AE 332
HVAC Systems
Dr. Khaled AlQudah
Spring 2022
Chapter 1
Introduction
HVAC
•H:Heating
•V: Ventilation
•AC: Air Conditioning
Text book
Introduction
The air conditioning is that branch of engineering science
which deals with the study of conditioning of air like
supplying and maintaining desirable internal atmospheric
conditions for human comfort, irrespective of external
conditions .
This subject, in its broad sense, also deals with the
conditioning of air for industrial purposes , food
processing , storage of food and other materials
Factors Affecting Comfort Air Conditioning
1- Temperature of air: In air conditioning, the control of
temperature means the maintenance of any desired
temperature within an enclosed space even though the
temperature of the outside air is above or below the desired
room temperature .
This is accomplished either by addition or removal of heat
from the enclosed space .
The human being feels comfortable when the air
temperature is at 21-23 °C with 40-60 % relative humidity.
Factors Affecting Comfort Air Conditioning
2- Humidity of air: The control of air humidity means the decreasing
or increasing the moisture contents of air during summer or winter in
order to produce comfortable and healthy conditions . The control of
humidity not only necessary for human comfort but it is also
increases the efficiency of the workers.
Comfortable range between 40-60%
Factors Affecting Comfort Air Conditioning
3- Purity of air: It is an important factor. It has been noticed hat
people do not feel comfortable when breathing contaminated air
even if it is within acceptable temperature and humidity ranges.
• Proper filtration, cleaning and purification of air is essential to keep
it free from dust, smoke and other impurities.
4- Motion of air: The motion or circulating of air is another important
factor which should be controlled. It is, therefore, necessary that
there should be equi-distribution and velocity or volume flow rate of
air through out the space to be air conditioned.
Air condoning systems and equipment
• The main equipment or parts used conditioning systems:
1-Circulation Fan: The main function of the fan is to move air to and
from the room
2-Air conditioning unit: It is a unit which consists of cooling and
dehumidifying for summer AC or heating and humidification processes
for winter AC
3-Supply Duct: It directs the conditioned air from the circulating fan to
the space to be air conditioned
4- Supply outlets: These are Grills which distribute the conditioned air
evenly in the room
Air condoning systems and equipment
5- Return outlets: These are the openings in a room surface which
allow the room air to enter the return duct.
6- Filters : The main function of the filters is to remove the dust, dirt,
smoke and other harmful bacteria from the air.
Classification of Air Conditioning Systems
1- According to the purpose
a- Comfort air condition systems
b – Industrial air condition systems
2- According to season of the year
a- Winter air condition systems
b- Summer air condition systems
c – Year- round air condition systems
Classification of Air Conditioning Systems
3- According to the arrangement of the equipment
a- Unitary air condition systems
b- Central air condition systems
Summer Air conditioning System
Winter Air conditioning System
Schematic and T-s diagram for the ideal vapor
compression refrigeration cycle
Schematic and T-s diagram for the actual vapor
compression refrigeration cycle
Ammonia
absorption
refrigeration
cycle
The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat
(QL) from the cold medium.
The objective of a heat pump is to supply heat
(QH) to a warm medium.
AIR CONDITIONING
Improved human comfort: healthier, more productive lives
Goods can be produced better, faster and more economically
Earlier, was limited to cooling / improving indoor environment
during warm months
Now it refers to controlling temperature, moisture content,
cleanliness, air quality and air circulation as required by occupants,
a process or a product in the space
ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Incorporated
ASHRAE Handbook:
Fundamentals
Refrigeration
HVAC Systems and Equipment
HVAC Applications
ENERGY vs POWER
Rate at which energy is produced or consumed.
The electrical power (kW) required by and HVAC system or component
depends on size (capacity or load or demand).
Energy (kW-hr) used by an HVAC system depends on:
size,
fraction of capacity or load at which it is operating and
the amount of time that it runs.
Cost of running HVAC systems is often the largest part of the utility bills for
a building.
HEATING
Transfer of energy to a space or to the air in a space by temperature
difference between the source and the space or air
To bring a space up to a higher temperature than previously existed, or
To replace energy being lost to colder surroundings by a space
Achieved by:
Direct radiation, or
Free convection, or
Direct heating of forced circulated air, or
Transfer of electricity/heated water to the vicinity of the space to heat the
circulated air
The flow of energy in space heating
Method of space heating
Transfer and diffuse warm air into space, mixing with cooler air
Equal amount of mixed air removed from space helping carry away some
pollutants
Some of it exhausted, some mixed with outside air, brought back to
heating device
Air provides both energy and ventilation: all-air system
Coil placement:
in ductwork, or
in conditioned space or
in air handler kept in central mechanical room
Sensible heat transfer: Heat transfer resulting in a rise in air temperature
Rate of sensible heat transfer:
Q
q s m c p (te ti ) c p (te ti )
v
Specific volume and volume flow rate are specified at the inlet conditions
Specific heat of air is assumed to be an average value
HUMIDIFYING
Humidification: transfer of water vapor to atmospheric air
Is accompanied by heat transfer
Concentration of water in the air-water vapor mixture increases
Accomplished by:
Adding water vapor to the circulating air stream, or
Spraying fine droplets of water that evaporate into the circulating
air stream
Latent heat transfer:
Heat transfer not resulting in a rise in air temperature
Rate of latent heat transfer:
ql h fg m w
h fg : Enthalpy of vaporization J/kg
m w :Rate at which water is vaporized kg/s
COOLING
Transfer of energy from a space or air supplied to a space to make
up for the energy being gained by the space
Accomplished by:
Circulating air over a surface maintained at a low temperature
Water/volatile refrigerant is the cooling medium
Usually signifies sensible heat transfer
The flow of energy in space cooling
Air handler of the draw-through type with cooling and heating coils in series
A blow-through air handler A draw-through air handler
Air handler of the blow-through type with cooling and heating coils in parallel
DEHUMIDIFYING
Dehumidification: transfer of water vapor from atmospheric air
Concentration of water in the air-water vapor mixture decreases
Latent cooling: energy involved in moisture removal only
Accomplished by:
Circulating air over a surface maintained at a sufficiently low
temperature to cause condensation of water vapor, or
Spraying cold water into the air stream
CLEANING
Cleaning of air by filtering:
Solid particles captured in a porous medium
Electrostatic cleaners to remover very small particles
Water sprays may also be used
Removing contaminant gases from air
By absorption or physical adsorption
AIR MOTION
Should be strong enough to create uniform comfort conditions in
the space but should be gentle enough to be unnoticed
Achieved by:
Proper placement of air inlets to the space
By using air-distributing devices
SEASONAL OPERATION
Winter: cooling and dehumidifying sections are inactive
Summers: heating and humidifying sections are inactive
In large commercial installations all functions may be under control
throughout the year
Cleaning of air and air circulation are used continuously except
when the space is not occupied
CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Most of the time, HVAC systems operate at part load conditions
The loads vary with time, so controls are required to modulate the output
Controls: pneumatic, electric, electronic or self-contained (no external
power required)
Some HVAC systems have combination systems
DDC: direct digital control
CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Better control results in:
Additional monitoring capability
Energy management systems (EMS)
Building automation systems (BAS)
Better determination of unsafe operating conditions
Better control of the spread of contamination or fire
Minimized human intervention in system operation results in reduced
possibility of human error
