves to
reduce the pollutant load, before discharge to the sewer. This process is
called industrial waste water treatment . The same does not apply to many
developing countries where industrial effluent is more likely to enter the
sewer if it exists, or even the receiving water body, without pre treatment .

Industrial waste water may contain pollutants which cannot be

removed by conventional sewage treatment. Also, variable flow of industrial waste
associated with production cycles may upset the population dynamics of biological
treatment units, such as the activated sludge process.

3. Types of Sewage

The modern water carriage system in which water is used as a medium for
conveying the sewage to the treatment plant and final disposal. This modern
water carriage sewerage system not only helps in removing the domestic
and industrial waste water, but also helps in removing storm water drainage.
There are many types of sewage:-

1. Domestic sewage:- This waste water from residences and institutions,

carrying body wastes primarily feces and urine, washing water, food
preparation wastes, laundry wastes, and other waste products of normal
living, are called as domestic or sanitary sewage.

16
2. Industrial Sewage:- Liquid-carried wastes from stores and service
establishments serving the immediate community, termed commercial
wastes, are included in the sanitary or domestic sewage category if their
characteristics are similar to household flows. Wastes that are coming
from industrial wastewater, not as sewage.

3. Storm Sewage:- The storm water and sullage are allowed to flow through
the open drains and finally allowed to discharge into the river or stream.
They do not require any treatment before disposal to natural watercourse .

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4. Types of Sewerage Systems
Sewarage system has been divided into three categories are listed below:-

4.1. Combined System- This system consists of a single sewer line of large diameter
through which the sewage and storm water are allowed to flow and are carried to the
treatment plant .

4.2. Separate System- The system consists of two sewer lines –one is meant for
carrying the sewage to the treatment plant and the other is meant for carrying the
storm water. The storm water is directly discharged into the river . After Sewage
treatment the effluent is also discharged into the river through separate sewer line

4.3. Partially Combined system- This system consists of two sewer lines- One is of large
diameter for carrying sewage and the other is of smaller diameter for carrying storm
water only . When it rains, the storm water, at the beginning, is allowed to flow with the
sewage through the larger sewer line. When the rain continues for a long time or it rains
heavily, then the excess storm water is diverted to the smaller sewer line to discharge in
the river directly. Thus, the load on the treatment plant is controlled and kept within the
permissible capacity of the plant .

5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Sewerage Systems

Advantages:-

Treatment of sewage and disposed into river and also we get manure for
agriculture processes it means we get treated water as well as manure.

Upgrading the quality of life

Preserving the natural environment

Saving and processing waters

Economic development and tourism

Sewarage system contributes to further development & increase of the standard

of living of the town of Limassol inhabitants.

Capable of removing 97% of suspended solids. Short

retention time.

Excellent process control.

Handle a wide range of flows . Low

sludge production

Biological nitrification without adding chemicals.

Oxidization and nitration achieved.

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 Solids and liquids separation.
Remove organics.

Cost effective- The plant can save operation costs as you don’t have
to buy those costly supporting enzymes or chemicals.

Easily maintained mechanical work-Since the non-biodegradable

substances are collected in those pre-settling basins, you don’t have
to handle those unhygienic substances manually. The cleaning
process is not only simple but also ongoing so it is treated to be
almost maintenance-free.

Self-sustaining system.

Easy installation- The process of installation is quite simple as you

need minimal land to install the plant and little power . It is the
responsibility of the manufacturing company to design an ideal plan,
dig a hole, and install the plant .

Reliable cleaning- The water is cleaned with high stability as the basins
are provided with a regular and steady supply of water.

Less Disturbance & Longevity- Since the cleaning operations are

stable and efficient, the process is completed without creating noise
or emitting odour.

Disadvantages:-

Cleaning is hassle.

Most plants need at least three tanks.

Temperature changes affect the tank greatly.

STP needs more space.

Need for covering units installed in cold climate to protect against

freezing.

Shaft bearings and mechanical drive units require frequent

maintenance.

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 UNIT-II

Characteristics and Examination of Sewage

5. Sampling of Sewage:The following are the procedures of collecting the

sample of sewage for the various laboratory tests:

i) The samples of sewage are collected at an interval of one hour during the
day.

ii) The sanitary bottles should be of capacity 100 c.c to 150 c.c.
iii) The bottles should be cleaned properly before taking the samples.
iv) The bottle should be closed tightly by stopper as soon as it is filled up
v) The bottle should be kept in a cool place.
vi) The samples should be collected from different points of the sewer.
vii) The analysis of sewage should be started within two hours from the
time of collection.
viii) The date, time and place of collection of sample should be noted

.on the bottles.

6. Physical Properties of Sewage:
1. Specific Gravity:- The specific gravity of sewage is slightly more than that of
water.

2. Colour:- The fresh sewage has yellowish grey colour. As the decomposition
goes on, the colour also goes on changing. It becomes black when the sewage
attains the septic stage. The colour of the industrial sewage depends on the waste
products .

3. Odour:- The fresh sewage has soapy or oily odour. But the septic sewage has
offensive odour due to hydrogen sulphide and other gases.

4. Temperature:- The temperature of sewage is slightly higher than the

temperature of water supplied. While passing through the conduits the
temperature rises and bacterial activities start .

5. Turbidity:- The turbidity of sewage is due to the suspended particles.

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 6. Solids:- The sewage contains 0.1% of solid matters and 99 .9% of water. The
solid matters may be suspended, dissolved or in colloidal states. Again, the solids
may be inorganic or organic. The inorganic solids are grits, sand, etc. and organic
solids are cellulose, sugar, starch etc .

7. Chemical Properties of Sewage:

1. The fresh sewage is alkaline in nature, and the septic sewage is acidic in
nature.

2. Organic compounds:-

i) Nitrogeneous compounds:-Urea, Proteins, Amino acids.

ii) Non- Nitrogeneous compounds:- Fats, Soaps, Carbohydrates. 3.

Inorganic compounds:- It includes sand, gravel, grit etc.

2. Colloidal matters:- It includes silt, clay etc.

3.
8.Biological Characteristics of Sewage:

The sewage contains the following bacteria and micro-

organisms:-1.Bacteria-

i) Pathogenic Bacteria:- This is the root of all waterborne diseases.

ii) Non-Pathogenic Bacteria:- This is practically harmless to human being.

iii) Aerobic Bacteria:-It helps the decomposition of sewage in oxidation

ponds, Lagoons etc .

iv) Anaerobic Bacteria:- It helps the decomposition of sewage in septic tank, etc.
v) Facultative Bacteria:-This bacteria has no function in sewage treatment.
2.Microorganisms- The microorganisms like algae, fungi and protozoa help the
process of decomposition of sewage by photosynthesis or by breaking the
organic compounds.

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 9. Decomposition of Sewage
The function of bacteria in sewage is to break up the complex organic
compounds into simple and stable compounds. The decomposition of sewage by
bacteria may be of the following two types:-

1. Aerobic Decomposition:-Aerobic decomposition is caused by the aerobic

bacteria in presence of plenty of oxygen. This type of bacteria cannot survive
without oxygen. The decomposition is also known as Oxidation. In this process,
aerobic bacteria break up the organic matters and the organic matters are oxidized
to form stable compounds. After oxidation the compounds like carbon dioxide,
sulphates etc. are formed. The aerobic decomposition occurs in contact beds,
oxidation ponds, Trickling filters etc.

2. Anaerobic Decomposition:-Anaerobic decomposition is caused by the

anaerobic bacteria in absence of oxygen. This type of bacteria can survive without
oxygen. This decomposition is also known as Putrefaction. In this process,
Anaerobic bacteria break up the complex organic compounds and convert them
into solids, liquids and gases. After Putrefaction, the compounds like humas (black
residue), ammonia methane, hydrogen sulphide, etc. are formed. The anaerobic
decomposition occurs in septic tanks, imhoff tanks and sludge digestion tanks.

10.Determination of Biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D)

The demand of oxygen for the bio chemical decomposition of organic matters in
sewage is known as Biochemical oxygen demand.

The B.O.D test is necessary to know the amount of oxygen, required by the
bacteria for oxidizing the organic matters under aerobic condition for 5 days or
10 days at standard temperature of 200 C. This test helps to know the strength of
sewage and to know the amount of clear water necessary for the disposal of
sewage by dilution.BOD test is necessary for domestic sewage only and huge
quantity of clear water is required to perform the oxidation of organic matters .
The B.O .D test is carried out by the dilution method. In this method, The
following procedure is adopted:-

i) The dissolved oxygen in clear water is first found out and noted.
ii) The sample of sewage is diluted by this water and the dilution ratio is noted.
Generally, the dilution ratio is 1:100.

22
iii) The diluted sewage is then kept in an air tight glass bottle for 5 days at 20 0 C
for incubation. During this period, some amount of dissolved oxygen is
consumed by bacteria.
iv) After this period, the amount of dissolved oxygen remaining in the glass
bottle is worked out .

v) Then the loss of oxygen is determined which is the difference between the
dissolved oxygen at the beginning and dissolved oxygen remaining at the end.

vi) The B .O.D is then calculated by the following relation:

5 Day B.O.D= (Loss of oxygen X Dilution ratio) in ppm

B.O.D reaction rate constant (K) varies with Temperature T(0 C) by

the equation

KT =K2 0(1.047)(T-20)

B.O . D of combined sewage is given by =

Q1 (BOD)1 +Q2 (BOD)2 /Q1 +Q2 mg/l
BOD Incubator Titration Equipment

23
11.Determination of Chemical oxygen demand (C.O.D)

The demand of oxygen for the chemical oxidation of organic matters in sewage by
using strong chemical oxidant is known as Chemical oxygen demand.

The C.O.D test is necessary for the industrial sewage and it takes only 5
hours, for the decomposition of organic matters whereas B .O.D test is
necessary for domestic sewage only and it takes at least 5 days for the
decomposition of organic matters. Again, C.O .D can be achieved by controlling
the amount of chemical oxidizing agent while in B.O.D, huge quantity of clear
water is required to perform the oxidation of organic matters.

The C.O .D test is carried out by the following procedure is adopted:-

i) A known amount f sample of sewage is taken in a pot .

ii) A known amount of potassium dichromate (K2 Cr2 O7 ) and sulphuric acid (H2
SO4 ) are added to the sample.

iii)The mixture is kept for about three hrs.

iv) During this period, a chemical reaction takes place to produce CO2 and H2 O .

v)After the reaction, the remaining amount of K2 Cr2 O7 is determined by

filtration with ferrous ammonia sulphate Fe(NH4 )2 (SO4 ) Solution.

vi)The consumption of dichromate indicates the amount of oxygen required for

the oxidation of organic matters.
 UNIT-III

Treatment of Sewage

The sewage contains various types of impurities and disease bacteria. This
sewage is disposed of by dilution or on land after its collection and
conveyance. If the sewage is directly disposed of, it will be acted upon the
natural forces, which will convert it into harmful substances. The natural
forces of purification cannot purify any amount of sewage within specified
time. If the quantity of sewage is more, then receiving water will become
polluted or the land will become sewage sick. Under such circumstances it
become very essential to do some treatment of sewage, so that it can be
accepted by the land or receiving water without any objection. These
treatment processes will directly depend on the type of impurities present in
the sewage, Characterisitics of the raw inlet sewage, required effluent
characteristics and the standard up to which treatment is required. The
treatment of sewage consists of many complex functions. Treatment
processes are often classified as:
i)Preliminary Treatment

ii)Primary Treatment

iii)Secondary Treatment

iv)Tertiary Treatment
i) Preliminary Treatment :-Preliminary treatment consists solely in
separating the floating materials like tree branches, papers, pieces of rags, wood
etc . and heavy settable inorganic solids. It helps in removal of oil and greases
and reduces the BOD by 15% to 30%.In preliminary treatment, Suspended,
floating papers, rags , clothes, grease, oil, soap, large size organic and inorganic
matters are removed from the sewage. The unit of the preliminary treatment are
as follows:-

1. Screening-To remove large floating matters, floating papers, rags,clothes.

2. Gritchambers-To eliminate large size organic and inorganic matters, grit

and sand.

3. SkimmingTank- To remove oils and greases.

ii) Primary Treatment :-Primary treatment is the treatment processes in which
large suspended organic solids and fine colloidal particles are removed . It is usually
accomplished by sedimentation in settling basins. The liquid effluent from the
primary treatment often contains a large amount of suspended organic materials and
has a high BOD (about 60% of original).Primary sedimentation tank is used in this
primary treatment .
iii) Secondary Treatment :-Here the effluent coming from the primary treatment
is treated through biological decomposition of organic matter carried out either
aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In the primary treatment, the larger solids in sewage
are removed. But the effluent still contains organic matters, bacteria, colloidal
matters, etc such effluent cannot be discharged into the natural water coarse. So
secondary treatments are given to the effluent of primary treatment to make it safe in
all respects and suitable for discharging into the river . The most important units in
this stage are-
a)Activated Sludge Process- The sludge which is made powerful by the process
of aeration is known as activated sludge. It contains high content of oxygen and
high number of aerobic bacteria. It possesses unusual property to oxidize the
organic matters. Activated sludge when mixed with sewage the microorganisms
multiply rapidly. Activated sludge oxidizes the organic substances rapidly.

b)Filtration of sewage:-For filtration of sewage, There are many type of filters are
used like Gravity filters-i)Slow sand filters and ii)Rapid sand filters , Pressure
filters .

c)Aeration Tank-After primary treatment, Sewage is gone through the aeration

tank in which effluent of primary settling tank and air are brought in intimate
contact by agitating with some mechanical devices.
d)Sludge Digestion tank

e)Trickling filter:-In intermittent sand filter , the sewage is purified by the

phenomenon of mechanical straining through the sand bed and by
bacterial colonies formed in the sand voids.

f)Chlorination of sewage-When the raw water is suspected to be highly

contaminated then a dose of chlorine is added to raw water before it enters the
Sedimentation tank (Sand filter) in which chlorine destroys the bacteria. This is
called Pre- Chlorination.And when chlorine is added to water after all the
treatments are over and just before it enters the reservoir and distribution
system,it is termed as Post-Chlorination.This dose of chlorine is added to water
to control the contamination when it flows through the distribution system.

Secondary unit are classified into two units:-

Aerobic Biological units:

i) Filters (Intermittent sand filters, Trickling filters)

ii)Activated sludge plant (feed of active sludge, secondary settling tank and
aeration tank)

iii)Oxidation ponds and Aerated lagoons.

Anaerobic Biological units:

i)Anaerobic Lagoons

ii)Septic Tanks

iii)Imhoff Tanks

The effluent from the secondary treatment contains a little BOD (5%
to 10% of original) and may contain several milligrams per litre of DO.
iv) TertiaryTreatment :-The purpose of tertiary treatment is to be provide a
final treatment stage to raise the effluent quality before it is discharged to the
receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground. etc.). More than one tertiary
processes may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it is
always the final processes. It is also known as “effluent polishing”.
Degree of Treatment: The degree of treatment will mostly be decided by
regulatory agencies and the extent to which the final product of treatment are to be
utilized. The regulatory bodies might have laid down standard for the effluent or
might specify the condition under which the effluent must be discharged into the
natural stream. The method of treatment adopted should not only meet the
requirement of the regulatory bodies, but also result in the maximum use of the end
product with economy.
Design Period: A sewerage system involves the laying of underground sewer
pipes and construction of costly treatment units, which cannot be replaced or
increased in their capacities easily or conveniently for future. In order to avoid such
consequences and complications, the future expansion of the city and consequent
increase in the sewage quantity should be forecasted to serve the community
satisfactorily for a reasonable year. Design period is known as the future period for
which the provision is made in designing the capacities of various components of
the sewerage . The sewage treatment plant is designed for 30 years. The treatment
plant is normally designed to meet the requirement over a 30 year period after it
completion.

36
Table:-

Parameters Raw Sewage of Effluent (expected)

Beur, Patna
ph 6.4 5.5-9.0

BOD 300 mg/l < 20 mg/l

COD 60 mg/l < 250 mg/l
Oil & Grease 50 mg/l < 5 mg/l
Total suspended solids 600 mg/l < 30 mg/l
Nitrogen 61 mg/l < 5 mg/l

Ammonia Nitrogen 50 mg/l < 50 mg/l

Total Phoshphorus (as 5 mg/l < 5 mg/l
PO4 )
Total Coli form 100000 MPN/ml < 1000 no/100 ml

Raw sewage characteristics, tested in Environmental laboratory with

Technical division.

Wardwise coverage-

Beur zone comprises of ward numbers 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
29, 30, 31, 32 and 33 covering a total of 19.51 sq.km. area. The sewage
generated in this zone is routed to 35 MLD (Year of commissioning- 1970
(15 MLD), 1988 (5 MLD), 1993 (15 MLD)) existing STP located in Beur-ward
11 and is finally disposed to river punpun after treatment. But existing STP
should again planned and designed for flows generated up to year 2048
(ultimate phase) .
POPULATION FORECAST: Beur zone comprises of ward numbers 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33 .

Forecasting method: Incremental increase method

Year Population Incremental Incremental increase

197 1 101 636

646 41

198 1 1 662 77 - 35542

2 9099

199 1 1953 7 6 5764 8

8 6747

200 1 2821 2 3 - 331 44

5 3603

201 1 3357 2 6

Avg = 2 3409 0 Av g = - 1 103 8

X= 234090/4 = 58523 Y=-11038/3 = -3679

Pn = Po + n.X + (n(n+1)/2).Y Base

Period as 2018,

P2 018 = 335726 + (0.7 x 58523) + (0.7 x (0.7+1/2) x -3679)

= 374503

Intermediate Period as 2033,

P2 033 = 335726 + (2.2x 58523) + (2.2 x (2.2+1/2) x -3679)

= 451527
Ultimate design Period as 2048,

P2 048 = 335726 + (3.7 x 58523) + (3.7 x (3.7+1/2) x -3679)

= 520272

At design period of 30 years the forecasted population of the Khagaul patna

is 335726.

39
 Point Considered in Design:

The design period should be taken between 25 to 30 years .

The design should not be done on the hourly sewage flow basis, but the
average domestic flow and also the maximum industrial flow on the yearly
record basis .

Instead of providing one big unit for each treatment, we suggest to use
more than two numbers small units should provided, which will provide
easy in operation as well as no stoppage during maintenance and repair of
the plant.

Overflow weirs and the bypasses should be provided to cut the particular
operation if desired.

Self cleaning velocity should develop at every places and stages . The
design of the treatment units should be economical, easy in

maintenance should offer flexibility in operation.

Location of Sewage Treatment Plant

Sewage treatment plant should placed near to river as soon as possible.

And river treated water must be adequately diluted.

STP should be situated near the zones to be served that allows the
economic regrouping of the water sewers in order to reduce the
construction costs of the planned sewers.

Site should outside a flooding zone. Site should avoid flooding that
may affect water treatment.

Land acquisition- Economic impact

Presence of housing or protected forest - Avoid zones to be protected.

Topography of the site must be relatively flat to facilitate construction .
Access to the site by an existing road- as close as possible to avoid the

construction costs of an access road.

40
 Calculation of Sewage Generation:

Ultimate design period = 30 years

Forecasted population at 2048 = 520272

Per capita water supply = 135 lpcd

Avg. water supply per day = 520272 x 135

= 70236720

= 70 MLD

Avg. sewage generation per day = 80% of supplied water

= 0.8 x 70

= 56 MLD

In cumec,

Avg. sewage generation per day =(56 x 1000000)/(1000 x24 x 60 x 60)

Avg. discharge =0.65 cumec

Max. discharge = 3 x avg. discharge

= 3 x 0.65

= 1.95 cumec

41
Process of STP:
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater
primarily from household sewage. It includes physical, chemical and biological
processes to remove these contaminants and produce environmentally safe treated
wastewater (or treat effluent).A sewage treatment plant is used to purify waste water
to reduce pollution and to recycle the water . It short form called STP. In STP, We
know that sewage is coming from pumping station and pipeline. First of all, Sewage
is collected in receiving chamber.Receiving Chamber is the structure to receive the
raw sewage collected through Under Ground Sewage system and many pumping
stations from the city. Then sewage passes through screening,Screening is the very
first operation carried out a sewage treatment plant. It consists of passing the raw
sewage through different types of screens so as to trap and remove large floating
matters such as tree leaves, paper, gravel, timber pieces, rags, fibre, cans and
kitchen refuse etc.Pre-treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber,
where the velocity of the incoming sewage is adjusted to allow the settlement of
sand, grit, stones, and broken glass. These particles are removed because they may
damage pumps and other equipment. The grit chamber is designed to scour the
lighter particles while the heavier grit particles remain settled. Fine screens are the
structures built between the grit chambers and primary sedimentation tank in order
to remove some amount of
suspended solids from sewage.After that, Skimming tank comes. Skimming
tanks are the tanks to eliminate grease, oil, and soap from the sewage
constructed before the sedimentation tanks.Primary sedimentation tank is the
settling tank constructed next to skimming tank in which organic solids which
are too heavy to be removed i.e. the particles having lesser size of 0.2 mm and
specific gravity of 2.65. Some coagulant is added in this tank. Fine colloidal
particles are removed in primary sedimentation tank which is circular type which
makes settling by allowing radial flow done by scrapper. By settling, all the
sludge which are settling at the bottom of the tank are sent to the digester (15-30
days- Retention time) in which drying bed are attached. In drying bed, sludge
laying o down on the drying bed in which sludge are dried and dried sludge
(manure) can be used in many field.

Primary sedimentation tank is also connected with aeration tank.

Sewage is gone through the aeration tank in which effluent of primary settling
tank and air are brought in intimate contact by agitating with some mechanical
devices. Due to this, bacteria develops that breakup the complex organic
compounds and organic matters are oxidized to form stable compounds. After
that, raw sewage goes to the secondary sedimentation tank where dark sludge
settles down. Secondary sedimentation tank connected with RAS pump room and
Reservoir. In RAS pump room, there is a pump that pumped the thick sludge to
aeration tank called recirculation of activated sludge contains many bacteria, so
we do not waste this bacteria and reuse this bacteria in aeration tank for
decomposing. And this thick sludge pumping out from RAS pump room to sludge
Holding tank whereas also thick sludge settles down and it goes to the drying
bed. The sewage sludge is spread over the top of drying bed to a depth of 20 to
30 cm through distribution troughs. And from hot climate, these sludge dried in 6
to 12 days and also moisture present in sludge gets evaporated. After this period,
the dried sludge cakes are removed with spades and they are used as manure.
Here also, Treated Effluents from secondary sedimentation tank goes to the
reservoir to store final effluent water or river.

44
 Receiving Chamber:

Receiving Chamber is the structure to receive the raw sewage collected

through Under Ground Sewage system and many pumping stations from the
city. It is a rectangular shape tank constructed at the entrance of the sewage
Treatment plant . The main sewer pipe is directly connected with this tank.
 Screening:

Screening is the very first operation carried out a sewage treatment plant. It is
the process of removing large sized particles such as leaves, bushes, branches,
debries etc . with the help of a screen provided in front of the intake works. The
screens may be coarse or fine or both. In the process of screening, the screens
are kept inclined at an angle of 45 to 60 to the horizontal. The main purpose of
o o

keeping the screens inclined is to increase the opening area and reduce the
velocity of flow. The area of opening should be such so that velocity of flow
through them does not exceed 0 .75 to 1 m/s. It is used to screen the organic
effluent (domestic waste) as well as some suspended solid which is drained via
drain line. It may be coarse, fine depends where we use. Size range of screen

0.035 to 6 mm. In STP we use coarse screen which is made up of stainless steel.

Screening is essential in sewage treatment for removal of materials which

would damage the plant, and interfere the satisfactorily operation of treatment
unit or equipment. Sewage treatment plant is used to protect the pumps and
other equipment from the possible damages due to floating matter. STP remove
the large floating matters from the raw sewage in a simple manner before it
reaches into the complex high energy process. Screening can be done by
manually and mechanically. In the mechanical screening, conveyor belt is used
tolift the large floating matters and dump outside.

Bar Screening
Coarse Screens:

The coarse screens essentially consist of steel bars or flat placed 300 to

600 inclinationto the horizontal. The opening between bars are 50mm or above.

These racks are placed in the screen chamber provided in the way of sewer line.
Grit Chamber:

Pre-treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber, where the velocity
of the incoming sewage is adjusted to allow the settlement of sand, grit, stones,
and broken glass. These particles are removed because they may damage
pumps and other equipment. The grit chamber is designed to scour the lighter
particles while the heavier grit particles remain settled. In grit chambers, the
recommended detention time is about 30 to 60 seconds.

Design of horizontal flow type grit chamber to give a horizontal straight line flow
velocity, which is kept constant over varying discharge.
 Fine Screen:

Fine screens are the structures built between the grit chambers and primary
sedimentation tank in order to remove some amount of suspended solids
from sewage.
 Skimming Tank:
Skimming tanks are the tanks to eliminate grease, oil, and soap from the sewage
constructed before the sedimentation tanks. Municipal raw sewage contains oils, fats
, waxes, soaps, fatty acids etc. In skimming tank, air is blown along with chlorine gas
by air diffuser placed at the bottom of the tank. The rising air tends to coagulate and
solidify the grease which cause it to rise to the top of the tank whereas chlorine
destroys the protective colloidal effect of protein, which holdsthe grease in
emulsified form. The detention time in skimming tank is 3 minutes.
 Primary Sedimentation Tank:

Primary sedimentation tank is the settling tank constructed next to skimming

tank in which organic solids which are too heavy to be removed i.e. the particles
having lesser size of 0.2 mm and specific gravity of 2.65. Fine colloidal particles
are removed in primary sedimentation tank which is circular type which makes
settling by allowing radial flow done by scrapper . By settling, all the sludge
which are settling at the bottom of the tank are sent to the digester in which
drying bed are attached. In drying bed, sludge laying o down on the drying bed in
which sludge are dried and dried sludge (manure) can be used in many field. The
detention period in the range of 90 to 150 minutes.

Built on the concept of inclined plate clarification , these clarifiers

use gravity in conjunction with the projected settling area so as to effect a fairly
high percentage of removal of suspended solids as 60 to 65% of the suspended
solids and 30 to 35% of the BOD from the sewage.
 Activated Sludge Process:

The sludge which is made powerful by the process of aeration is known as

activated sludge. It contains high content of oxygen and high number of
aerobic bacteria. It possesses unusual property to oxidize the organic matters.
The activated sludge plant results 80 to 95% of BOD removal and 90 to 95%
bacteria removal by making the necessary setup.

Action-The following are the actions of activated sludge.

1.The activated sludge when mixed with sewage, the microorganisms

multiply rapidly.

2. The activated sludge oxidizes the organic substances rapidly.

3.It converts the colloidal matters to settleable size rapidly.

Operation:-

1.Mixing of Activted sludge:- Some portion of the activated sludge settled at the
bottom of the secondary settling tank is recirculated and mixed with the effluent
of primary settling tank just before its entry to the aeration tank.

2.Aeration:- Aeration tank is the first unit of the activated sludge processes.
Here, the effluent of primary settling tank and air are brought in initimate contact
by agitating with some mechanical devices. And there is also recirculation of
activated sludge after secondary sedimentation tank because the activated
sludge contains many bacteria, so we do not waste this bacteria and reuse this
bacteria in aeration tank for decomposing.
Aeration Tank
After primary treatment, Sewage is gone through the aeration tank in which effluent of
primary settling tank and air are brought in intimate contact by agitating with some
mechanical devices. And there is also recirculation of activated sludge after
secondary sedimentation tank because the activated sludge contains many bacteria,
so we do not waste this bacteria and reuse this bacteria in aeration tank for
decomposing. These are rectangular in shape having the dimensions ranging 3 to
4.5m deep, 4 to 6m wide and 20 to 200m length.
 Secondary Sedimentation Tank

A secondary sedimentation tank constructed next to the aeration tank in which

the no floating materials are here. This tank used for the removal of scum,
organic matters, bacteria, colloidal matters etc. Such effluent cannot be
discharged into the natural water coarse. So secondary treatments are given to
the effluents of primary treatment to make it safe in all respects and suitable for
discharging into the river. The detention period of secondary sedimentation tank
is 1.5 to 2 hr. The most important units in this stage are-

a)Activated Sludge Process

b)Filtration of sewage

Sludge settlement - The secondary sedimentation tank is the second unit. After
agitation in aeration tank, the effluent is taken to the secondary settling tank and
detained for a specified period (generally 1 hr). During this detention period, the
sludge is settled at the bottom of the tank. This sludge is termed as activated
sludge. Some portion of this sludge is recirculated to aeration tank and the
remaining portion is sent to digestion tank. Thus, the cycle of activated sludge
portion goes on working.
 Sludge Drying Bed:

Drying of the digested sludge on open beds of land is sludge drying and such
open beds of land are known as sludge drying beds. The digested sludge from
digestion tank contains a lot of water. So it is necessary to dry up or dewater the
digested sludge before it disposed of dumping. It is quite suitable to dry and
dewater in patna due to hot climate .

The sewage sludge is spread over the top of drying bed to a

depth of 20 to 30 cm through distribution troughs. And from hot climate in patna
these sludge dried in 6 to 12 days and also moisture present in sludge gets
evaporated. After the period, the dried sludge cakes are removed with spades
and they are used as manure as it contains 2 to 3% of NPK.

57
 Sewage Disposal:

The sewage can be disposed of by two types:-

a)By Artificial method

b)By Natural Method

In artificial method, the sewage is conveyed through the underground sewer line
and taken to the treatment plant where it undergoes primary treatment and
secondary treatment . Then the effluent is discharged into the natural water
course .

In natural method, the sewage is conveyed through the underground

sewer line and it is simply disposed of to the natural water course or some other
way. The following are the natural methods of sewage disposal:-

1) Dilution Method- The term dilution is meant by the fact that the disposal of
sewage is done by discharging it into the natural water courses such as river,
stream, lake or sea. By dilution method, the sewage is purified by the self-
purification capacity of the natural water. Again, success of self-purification
depends upon the dilution factor and the nature of sewage at the time of
disposal-whether it is fresh or stale. The dilution factor is defined as the ratio of
the amount of diluting water to that of the sewage. The dilution factor should be
ascertained by measuring the discharge of the river throughout the year. At the
dilution factor above 500, the sewage requires no treatment . It can be
discharged directly into the river. If the dilution factor becomes less than 500, the
primary treatment should be given to the sewage before discharging.

59
2) Sewage Farming method- When sewage is applied on agricultural land for the
growth of crops, then it is termed as sewage farming. The sewage contains
much fertilizing elements such as nitrates, sulphates and phosphates. These
elements are extracted from the soil by the roots of the plants.
 Details of Existing STP :

In Khagaul STP, there are two sewage treatment plant which consist of capacity
20 and 15 mld. A sewage treatment plant is used to treat sewage to reduce
pollution and to recycle this sewage. It short form called STP. In STP, We know
that sewage is coming from pumping station and pipeline. First of all, Sewage is
collected in receiving chamber sump and then goes to sump.Receiving Chamber
is the structure to receive the raw sewage collected through Under Ground
Sewage system and many pumping stations from the city. Then sewage passes
through screening,Screening is the very first operation carried out a sewage
treatment plant . It consists of passing the raw sewage through different types of
screens so as to trap and remove large floating matters such as tree leaves,
paper, gravel, timber pieces, rags, fibre, cans and kitchen refuse etc. Pre-
treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber, where the velocity of
the incoming sewage is adjusted to allow the settlement of sand, grit, stones, and
broken glass. These particles are removed because they may damage pumps and
other equipment. The grit chamber is designed to scour the lighter particles while
the heavier grit particles remain settled . Fine screens are the structures built
between the grit chambers and primary sedimentation tank in order to remove
some amount of suspended solids from sewage.Primary sedimentation tank is
the settling tank constructed next to Grit chambers in which organic solids which
are too heavy to be removed i.e . the particles having lesser size of 0.2 mm and
specific gravity of 2 .65. Some coagulant is added in this tank. Fine colloidal
particles are removed in primary sedimentation tank which is circular type which
makes settling by allowing radial flow done by scrapper. By settling, all the
sludge from primary settling tank and extra sludge in aeration tank which are
settling at the bottom of the tank are sent to the digester (Retention time -15-30
days) in which drying bed are attached. In drying bed, sludge laying down on the
drying bed in which sludge are dried and dried sludge (manure) can be used in
many field. Gas Burner are attached to the digester where dry sludge burns.

Primary sedimentation tank is also connected with aeration tank.

Sewage is gone through the aeration tank in which effluent of primary settling
tank and air are brought in intimate contact by aerator. Due to this, bacteria
develops that breakup the complex organic compounds and organic matters are
oxidized to form stable compounds. After that, raw sewage goes to the secondary
sedimentation tank where dark sludge settles down. Secondary sedimentation
tank connected with RAS pump room and Reservoir. In RAS pump room, there is
a pump that pumped the thick sludge to aeration tank called recirculation of
activated sludge contains many bacteria, so we do not waste this bacteria and
reuse this bacteria in aeration tank for decomposing. Here also, Treated Effluents
from secondary sedimentation tank goes to the reservoir to store final effluent
water for agriculture purposes, construction purposes, irrigation purposes
etc.Treated effluent can safely goes to the river.
 Process of existing STP in Figures:-

Receiving Chamber Sump

Bar Screening Manually operated screen

62
Mechanical Screening Silting Basin

63
Primary Settling Tank Return Sludge Pump House

64
 Aeration Tank Secondary settling Tank

Remaining sludge from primary set tlin g tank Treated sewage go es to river
and aeration tank go es to digester or for irrigat ion purpose

65
Remaing slud ge fro m primary settling tank Treated sewage goes to river
and aeration tank go es to digester or for irr igation p urpose

Sludge Digester Sludge Dewatering System

(Drying Bed)
66
 Sewage flow

Sludge flow

Flames

All above pictures where taken by me at STP Khagaul,Patna(BIHAR)

67
Layout plan of Sewage Treatment plant, Khagaul Patna

Capacity-35 MLD

68
 E. Analysis/Solution/Description:

Rapid Urbanization has given rise to the production of waste in the

cities. The steady incremental in the city population results in the
increase of domestic sewage generation. The surrounding area
becomes polluted and creates health hazards for the nearby
habitants. That’s why we have been entrusted to develop effective
sewage systems to ensure safer environment with clean water .A well
designed sewage system is vital to prevent sewage pollution which
will have an adverse impact on the sustainability of water resources.
The sewage generated in the Khagaul zone is routed to 35 MLD (Year
of commissioning- 1970 (15 MLD), 1988 (5 MLD), 1993 (15 MLD))
existing STP located in Khagaul-ward 11 and is finally disposed to
river punpun after treatment. But existing STP should again planned
and designed for flows generated up to year 2048 (ultimate phase).

Reuse and recycle can be a good solution to the problem. By

creating a new STP using Activated sludge process, all the
sewage comes from their wards would be properly treated and
treated sewage can safely flows in the river and also can be used
for irrigational, agricultural and constructional purposes etc. And
remaining dried sludge (manure) can be used in many field .

F.Final Results:

Through this study we able to know that there is existing STP of 35 MLD
capacity which needs recreation of new STP generated up to year 2049
(ultimate phase) using Activated sludge process. Population is increasing
day by day, that’s why, new population needs more capacity which can
efficiently treat their sewage.
As we know from above, design period of 30 years the forecasted
population of the beur patna is 335726. At present the sewage does not
properly undergo treatment and creates health hazards for the nearby
habitants. Average sewage generation per day in this zone is 56 MLD (0.65
cumec).And maximum discharge can be 1.95 cumec. So new STP should
design according to this sewage generation and can reuse the sludge as
manure and treat the sewage and disposed into river.
 G. Conclusion:

Prevention is better than cure. We can’t prevent generation of

sewage but we can treat the total amount of sewage by creating sewage
treatment plant . By increasing population, sewage generation also increases
that’s why we design the STP for 25-30 years. By creating a new STP using
Activated sludge process, all the sewage comes from their wards would be
properly treated and treated sewage can safely flows in the river and also can be
used for irrigational, agricultural and constructional purposes etc. And remaining
dried sludge (manure) can be used in many field . Various guidelines as
mentioned above have been developed for solving the problem of Sewage
generation in Patna. Such type of guidelines can be incorporated at different
cities of India.

H.Scope of Future Study:

As per this study, Sewage management in India is extremely challenging and

water stress being faced by the two thirds of global population by 2025, that’s
why the scope of sewage treatment is large one. These Sewage treatment
plant can be installed in numerous setups which may be industrial,
institutional, in human colonies as well as agricultural lands until there is
requirement for safe disposal of sewage generated. As the sewage cannot be
discharged in the natural environment due to its hazardous nature, its
treatment is very necessary that’s why we planted ‘Sewage treatment plant’.
After studying this study anyone can find out problems, challenges and
solution of core problem .

I.Comments of the Project Guide on the Project work:

The Student has produced a good Assessment of case study of Sewage
treatment plant in Beur STP.

Dr.B.K sahay, MIE

(M130915-8)

Project Guide

70
 K.Abbreviations:

There are some short forms of some word used in project work,
abbreviations of these word are hereunder:

AMIE – Associate Member of Institution of Engineers

MIE –Member of Institution of Engineers

STP - Sewage Treatment Plant

BRJP - Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad

AMRUT - Atal Mission for Rejuvenation & Urban Transformation

GoI - Government of India

GoB - Government of Bihar

UD&HD - Urban development and Housing Department

BUIDCO - Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd.

AT - Aeration Tank

PCT - Primary Clarifier Tank

SCT - Secondary Clarifier Tank

SDB - Sludge Drying Bed

71
L.References:

A Book of Environmental Engineering (Vol-II) by S.K.

Garg. BRJP’s Handbook of STP.

IS 3025 (PART 10,15,16,21,22,51)

Civil Engineering –R. S. Khurmi
Some other online sources

72