•Logic gates are electcronic circuits used in digital
circuits for the purpose of decisions. •Logic circuits are basically of two types namely decision making circuits and memory circuits. •Their functioning depends on the binary inputs they receive and produce binary output which are a function of the input as well as the characteristics of the logic circuit they implemented. •All logic gates have a single output and they may have two or more inputs. For specific decision making function there are several types of logic gates are used. •Basic Logic gates are a group of the logic gates spcifically called as AND,OR and NOT gates. •All these gates have their own identical,logical function. By the combination of these gates we can obtain any Boolean or logical functions or any logical function.
AND gates
The AND gate has two or more inputs but only one output. All input signals must be held high to get a high output. Even if one of the inputs is low, the output becomes low. Truth table
Electrical equivalent circuit of an AND gate
The electrical equivalent of AND gate and AND gate using
diodes are shown in Fig Two input AND gate using diode
Condition-1 A=0, B=0, Y=0 as shown in Fig 3. During the
above condition inputs A and B are connected to ground to make logic low inputs. During this condition, both the diodes conduct, and pulls the output Y to logic0 •AND gates are available in the form of IC.IC7408 is a TTL type AND gate IC having 4 numbers of AND gates in side it. Condition-2
A=0, B=1, Y=0 as shown in Fig 4. In the condition shown
in Fig 4, diode D1 is connected to logic-0 input and diode D2 is connected to +5V [Logic high]. Diode D1 is in forward bias and conducts. Diode D2 is having equal potential (+5V) at anode and cathode. So potential difference between anode and cathode is 0. Hence diode D2 does not conduct. The output Y is pulled down to logic zero, since D1 is conducting •OR gates are available in the IC form. IC7432 is a TTL OR gate IC having 4 OR gates inside it.
NOT gate
The NOT gate has only one input and one output as per the schematic symbol shown
•The NOT gate inverts the logic stage of a binary signal
input. The small circle (bubble) at the output of the symbol is formally called a negation indicator and designates the logical complement Switching diagram of NOT gate •The IC 7402 is a TTL type NOR gate IC. It contains 4 NOR gates XNOR gate Basic Gates
• AND, OR, NOT are basic gates. Any logic circuit of any complexity can be realized by using only the three basic gates
Universal Gates
• The NAND and NOR gates are called universal building
gates. Both the NAND and NOR gates can perform all the three basic logic functions Note: • The IC 7408 contains four two input AND gates • IC 7411 contains three input AND gate • IC 7421 contains two four input And gates Properties of X-OR gate Logic gates using Universal Gates
a) Using NAND gates only
b) Using NOR gates only Number of NAND, NOR gates required
Gate to be realized Min NAND Min NOR required
required NOT 1 1 AND 2 3 OR 3 2 NAND 1 4 NOR 4 1 EX-OR 4 5 EX-NOR 5 4
