ABSTRACT

The present work is aimed at investigating the Phytochemical constituents,

antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of the selected plant. The presence of
the curcuminoids in the extract was characterised by thin layer chromatography.
Phyto chemical screening revealed that the extract of the leaves of Curcuma longa
contains alkaloids, carbohydrates etc., which are essential to exhibit the different
biological activities. The antibacterial activity was studied by cup plate method
using various organisms like Gram negative organism (E.coli), Gram positive
organism(S. aureus) by taking Ciprofloxacin as standard drug. Anti-inflammatory
activity was studied by albumin denaturation method and Diclofenac as standard
drug. The extract had shown inhibition against E.coli and S. aureus. on the basis of
results obtained, the present study concludes that turmeric is rich in phytochemical
constituents exhibiting antibacterial property and anti - inflammatory activity.

Key words: Antibacterial activity, zone of inhibition, turmeric, phytochemical

screening, anti inflammmatory activity.

1
 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL PLANTS:

Medicinal plants are also called as medicinal herbs, have been discovered
and used in traditional medicinal practices since pre historic times. The term
medicinal plant includes various types of plants used in herbalism (“herbology” or
“herbal medicine”). It is the use of plants for medicinal purposes, and the study of
such uses. The word “herb” has been derived from the Latin word “Herba” and an
old French word “Herbe”. Plants synthesise hundreds of chemical compounds for
functions including defence against insects, fungi, other diseases and herbivorous
mammals. Numerous phytochemicals with potential or established biological
activity have been identified.

The historical records of herbs are found from the Sumerian civilization,
where hundreds of medicinal plants including opium are listed on clay tablets. The
Ebers papyrus from ancient Egypt, c. 1550 BC, describes over 1850 plant
medicines. The Greek physician Diascorides, who worked in the roman army,
documented over 1000 recipes for medicines using over 1600 medicinal plants in
De material medica, c.60 AD: this formed the basis of pharmacopeia for some 1500
years2. Drug research makes use of ethno botany to search for pharmacologically
active substances in nature, and has in this way discovered hundreds of useful
compounds. The compounds found in plants are of many kinds, but most are in four
major biochemical classes; alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols and terpenes.

Ancient manuscripts and Chinese writings described the use of herbs.

Evidence exist that Unani Hakims, Indian Vadhas and European and Mediterian
cultures were using herbs for over 4000 years as medicine. Indigenous cultures such
as Rome, Egypt, Iran, Africa and America used herbs in their healing rituals, while

2
other developed traditional medical systems such as Unani, Ayurveda and Chinese
Medicine in which herbal therapies were used systematically. Before the
introduction of chemical medicines, man relied on the healing properties of
medicinal plants. Some people value these plants

Due the ancient belief which says plants are created to supply man with
food, medicinal treatment, and other effects. It is thought that about 80./. of the 5.2
billion people of the world live in the less developed countries and the world health
organization.

Medicinal plants are not only a major resource base for the traditional
medicine and herbal industry but also provide livelihood and health security to a
large segment of Indian population. Plant is an important source of medicine and
plays a key role in world health4. Medicinal herbs or plants known to be an
important potential source of therapeutic and curative aids. The use of medicinal
plants has attained a commanding role in health system all over the world. This
involves the use of medicinal plants not only for the treatment of diseases but also
as potential material for maintaining good health conditions.

Some of the drugs believed to be obtain from plants are aspirin, atropine,
ephedrine, morphine, artemisinin, colchicine, digoxin, physostigmine, pilocarpine,
quinine, quinidine, reserpine, Taxol, tubocurarine, vincristine and vinblastine5. The
importance of medicinal plants cannot be taken lightly therefore, it will be
significance to examine the characteristics and roles of phytochemicals in some of
the medicinal plants commonly used.

Medicinal plants have provided mankind to a large variety of potent drugs

to alleviate or eradicate infections and suffering from diseases in spite of
advancement in synthetic drugs, some of the plant derived drugs still retained their
importance and relevance. Herbal medicines proved to be the major remedy in

3
traditional system of medicine. They have been used extensively in medical
practices since ancient times6.

The use of plants for treating diseases is as old as the human species. Popular
observations on the use and efficiency of medicinal plants significantly contribute
to the disclosure of their therapeutic properties, so that they are frequently
prescribed, even if their chemical constituents are not always completely known.

Traditional systems of medicine continue to be widely practiced on many

accounts. Population raise, inadequate supply of drugs, prohibitive cost of
treatments, side effects of several synthetic drugs and development of resistance to
currently used drugs for infectious diseases have led to increased emphasis on the
use of plant materials as a source of medicines for a wide variety of human
ailments7.

Among ancient civilizations, India has been known to be rich respiratory of

medicinal plants. The forest in India is the principal respiratory of large number of
medicinal and aromatic plants, which are largely collected as raw materials for
manufacturer of drugs and perfumery products. About 8000 herbal remedies have
been codified in AYUSH systems in INDIA. Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and folk
(tribal) medicines are the major systems of indigenous medicines. Among this
system, Ayurveda and Unani medicine are most developed and widely practised in
India8.

Recently, WHO (World health organization) estimated that 80% of people

worldwide rely on herbal medicines for some aspect of their primary health care
need9. According to WHO, around 21000 plant species have the potential for being
used as medicinal plants.

As per data available over three-quarters of the world population relies

mainly on plants and plant extracts for their health care needs. More than 30% of
the entire plant species, at one time or other was used for medicinal purposes. It has

4
been estimated, that in developing countries such as United States, plant drugs
constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries such
as India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. Thus, the economic
importance of medicinal plants is much more to countries such as India than to rest
of the world. These countries provide two third of the plant used in modern system
of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous
system of medicine.

The use of medicinal plants as source of relief from illness can be traced back
over 5 million years ago. The potential of higher plants as a source for new drugs is still
largely unexplained. Historically pharmacological screening of compounds of natural or
synthetic origin has been the source of antimicrobial agents. Plants are used medicinally
in different countries and are a source of many potent and powerful drugs.

Today millions of people in developing countries use herbal medicines

because they are locally available and are prescribed by traditional practitioners of
medicine who are part of their community10. The search for new pharmacologically active
agents for screening natural sources such as microbial fermentation and plant extracts has
lead to the discovery of many clinically useful drugs that plays a major role in treatment
of human diseases11.

Plants used in traditional medicine have the potential to provide

pharmacologically active natural products which can be used to treat various ailments.
This could be achieved by taking advantages of information available from traditional
medicine or ethno botanical knowledge12. Herbs are a nature’s gift to mankind and herbal
resistance is blooming across the world. Medicinal herbs contain substances known to
modern and ancient civilization for their healing properties. They have been important to
mankind, both socially and economically, for thousands of years. They contribute to be
important to people that to not have access to modern medicines and moreover zone
pharmaceuticals rely- heavily on the same active principles, be they natural or synthetic13.

5
Most of the modern medicines have originated from plant metabolites. Herbal medicines
have become popular in recent years because it is believed that those do not show much
side effect, adverse or toxic effects compared to synthetic medicines. Biological scientists
have played equally significant role in originating meaningful screening and testing
models and in overall evaluation of new agents.

Traditional systems of medicine continue to be widely practising the many accounts.

Population rise, inadequate supply of drugs, prohibitive cost of treatments, side effects of
several allopathic drugs and development of resistance to currently used drugs for
infectious diseases have led to increased emphasis on the use of plant material as a source
of medicine for a wide variety of human aliments. In many developing countries the use
of plant drugs is increasing because modern lives saving drugs were beyond the reach of
three quarters of the world’s population although many countries spend 40-50% of their
total wealth on drugs and health care14.

6
NATURAL ANTIBIOTICS

Fig no 1.1 Natural antibiotics

INTRODUCTION TO CURCUMA LONGA

Turmeric is a flowering plant , Curcuma longa of the ginger family ,Zingeberaceae,

. The plant is a perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous plant native to the Indian
subcontinent and Southeast Asia that requires temperatures between 20 and 30 °C
(68 and 86 °F) and high annual rainfall to thrive. Plants are gathered each year for
their rhizomes, some for propagation in the following season and some for
consumption.

The rhizomes are used fresh or boiled in water and dried, after which they are
ground into a deep orange-yellow powder commonly used as a coloring and
flavoring agent in many Asian cuisines, especially for curries, as well as for dyeing,
characteristics imparted by the principal turmeric constituent, curcumin.1

7
Curcumin, a bright yellow chemical produced by the turmeric plant, is approved as
a food additive by the World Health Organization, European Parliament, and
United States Food and Drug Administration. Turmeric powder has a warm,
bitter, black pepper-like flavour and earthy, mustard-like aroma.

Although long used in Ayurvedic medicine, where it is also known

as haridra, there is no high-quality clinical evidence that consuming turmeric or
curcumin is effective for treating any disease.

Turmeric has been put to use as a foodstuff ,cosmetic ,and medicine. Its is widely
used as a spice in south Asian and middle eastern cooking.it lends curry its
distinctive yellow colour and flavour .It is used as a colouring agent in cheese,
butter, and other foods.

Turmeric is known as the “golden spice “as well as the” spice of life”

Turmeric rhizome, powder and Inflorescence of curcuma longa

( Fig no:1.2 ) (Fig no : 1.3

8
 THERAPEUTIC USES:

 Anti inflammatory
 Anti tumour
 Anti oxidant
 Anti aging (Prevention of wrinkles, hyper pigmentation, and fine line.

 Curcuma longa, a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae), has rhizomes below
the ground. Curcuma longa has been used for thousands of years as a remedy in the
traditional Indian and folk medicine for the cure of a large variety of illnesses, such
as inflammation, infectious diseases, and gastric, hepatic, and blood
disorders. Curcumin is a major isolated polyphenol from the rhizome of turmeric
(Curcuma longa). It has a wide range of pharmacological effects such as
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, and hepatoprotective
activities.2

9
( Fig no : 1.4 ) Turmeric plant ( fig no :1.5 )

ANTI MICROBIAL INTRODUCTION FOR CURCUMA lONGA

Antimicrobial activity refers to the process of killing or inhibiting the disease

causing microbes. Various antimicrobial agents are used for this purpose.
Antimicrobial may be anti-bacterial, anti-fungal or antiviral. They all have different
modes of action by which they act to suppress the infection.

10
Turmeric extracts prepared in n-hexane, water, chloroform and ethanol were
applied to meals as preservatives and antibacterial agent. The samples were
assessed microbiologically (total bacterial, total fungal and total coliform counts)
and organoleptically (color, odor, taste) at day zero and after 15 days intervals.
Meals autoclaved for shorter time (5 min) and treated with combination of 1 % or
2 % turmeric extract preserved for longer period. These results were comparable
with samples autoclaved for longer period (15 min) with out turmeric extract. The
antibacterial activities of different turmeric extracts were also tested
against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Candida
albicans by disc diffusion method. Water extracted samples of turmeric stored at
room temperature inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella
typhi while aqueous extract autoclaved at 121 °C for 30 min reduced the growth
of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Methanol extracted samples stored
at room temperature or autoclaved at 121 °C was effective to control the growth of
all microbes under study. Chloroform and n-hexane extracts (stored at room
temperature) showed weak activity against all tested microbes.Antimicrobial
activity: For antibacterial agents, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values
for the most common Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens are tabulated
with members of the same drug group .Microbial resistance to classical antibiotics
and its rapid progression have raised serious concern in the treatment of infectious
diseases. Recently, many studies have been directed towards finding promising
solutions to overcome these problems.

Phytochemicals have exerted potential antibacterial activities against sensitive and

resistant pathogens via different mechanisms of action. In this review, we have
summarized the main antibiotic resistance mechanisms of bacteria and also
discussed how phytochemicals belonging to different chemical classes could
reverse the antibiotic resistance. Next to containing direct antimicrobial activities,
some of them have exerted in vitro synergistic effects when being combined with
conventional antibiotics. Considering these facts, it could be stated that
phytochemicals represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potent
antimicrobial activities.

11
ANTI INFLAMMATORY INTRODUCTION FOR CURCUMA LONGA

Curcuma longa is a natural compound with great potential for disease treatment. A
large number of studies have proved that curcumin has a variety of biological
activities, among which anti-inflammatory effect is a significant feature of it.
Inflammation is a complex and pervasive physiological and pathological process.
The physiological and pathological mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease,
psoriasis, atherosclerosis, COVID-19 and other research focus diseases are not clear
yet, and they are considered to be related to inflammation. The anti-inflammatory
effect of curcumin can effectively improve the symptoms of these diseases and is
expected to be a candidate drug for the treatment of related diseases. This paper
mainly reviews the anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin, the inflammatory
pathological mechanism of related diseases, the regulatory effect of curcumin on
these, and the latest research results on the improvement of curcumin
pharmacokinetics. It is beneficial to the further study of curcumin and provides new
ideas and insights for the development of curcumin anti-inflammatory
preparationscurcumin have attracted a lot of researchers’ interests and is considered
to be one of the natural compounds with the greatest potential in the treatment of
diseases. The anti-inflammatory mechanism and therapeutic effect of curcumin are
the research hotspots. This paper will review the current studies on the anti-
inflammatory mechanism of curcumin, curcumin in the treatment of inflammatory
bowel disease, arthritis and other diseases, and analyze the relevant studies on
improving pharmacokinetics, in order to provide suggestions for further research
and application of curcumin in the anti-inflammatory effect.

Effect of Curcumin on Depression

Depression is a serious psychological disorder with a global incidence of about 4%.

The pathophysiological mechanism of depression is not yet clear, but it is generally

12
believed to be closely related to inflammation, monoaminergic neurotransmitters,
neurotrophic factors and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It is well known
that psychological and social stress is an important inducement of depression.

13
 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Herbal medicine (HM) is the fulcrum of complementary and alternative medicine,

which in recent times is increasingly gaining widespread popularity all over the
world and gradually streaming toward integration into the mainstream healthcare
systems. The aims of the study were to examine the frequency and timing of
predefined medical complications in unselected acute stroke patients treated in an
acute comprehensive stroke unit and an early supported discharge service.(Bent et
al.,2008)

2. Each herbal drug can also have synergistic and antagonist effects in combination
with other herbs.different types of herbal drugs have different actions. And shows
pharmacological actions, the reducing ability of the endopytic . (Umashanker M et
al.,2011)

3. Piperine is the major active component of black pepper and, when combined in a
complex with curcumin, has been shown to increase bioavailability by 2000%
(Susan J. Hewlings et al., 2017)

4.
Curcumin: A Review of Its’ Effects on Human Health Cited by 1808 — Research
suggests that curcumin can help in the management of oxidative and inflammatory
conditions, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, anxiety, and ...usan J. Hewlings et
al.,2017).

5. The Ayurvedic concept appeared and developed between 2500 and 500 BC in India
and in seawater near equilibrium Experimentally determined aragonite dissolution
rate formulations. (Subhas et al. 2017).

6. Indian Traditional Ayurvedic System of Medicine and Nutritional

Supplementation Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine, remains the most

14
 ancient yet living traditions. Although India has been successful in promoting its
therapies with (M.M Pandey et al., 2013)

7. Curcuma longa has been used for thousands of years as a remedy in the traditional
Indian and folk medicine for the cure of a large variety of illnesses, such as
inflammation, infectious diseases, and gastric, hepatic, and blood disorders ( Bui
Thanh Tung et al.,2019).

15
 PLAN OF WORK

 1. Collection of Herbs

 2. Literature Review

 3. Experimental Work

 Extraction

Soxhlet Extraction (Methanol as a solvent)

 Identification and Characterization of extracted compounds

 Invitro Screening methods

- Anti- bacterial Activity

- Anti- inflammatory Activity

 4. Statistical Analysis

 5. Documentation

16
 AIM & OBJECTIVE

 The main Aim of the study is in-vitro pharmacological evaluation of Curcuma longa.

 The objectives of the study are

 To extract active compounds

 To isolate and characterize extract.

 In –vitro Pharmacological evaluation of the herbal extract

17
 MATERIALS AND METHODS

COLLECTION OF PLANT MATERIALS:

Based on the ethno medical information and literature survey , Rhizomes of

turmeric were collected from farm; they are cleaned and shade dried. Rhizomes
were dried and finely powdered.

CHEMICALS:

Methanol, agar, phosphate buffer, sodium chloride, Peptone, distilled water,

glycerine, beef extract, Silica gel, Egg albumin, Amino acids, conc sulphuric acid
,acetic anhydrate, lead acetate,ferric chloride.

TEST ORGANISM:
Bacterial isolates were used for the present work. The following strains were
procured from the Department of Microbiology, VijayaCollege of Pharmacy,
Hyderabad. Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and a gram-negative organism
Escherichia coli.

18
 EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR CURCUMA LONGA:

 CHEMICALS: Methanol, distilled water, Glycerine.

 MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS: Soxhlet apparatus, cotton pad, porcelain

pieces, heating mantle, stand, beakers, measuring cyclinder.

PROCEDURE :

 STEP-1: Collect rhizomes of Curcuma longa and shade dry it and grind it to collect
a fine powder.

 STEP-2: Wash the Soxhlet apparatus to remove the impurities and keep it a side.

 STEP-3: Take a cotton pad and insert it into the bottom of the Soxhlet
apparatus (thimble)with the help of glass rod.

 STEP-4: Take a50 grams of turmeric powder and insert into a thimble up to normal
point.

 STEP -5: Add the few ml of methanol and place the cotton at the top of the powder.

 STEP-6: Add methanol (650ml) into the boiling flask.

 STEP-7: Fix the Soxhlet apparatus to the boiling flask (HEATINGMANTLE) for
about 2-3 hours.

STEP 8: Keep it for 3 to 4 hours and collect the extraction of the drug residue from
the boiling flask.4

19
EXTRACTION OF CURCUMA LONGA

Fig- 1.6 Fig- 1.7

20
 IDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR TURMERIC

 Alkaloids present in turmeric: Curcumin, Saponin,Tannin, Sterol .

 Curcumin: Take 1 ml of extract and add alkali solution. Red to violet colour is
produced.

 To the extracted solution acetic anhydrate and Conc. sulphuric acid is added. Violet
colour is formed.

SAPONINS: Foam Test

 Take 1 mg of extracted drug and dilute with 10 ml of methanol

 1 ml of few drops of lead acetate solution is added.


And stir it for some time. Stable foam is identified.5

TANNIN :

 Take 1mg of extracted drug and add ferric chloride. It is diluted in distilled water and
make it in a solution form.

 Take a few ml of ferric chloride solution add into test tube and stir it. Blue colour is
formed which confirms the presence of tannins.

21
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR THE CURCUMINOIDS

Take 1 gr of silica gel and 0.5 gr of starch and add distilled water to form a paste
of liquid consistency.

Then apply it on glass slides A and B .

Keep the slides in hot air oven for 30min at 60 c

prepare the mobile phase using the solvents isopropanol,ethyl acetate ,glacial
acetic acid ,water to it add the reagent solution (potassium hydroxide pellets +
nitric acid )

Then later take the slides from oven and mask about 1cm above and below from
the slides.

Then place a drop of standard and test solution on the slides above the marked
line.

22
Now place the both the slides in the mobile phase for about 15 min.

After 15min remove the slides from the mobile phase,yellowish spots are
observed on the slides.

Now we need to calculate the RF value

RF VALUE = Distance travelled by solvent/ Distance travelled by solvent

front.

FIG NO : 1.8

23
 METHODS TO DETERMINE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY:

Screening of the extracts for antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram-
negative bacterium can be done by different methods like;

1. Disc diffusion or Agar diffusion test

2. Agar dilution method.

3. Broth micro dilution method.

4. Agar well diffusion method.

5. Agar absorption assay.

6. Cup and plate method39.

Among all these methods, cup and plate method was widely used for
determining antibacterial activity.

Cup plate method or cylinder plate method:

This method depends on the diffusion of an antibiotic from a vertical cavity or
cylinder, through the solidified agar solution of antibiotic.

 The nutrient agar, cooled suitably, poured into Petri dish.

 Spread 0.2 ml of known concentration of inoculum on the surface of the solidified
agar
 Cups or cavities are made by using a sterile borer.
 Now known concentration of antibiotic is poured into the cups of agar plate and
then incubated at 370C for 24 hours.

24
 If the antibiotic has any antibacterial effect it will show the zone of inhibition layer
in a Petri plate. The growth of test microorganisms is inhibited entirely in a circular
area or zone around the cavity.

METHODS TO DETERMINE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY

(INVITRO):

1. Inhibition of protein denaturation:

In this model assessment of anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract
of the plant Curcuma longa, was done for assessing the percentage inhibition of
denaturation. The experiment was carried out by taking both bovine serum albumin
and egg albumin. The reaction mixture0.5ml consists of (0.45ml of bovine serum
albumin/egg albumin of 5% aqueous solutions+0.05ml of 100-500µg/ml of
extract). The pH (6.3) was adjusted by using 1N HCL. Samples were incubated at
370c for 3mins. After cooling thee samples, 2.5ml of phosphate buffer saline (pH
6.3) was added to each tube the pH of the buffer saline was adjusted to 6.3 using 1N
HCL. Absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 660nm.

Percentage inhibition of protein denaturation was calculated using the

formula

%Inhibition = (Abs Control-Abs Sample) ×100

Abs Control

25
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The rhizomes were collected and powdered and extracted with methanol.
Identification tests were done for the confirmation of the alkaloids, Tannins etc.
Thin layer chromatography was performed for the characterization of the curcumin
in the extract.

Phytochemical screening of Curcuma longa

Name
S.no Phytochemical of test
constituents
1. Alkaloids Wagners
test,
mayers
test.
2. Saponins
Foam
test

Table no : 01

26
 ANTI BACTERIAL ACTIVITY:

Antibacterial activity was done by following cup plate method for the
turmeric extracts. Solvent used was methanol for making different concentrations
of extracts. Both extracts have shown considerable anti-bacterial activity. The
results are displayed in table. The plant extracts due to the presence of active
constituents has shown antimicrobial activity.

Invitro screening of Anti-inflammatory activity was done by protein denaturation

method. Methanolic extract has shown considerable activity when compared with
standard.

(+) = present ( - ) = absent

Zone of inhibition (in mm) of extracts of Curcuma longa:

Zone of inhibition in cup and plate method of Triticum aestivum is shown below

Extract S.aureus E.coli

methanolic 8mm 7mm

500µg

1000µg 12mm 10mm

1500µg 16mm 15mm

Standard
(ciprofloxacin)
10µg/ml 15mm 14mm

27
 Table no : 02

FIG NO 1.8 - Standard

FIG NO 1.9 -Methanolic extract

Evaluation of anti inflammatory activity by protein

denaturation method of Curcuma longa:

% Inhibition
Concentration
Methanolic
(µg/ml) Standard
Extract
100 20.01 20.12
200 25.2 25

28
 300 35.12 34.2
400 41.2 40.12
500 53.2 52.12

Tab-3

ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY BY PROTEIN

DENATURATION METHOD OF CURCUMA LONGA:
% Inhibition Of Methanolic Extract % Inhibition Of Standard

52.12
53.2
40.12
41.2
35.12
34.2
25.2
20.12
20.01

25
.

100 200 300 400 500

Absorbance

Fig-2.0

29
 CONCLUSION :

The plant is extracted by Soxhlet method using methanol and phytochemical

investigation were carried out to elucidate nature of chemical constituents present
in this plant. The plant extract showed the presence of Curcumin, tannins,
flovonoids mainly.

Anti bacterial activity was done conveniently by using cup-plate method

and the plant was reported with antibacterial activity comparing with standard drug
Ciprofloxacin. Methanolic extract has shown good antibacterial potency similar to
marketed standard drug.

The invitro Anti-inflammmatory activity was done conveniently by using

inhibition of protein denaturation. Good activity was exhibited by methanolic
extract than standard drug. Hence the plant can be used for further studies to get
more benefit from natural herb.

30
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THANK YOU

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