MECHANICAL

HVAC  Evaporative: used in centralized systems

 Air Conditioning
o Simultaneous control of the temperature, humidity, motion &
purity of the air in a confined space
o 80% of the population should find the conditions ideal
o COMPRESSOR
 Refrigerant
 Pump-like eqpt that drives refrigerant from evaporator to
o A substance that produces refrigerating effect while
condenser and back
expanding or vaporizing as it circulates as a gas or liquid
 Types of compressors
through a closed vapor-compression refrigeration system
 Piston-type / Reciprocating: up to 100 tonner
o Common refrigerants
 Centrifugal – quieter, needs less maintenance
 HCFC
 HFC  Screw-type – two screws to compress refrigerant
o Obsolete refrigerants o EXPANSION VALVE
 Freon 12 / 11  Controls flow and pressure of liquid refrigerant
 CFC 12  Refrigeration Cycle
 Functions of Air conditioning o COMPRESSOR > subjects refrigerant to high pressure
o Cooling / dehumidifying  Vaporizes refrigerant
o Heating / humidifying  Raises refrigerant’s boiling point and temperature
o CONDENSER COILS > cools refrigerant vapor, condensing
o Air filtration / cleaning
it into a liquid state
o Circulation of air
 Same high pressure
 Air conditioning standards
 Cooled using water or air
o Cooling & dehumidifying
o EVAPORATOR > refrigerant is vaporized (evaporated), air is
 20 – 24 deg C
cooled
 50% relative humidity
 Pressure is relieved by the negative pressure of
o Heating & humidifying
compressor
o Air Motion  Cool air can be distributed
 Air velocity = 15 – 25 fpm  Refrigerant is sucked back into compressor, etc
 Measured 36” above floor
o Air Supply
 5 – 7.5 cu.ft./min/person (rooms where smoking is not
allowed)
 25 – 40 cu.ft./min/person (rooms where smoking is
permitted)
 Methods of Cooling and Dehumidifying
o Passing air through a spray of cold water
 E.g. portacool
o Evaporative
 Passing air through coils containing cold water
o Direct Expansion
 Passing air through coils containing refrigerant itself (DX
coils)
o Centralized
 Passing air through a combination of sprays and coils
 Units of Cooling capacity
o Tonner
 Ton of refrigeration
 1 tonner = 12000 BTU/hr
 1 BTU = 1055 J
o Horsepower
 Unit of power
 Including pressure exerted by the atmosphere
 Components of Air Conditioning systems
o EVAPORATOR
 Tubes filled with refrigerant that absorbs heat from air or
liquid and moves it outside the refrigerated area using a
refrigerant
 Types of Evaporators
 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
 Direct Expansion Coils
o CONDENSER
 Network of tubes that discharges unwanted heat from the
refrigerant to a medium that absorbs the heat
 Types of Condensers
 Air-cooled: unit and packaged-type ACs (exterior
side)

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MECHANICAL
AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEMS

 Direct Expansion
o Refrigeration eqpt having two or more components, one  Types According to Condenser
positioned inside and the other outside - Water-cooled: uses cool water to produce Chilled
o Individual AC water
 ‘WAC’ - Air-cooled: uses outside air to produce chilled
 Disadvantages water
 High level of noise, vibration (use: neoprene vibration  Absorption Chiller: uses to fluids – refrigerant and
isolator) absorbent
 Air distribution limited by location  Cool Thermal Storage System
 2.13m WAC clearance from FFL o Produces and stores chilled water or generates a phase
 2.10 drain pipe clearance change in water
 ¾” min. diameter o Stores the ice during low cooling demand periods for use
o Packaged Terminal AC System during peak cooling load periods
 Self-contained air-cooled DX cooling unit
 With integral compressor, condenser, evaporator
o Split-Type AC System
 FCU:: Evaporator
 ACCU:: Condenser, Compressor, Expansion Valve
 FCU & ACCU connected by 2 copper pipes/ tubing
 Small dia.: liquid line; carries high pressure
refrigerant from condenser to expansion valve
 Large dia.: insulated gas line; carries low pressure
from evaporator to compressor
 1HP:: 15’ line
 FCU Types
 Operation: Conventional, Inverter
 Mounting
- Floor
- Wall
- Ceiling Suspended
- Ceiling Cassette
- Ceiling Concealed
o Multi-Split Type AC System
 Large CCU (central condensing unit) with compressor,
condenser, expansion valve connected to several
evaporators (FCU)
 Variable FCU mounting options
 Variable FCU capacity
 Central Chilled Water System
o Consists of a central chiller to cool water
o CHW is used by AHU or FCU to cool air
o N + 1 PRINCIPLE: always provide backup system
o Common Components
 AHU
 Preassembled or site-built eqt containing COILS,
filters, dampers, and fans used to condition and
circulate air
 Cooling Tower
 Expels heat from CHWS when water is cooled by
directly or indirectly contacting the atmosphere
 Chiller
 Cooling eqpt that produces chilled water used to
remove heat from the building
 Vapor Compression Chiller
- Common type of Chiller
- Centrifugal Chiller: compressor that acts like a
centrifugal fan
- Screw: positive displacement device, refrigerant
chamber is actively compressed to a smaller
volume
- Scroll: twisting of the scroll compresses the
refrigerant
- Reciprocating: piston action compresses refrigerant

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MECHANICAL
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM  Polyolefin (foam type) with PE film or aluminum
cladding
 CAV Constant Air Volume
o Steady airflow into spaces of building
o Varying temperature of air to meet cooling or heating
demands  CONTROL COMPONENTS
o Constant Volume Variable Temperature o Volume Control Damper
o VRV / VRF  Varies volume of air passing through an air outlet or inlet
 VAV Variable Air Volume  Single blade
o Holds supply air to constant temperature  Multi-blade: opposed / parallel
o Controls temperature by varying the quantity of supply air  Manual Damper
o Variable Volume Constant Temperature  Automatic Damper: motorized or self-acting, responding
o Can be Variable Volume Variable Temperature to changes in conditions (pressure / temperature) or
o Used in multi-split, centralized systems remotely controlled by a computer system
 DISTRIBUTION COMPONENTS  Backdraft Dampers: allows airflow in one direction
o DUCTS only
 Conveys and transfers air in the HVAC system  Smoke dampers
 Round, oval, or rectangular section  Fire dampers
 Aspect ratio: 3:1, 4:1 (ideal); max. 5:1  Combination smoke and fire dampers
 Duct Designation o Fans
 SAD Supply Air Ducts  Mech. Device that uses rotating blades / vanes to
- insulated continuously move air
 RAD Return Air Ducts  Axial: intake / propulsion in same axial direction
- insulated / non-insulated  Propeller: move high air colume against low or no
 FAD Fresh air ducts static pressure
- non-insulated  Tube axial: fans encasing propeller in a duct section
- aka Outdoor Air Ducts  VAned axial: using straightening fins to convert
 EAD Exhaust air ducts circular twisting air to get fan moving; little change in
- insulated / non-insulated airflow
- aka Relief Air Ducts  Centrifugal ‘squirrel cage’: 90 deg turn as it passes from
 MAD Mixed Air Ducts inlet to outlet
- mixes air from the outdoor air and return air  Exhaust fan
ductworks  Air Curtain
 Material o Motors
 Rigid Aluminum sheet  ‘drive’ – electric motors
- Ga 23-26  VFD / VFI / VSD: adjust rotational speed of electric
 Rigid Steel sheet motor so that it corresponds to cooling reqts
- Ga 26-30  Sensing Devices
- Fresh air, Exhaust  Humidifier
 Rigid uPVC, PP or ABS  Dehumidifier
- Exhaust  Humidistat / Hygrostat
 Fiberglass composite  Thermostat
- Fiberglass with aluminum facing  Pressure Regulators
 Fabric Duct  Actuating or Operating Devices
- Polyester material  Dampers (louvers)
- Sack ducts  Control Valves: variable orifices controlled by a
- Supply, Return, Exhaust, Fresh, Mixed thermostat
 Flexible Ducts  Relays: amplify / convert controllers so that force will
- Fiberglass with aluminium film be sufficient and adaptable to operate a valve or
- Usually used to connect rigid ducts with terminals damper
 Insulation: fiberglass, PS, PE  AIR CLEANING COMPONENTS
o Air Outlets o Filters
 Mounted on walls / ceilings  Dry Filters: wire frames w/ felt, cotton, or sponge
 Vaned  Viscous Filters: metal deflecting plates / screens with
 Round viscous oil
 Square  Water sprays
 Linear  Eliminator plates: corrugated GI sheets, 1-1/8” OC,
 Grille deflecting air flow 30deg. To catch wet dust on the
o CHWS / CHWR; COWS / COWR surfaces
 Aluminum cladding  Mechanical filters: fibrous medium (animal hair, glass,
 Location: R S vegetable or synthetic fibers)
 Red oxide coating  Panel (Flat) Filter
 Injected PU with aluminum cladding / Preformed PU  High efficiency particulate arresting filters: removes
with Aluminum film of particles
 PS with aluminum film  Sound attenuating filters
 COOLING / HEATING COMPONENTS

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MECHANICAL
o Cooling & dehumidifying Equipment  Ammonia: discharge may be into a water tank used for no
 Water sprays other purpose
 Cooling coils  1 gallon water: 0.4536kg ammonia
o Heating and humidifying  Clearance: ref. pipe crossing any passageway 2.3m AFFL
 Tempering coils: contains steam, used to heat the air  Refrigerating system > 9kg: stop valves installed in I/O
 Water heaters: hot water to be used in spray chamber of compressors, O of liquid receivers / liquid and suction
branch header
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

 NBC Provisions for HVAC

o Definitions
 WAC to be provided with drain pipe/plastic tubing for
 Capacity of Works, Project or Plant discharging condensate water into a suitable container
 Total horsepower of all engines, motors, turbines or  WAC @ G/F: 2.10m above ground
other prime movers installed whether in operation or  Above first floor: 2.10m AFFL if along
not corridors/hallways
 Enclosed  WAC to be provided with exhaust ducts if the exhaust
 Physical contact between moving parts and human ducts if the exhaust is discharged to public ways/areas
body precluded/prevented o Piping
 Does not prohibit the use of operable/removable  Run: As much as possible pipes should be installed
sections to permit inspection or maintenance parallel to building walls
 External Inspection  Grouped piping to be supported on racks
 Inspection made on boiler during operation  Maintenance: Racked piping to be provided with
 Guarded sufficient space for pipe or chain wrenches
 Shielded, fenced by railing, guards etc  Support:
 Internal Inspection  >/= 100mm dia.: flanged
 Inspection made while a boiler is shut down  Smaller diameters may be screwed
 Liquid Receiver  Piping subject to varying temperatures to be provided
 Vessel permanently connected to a system for storage with expansion joints
of a liquid refrigerant  Steam, HW pipes shall not be embedded in concrete
 Machine walls / floors
 Driven unit of an equipment  Such pipes shall be properly insulated (prevent
 Machine House accidental scalding, minimize heat loss)
 Enclosure for housing the hoisting mechanism, power  Galvanized piping shall not be used for steam
plant  Color Coding of Pipes (Old Building Code)
 Point of Operation  Water
 Part of a machine which perfroms an operation - Fresh water, low/high pressure
 Place / location where stock or material is fed to the - Salt water
machine  Oil
 Prime Mover - Delivery (brass / bronze)
 Engine or motor whose main function is to drive or - Discharge
operate other mechanical equipment  Steam
 Unfired Pressure Vessel - High pressure (white)
 A vessel in which pressure is obtained externally or - Exhaust systems (buff)
indirectly  Pneumatic
o Refrigeration and Air-conditioning  Gas
 Conditions: temperature & humidity for comfortable  Fuel Oil
cooling  Refrigerating (pipes & fittings)
 20-24deg. C  Color Coding of Pipes (New Building Code)
 Air movement: 4.57-7.60 MPM in the living zone  ORANGE
 Disposal: water from evaporators, condensers etc - Acetylene
collected into a suitable water / drainage system - Oil
 Ducts to be constructed entirely of non-combustible - Gasoline
materials - Grease
 Inside of ducts: only fire retardant lining - Hydrogen
 Access doors at all dampers, thermostats, apparatus - Oxygen
requiring service and inspection in the duct system - Oil & Water
 Firestop: where ducts pass through walls, floors or - LP Gas
partitions, space around it shall be sealed with fire - High Vacuum
resistant material equivalent to that of the partition - Tar
 Firewalls: penetrations through firewalls shall be - Producer Gas
equipped with automatic fire dampers on both sides - BF Gas (Blast Furnace)
 Fire doors/dampers: arranged to close automatically  YELLOW
 Fusible link / other approved heat actuated device - Acid
 Labels: legible metal sign; manufacturer/installer, kind, - HP Air
total capacity of refrigerant (in kgs), field test pressure - Ammonia
 Refrigerating plants > 45kg: use of masks and helmets - HP/LP Steam
 Max. refrigerant volume in a machine room: 140 kg - Hot Water
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MECHANICAL
- Boiler feed water
- HP water
 RED
- Fire service water
- Carbon dioxide

AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM


GREEN
- LP Air
- LP Argon
- LP nitrogen
- Cold water
- Distilled water
- Treated water
- Oil and water
o SYMBOLS