2022 Year 6 H3 9820 Test 2 Time allocated: 1 hour 50 minutes Total Marks: 60
Instructions: Write your name and CT group on all the work you hand in. Answer all questions.
1 (a) Expand and simplify ( a − b ) ( a n + a n −1b + a n −2b2 + ... + ab n −1 + b n ) . [2]
(b) The prime number 3 has the property that it is one less than a perfect square. Determine all prime numbers with this property, justifying your answer. [2]
(c) Find all prime numbers that are one more than a perfect cube, justifying your answer. [3]
(d) Is 32021 − 22021 a prime number? Explain your reasoning carefully. [2]
(e) Is there a positive integer k for which k 3 + 2k 2 + 2k + 1 is a perfect cube? Explain
your reasoning carefully. [3]
2 (a) Suppose that a, b and c are positive real numbers such that the polynomial f ( x) = x3 − 3ax 2 + 3bx − c has three positive real roots , and .
(i) Express a, b and c in terms of , and . [3]
(ii) Show that b 3c. [2]
(iii) Use the graph of y = f ( x) to explain why the polynomial f '( x) has 2 positive roots. [2]
(iv) Hence by considering f '( x) , show that a b . [2]
(b) Let A, B and C be the angles of a triangle.
A B B C C A (i) Show that tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1 . [3] 2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) Hence, using the results established in (a) and (b)(i), show that A B C A B C 3 tan + tan + tan 3 and tan tan tan . [3] 2 2 2 2 2 2 9
RI 2022 3 A sequence x1 , x2 ,... of real numbers is defined by xn+1 = xn 2 − 2 for n 1 and x1 = a . (a) Show that if a 2 then xn 2 + 4n −1 ( a − 2 ) . [5]
(b) Show also that xn → as n → if and only if a 2 . [5]
4 Throughout this question, no marks will be awarded for any use of the exponential or the logarithmic function.
x 1 For positive real numbers x, define F( x) = dt . 1 t
(a) Show that F is a strictly increasing function. [1]
(b) Show in any order, that for all positive real numbers a, b ,
(i) F(ab) = F(a) + F(b) ,
a (ii) F = F(a) − F(b) . b [4]
(c) If there exists a real number L such that lim F( x) = L , state lim F(2 x) . Hence x → x →
deduce that lim F( x) = + . [3]
x →
1 (d) Show that F = − F( x) for all positive real numbers x and hence find lim+ F( x) , x x →0
explaining your reasoning clearly. [2]
(e) Show also that F(2) 1 F(3) . [3]
5 Let S = 1, 2,3,..., 2n − 1 . Remove at least n − 1 numbers from S using the following rules:
• If the number s S is removed and 2s S , then 2s must be removed,
• If the numbers s, t S are removed and s + t S , then s + t must be removed.
After all the possible numbers are removed from S, let T denote the sum of the remaining numbers.
(a) Find the smallest possible value of T. [3]
(b) Find the largest possible value of T. [7]
[END OF TEST]
RI 2022 1 ( a − b ) ( a n + a n−1b + a n−2b2 + ... + abn−1 + bn ) (a) [2] = a n +1 − a nb + a nb − a n −1b 2 + a n −1b 2 − ... − ab n + ab n − b n +1 = a n +1 − b n +1 (b) Since (n + 1)(n − 1) = n2 − 1 = p , we must have n − 1 = 1 since n − 1 n + 1 . This means that [2] n = 2 and the only prime with this property is 22 − 1 = 3 . (c) We want n3 + 1 = (n + 1)(n2 − n + 1) = p and therefore n + 1 = 1 or n2 − n + 1 = 1 . In the first [3] case we must have n = 0 which doesn’t lead to a prime, and in the second we have either n = 0 or n = 1. For n = 1 we get 13 + 1 = 2 , a prime as desired. (d) We have 32021 − 22021 = ( 343 ) − ( 243 ) 47 47
( = ( 343 − 243 ) ( 343 ) + ( 343 ) 46 45 ( 2 ) + ... + (3 )( 2 ) + ( 2 ) 43 43 43 45 43 46 ) and since each term is greater than 1, 32021 − 22021 is not a prime number. (e) Note that for positive k, k 3 k 3 + 2k 2 + 2k + 1 k 3 + 3k 2 + 3k + 1 and since the expression lies between 2 consecutive cubes, it cannot be a perfect cube.
2 f ( x) = ( x − )( x − )( x − ) = x3 − 3ax 2 + 3bx − c (a) Compare the coefficients of (i) + + [3] x2 : + + = 3a a = 3 + + x: + + = 3b b = 3 constant term: c = (a) Since , and are positive, , and are positive. (ii) By AM-GM inequality, [2] + + 3 b= ( )2 = 3 c 2 3 Since b and c are positive real numbers, b 3 c . (a) The possible cases for the graph of polynomial f ( x) are (iii) (i) y (ii) [2] y
x x
(iii) (iv) y y
x x
RI 2022 Since the polynomial f ( x) has 3 roots, the polynomial f '( x) which is quadratic, has 2 roots. In addition, the roots of the polynomial f '( x) are the x-coordinates of the stationary points of the polynomial f ( x) . As the stationary points occur between the roots ( , and ) of the polynomial f ( x) (as seen in (i)) or are one of the roots themselves (as seen in (ii), (iii) and (iv)) and since these roots , and are positive, the roots of the polynomial f '( x) which are the x-coordinates of the stationary points of the polynomial f ( x) are positive. Hence the polynomial f '( x) has 2 positive roots.
(a) f '( x) = 3x2 − 6ax + 3b
(iv) Let the roots of polynomial f '( x) be p and q. [2] Then p + q = 2a and pq = b . Since p and q are positive, by AM-GM inequality, p+q a= pq = b . 2
Alternative f '( x) = 3x2 − 6ax + 3b = 3( x 2 − 2ax + b) Since the roots of polynomial f '( x) are real, Discriminant = 4a 2 − 4b 0 a b .
(b) Since A, B and C be the angles of a triangle,
(i) A+ B + C = A+ B + C = 2 2 A B C tan + = tan − 2 2 2 2 A B tan + tan 2 2 = cot C A B 2 1 − tan tan 2 2 A C B C A B tan tan + tan tan = 1 − tan tan 2 2 2 2 2 2 A B B C C A tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C Let = tan , = tan and = tan . 2 2 2 (b) A B C (ii) As A, B and C be the angles of a triangle, , and are acute angles and hence 2 2 2 A B C = tan , = tan and = tan are positive. 2 2 2
RI 2022 a b + + + + 3 3 From (a)(iv), A B C A B B C C A tan + tan + tan tan tan + tan tan + tan tan 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 1 3 3 3 A B C tan + tan + tan 3 2 2 2
From (a)(ii), b3c
+ + 3 3 A B B C C A tan tan + tan tan + tan tan 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 tan A tan B tan C 3 2 2 2 1 A B C 3 tan tan tan 3 2 2 2 3 A B C 1 3 tan tan tan = 2 2 2 3 9
3 Let Pn be the statement xn 2 + 4n −1 ( a − 2 ) for a 2 .
(a) Base case P1 : When n = 1, 2 + 4n −1 ( a − 2 ) = 2 + a − 2 = a = x1 . So P1 is true.
WTS Pk is true Pk +1 is true.
Suppose xk 2 + 4k −1 ( a − 2 ) for some k + (and xk 0 as a 2 ) Then xk +1 = xk 2 − 2 2 + 4k −1 ( a − 2 ) − 2 2
= 4 + 2 2 4k −1 ( a − 2 ) + 42 k − 2 ( a − 2 ) − 2 2
= 2 + 4k ( a − 2 ) + 42 k − 2 ( a − 2 ) 2
2 + 4k ( a − 2 ) Hence Pk +1 is true. Thus by induction xn 2 + 4n −1 ( a − 2 ) for positive integer n.
RI 2022 (b) If xk 2 , then 0 xk 4 , so −2 xk − 2 2 , that is −2 xk +1 2 . 2 2
If a 2 , x1 2 and thus by induction −2 xn 2 , that is xn →
For the case where a 2 :
Regardless of whether a is positive or negative, a 2 − 2 = a − 2 , hence it suffices to 2
consider a 2 for the behavior of all terms after x1 .
Therefore, from part (i), we know xn 2 + 4n −1 ( a − 2 ) for n 2 , and thus xn → as
n → ; Hence we have shown xn → as n → if and only if a 2 .
4 By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
(a) 1 [1] F( x) = 0 x
1 Alternatively, if a b , since 0 for positive t, then t
b 1 F(b) − F(a) = dt 0 F(b) F(a) and thus F is strictly increasing. a t
(b) We want to show
[4] ab 1 a 1 b 1 dt = dt + dt. 1 t 1 t 1 t Note that
ab a ab 1 1 1 dt = dt + dt 1 t 1 t a t Using the substitution t = au
ab b b 1 1 1 dt = a du = du a t 1 au 1 u
and hence
t dt . ab a b 1 1 1 dt = dt + 1 t 1 t 1 Likewise, a a
a 1 1 1 dt = dt + b b dt 1 t 1 a t t a Using the substitution t = w a w a b b 1 1 dt = − 2 dw = − b dw a t 1 a w 1 w And hence a
a b 1 1 1 dt = dt − b dt 1 t 1 t 1 t
RI 2022 a 1 Alternatively, to show F = F(a) − F(b) , it suffices to show F = − F( x) . This is b x 1
x 1 x 1 1 equivalent to dt = − dt . Here we use the substitution t = . Then 1 t 1 t v 1 1
x 1 v v 1 dt = v − 2 dv = − dv and we are done. 1 t 1 v 1 v
Therefore a 1 F = F(a) + F = F( a) − F ( b ) . b b
(c) lim F(2 x) = L
x →
Then this means lim ( F(2) + F( x) ) = L F (2) + L = L F (2) = 0 which is a
x →
2 1 contradiction since dt 0 . Hence lim F( x) = + as F is strictly increasing. 1 t x →
1 (d) 1 1 Since F(1) = dt = 0 , F = F(1) − F( x) = − F( x) . 1 t x 1 Therefore we have lim+ F( x) = − lim+ F = − lim F ( x ) = − . x →0 x →0 x x →
(e) 1 Consider the area under the graph of y = between x = 1 and x = 2. Since the curve is x convex, this area F(2), is less than the area of the rectangle shown, which has area 1. F(3) would then be less than the area of the trapezium shown, which is 1, since the base is 2 and the midline has height 12 .
O 1 2 3 x
RI 2022 5 Remove 1 from S . Then 2 is removed. (by rule (I)) (a) 1 + 2 = 3, 1 + 3 = 4, ..., 1 + (2n − 2) = 2n − 1 are removed. (by rule (II)) [3] Since no remaining number in S , the smallest sum = 0 .
(b) Let R be the sum of the removed numbers. The problem is equivalent to finding the [7] minimum value of R . Let r1 r2 r3 ... rp [1,2n − 1] be the removed numbers. By assumption, p n − 1 To avoid situation in part (a), r1 1 , then r1 + rp 2n , otherwise r1 + rp 2n − 1 should be removed by rule (II), then rp r1 + rp . This contradicts the assumption that rp is the greatest removed number as above. Next r1 + rp −1 rp , otherwise r1 + rp −1 should be removed by rule (II) which implies that rp −1 r1 + rp −1 rp and it is impossible. Thus r1 + rp −1 rp . Since r2 + rp −1 r1 + rp −1 rp , this implies that r2 + rp −1 2n , otherwise r2 + rp −1 should be removed, but it is greater than rp which contradicts the assumption that rp is the greatest removed number as above. p +1 Using same argument as above, we deduce that ri + rp +1−i 2n , for all 1 i . It 2 follows that 2 R = (r1 + rp ) + (r2 + rp −1 ) + ... + (rp + r1 ) p.2n (n − 1).2n or p R = ri n(n − 1) . i =1 p +1 The equality occurs if and only ri + rp +1−i = 2n for all 1 i . 2 Using the above condition of r2 + rp −1 = 2n , 2n = r2 + rp −1 r1 + rp −1 rp . This implies that r1 + rp −1 = rp since rp is the greatest removed number. rp = 2r1 + rp − 2 = ... = pr1 which implies 2n = r1 + rp = (1 + p)r1 nr1 since p n − 1 (assumption as above). Hence r1 2 . Combining r1 1 and r1 2 obtains r1 = 2 and p = n − 1 . By rule (II), ri = 2i for 1 i n −1 In conclusion, the removed numbers must be 2, 4, …, 2n − 2 and the maximal sum of the remaining numbers is 1 + 3 + ... + 2n − 1 = n2 .
