Chapter 1 Appendix: 1 Selected Verses from the Holy Qur’an

Q: (a) Briefly describe the main theme(s) in the following passages.

(b) Briefly explain the importance of these theme(s) in a Muslim’s life today.

Allah’s Relationship

==0Ans : Passage 1 (Ayat-ul-Kursi) 2:255

(a) Ayat-ul-Kursi, the verse of the Throne is from Surah al-Baqarah which is a Madni surah. The
main theme of this long verse is Allah in Himself. It categorically explains the distinctive attributes of
Almighty Allah which make Him matchless. It starts with the core of Islam that is the expression of
Shahadah (declaration of oneness of God). Then it says that Allah is free from all human weaknesses
and does not dependent on any one for His survival. He has perfect knowledge of all the times and His
knowledge encompasses the entire universe. The Quran says,
“It is He Who knows what you disclose and what you hide.”
The mention of His Throne extending over the Heaven and the Earth shows His authority and rule
over everything, so no one can intercede for a fellow creature without His permission. As the Holy
Quran mentions it as follows,
“To Him belongs all that is in the Heavens and on earth and He is the most High, the most Great.”
(42:4)
These attributes elevate Him to the heights we can’t imagine.
(b) This passage helps the Muslims to believe in tawheed in terms of Allah’s uniqueness and
majesty. The theme is important for Muslims as it crystallizes the belief of Tawheed and trains them to
condemn Shirk. There is repetitive mention of Allah’s authority, unlimited knowledge and powers in
order to strengthen the faith of its readers. The objective is to remind the Muslims that Allah alone is
worthy to be worshipped and obeyed. Muslims recite this verse regularly to reiterate Allah’s high
position as compare to any worldly authority.
Ayat-ul-Kursi is the greatest verse of the Quran. The Prophet (PBUH) used to recite it after every
prayer and before he went to bed. He said,n
“If someone recites Ayat-ul-Kursi after every Fardh salah nothing stops him from entering
Paradise except death.”

Passage 2 (Surah Al-An’aam) 6:101-103

(a) This passage is from surah Al-An’aam which is a Makki surah. The theme of this passage is Allah
in Himself. It elaborates some of the fundamental aspects of unity of Allah. It describes Allah as the
Originator of universe and rejects any kind of misconception of God having any family. Surah Ikhlas
says,
“He begets not, nor is He begotten.”
He is All-Powerful and can do whatever He wills. He is above all His creations so He only deserves to
be worshipped. It also refers to His unbounded knowledge, infinite power and grasp on His created
world. It stresses on the sublime nature of God and inability of human imagination to

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 encompass/grasp God’s person, though He Himself can see to the unfathomable depths. The Quran
says,
“Allah is He Who understands the finest mysteries.”
Allah’s attributes are limitless while human senses, reason and imagination are all limited.
(b) This passage is important for Muslims as it makes them understand clearly the doctrine of
Tawheed in terms of Allah’s nature and powers. It reminds Muslims that Allah is too Sublime to be
perceived but He is always Present and All-Powerful. As Quran assures the Muslims the same in the
following words,
“And He is with you wherever you are.”
And also,
“We are nearer to him (man) than his jugular vein.”
This passage strikes at roots of Shirk by negating the false beliefs of God having wife or children.
Muslims, in this way, develop a clearer concept of tawheed and feel themselves bound to adore Allah
only. They remember that Shirk is the only unpardonable sin in the sight of Allah that makes them to
abstain from it.

Passage 3 (Surah Fussilat) 41:37

(a) This passage is a verse from surah Fussilat, an early Makkan surah. It describes the theme of
Allah in Himself. It mentions the cosmic sign and phenomena of nature that reflect Allah’s unity and
majesty. It refers to the cycle of day and night as evidence of Divinity. The Quran supports it saying,
“Behold! In the creation of the Heavens and the earth and the alternation of the night and the d
ay……..there are signs for the people of understanding.”
This passage commands us to worship the Creator of the sun and the moon not the creations
themselves because the creator is always superior to the creations.
(b) The theme of this passage is important for the Muslims as it urges them to observe various
objects of nature that reflect Allah’s presence, majesty and glory. Since humans cannot afford to see
Allah physically, they will identify the real Creator through His creations. This observation helps Muslims
to develop a strong belief in Tawheed in all its aspects. The Quran frequently reminds about the need of
pondering,
“ Verily, in the alternation of the night and the day, and in all that is Allah has created in the heavens
and the earth, are the signs for those who fear Him.”
So, Muslims realize the need of expressing their gratitude to Allah for enabling them to see and think
deeply. Muslims will thus avoid Shirk and worship the One Supreme God.

Passage 4 (Surah Shura) 42:4-5

(a) This passage consists of two verses from Surah Shura. Their theme is Allah in Himself. It
describes Allah’s complete ownership and authority over entire universe. Quran says at another
place,
“His are all things in the heavens and on the earth.”
Then the passage explains that Allah’s glory and praise is so majestic that even the magnificent
heavens shiver before His Might.

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 The passage also refers to the countless angels who are busy in the prayers and glorification of the
Lord and also invoke/seek His mercy and pardon for humans who tend to disobey their Lord. The
Quran declares this weakness of humans as, “It is man that wrongs his own soul.”
Also, it says,
“But seek the forgiveness of Allah; for Allah is Oft-Forgiving Most Merciful”.
(b) The theme of this passage is important for the Muslims as it guides them to Allah’s powers and
authority to make them His obedient servants. It guides them to two articles of faith also: belief in
Tawhid and angels. By referring to the angels seeking forgiveness, it assures Muslims of Allah’s mercy.
Their belief that Allah loves His creations makes them to love Him. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said,
“Allah says; My Grace and Mercy outstrips My Wrath.”
This passage gives hope to the sinners by mentioning Allah’s mercy and forgiveness and prepares them
to repent over their bad deeds. Angels’ glory to Allah reminds Muslims that they should also worship
Him and become His righteous servants like angels.

Passage 5 (Surah Ikhlas) 112

(a) This passage is named as Surah Ikhlas which is an early Makkan surah and its theme is Allah in
Himself. When the Prophet (PBUH) preached Tawhid and invited people to worship Allah, the Quraysh
asked him about the attributes of Allah, His lineage and gender etc. Allah revealed the surah to answer
them. Belief in the absolute unity of Allah is the foundation of Islam. Allah is One and Unique in every
respect. The passage mentions God’s freedom from time and space by calling Him the Eternal. It
outlines the most fundamental aspect of Tawhid and emphatically negates the false belief of Allah
having ancestors and descendants. The Holy Quran says at another place,
“How can He have a son when He has no consort?”
It further highlights God’s unity by saying that God’s nature or person can never be compared to anyone
throughout the universe.
(b) The theme of this passage purifies Muslims’ belief in Tawhid and that is why this passage is
named as al-Ikhlas (the purity of faith). When Muslims learn about the uniqueness and supremacy of
Allah it assures them of their inability and limitations before their Lord. Thus, it eliminates all forms of
Shirk from their mind. Muslims recite this Surah in daily prayers in order to reiterate rejection of Shirk.
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) declared it equivalent to one third of the Quran. This theme is so important
that Quran repeatedly mentions this:
“And your God is one God.”
Also,
“Allah! There is no god but He”.
This strong belief in Allah’s Tawhid develops His reverence in believers’ hearts.

Allah’s Relationship with the Created World

Passage 6 (Surah Al-Fatiha) 1:1-7

(a) This passage is called surah Al-Fatihah, meaning ‘the Opener’. It is so named because it opens
the Quran. Its theme is Allah’s relation with His created world and it’s a Makki surah. It explains that
Allah alone deserves all praise because He is the Only Sustainer of all the known and the unknown
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worlds, ultimate source of mercy, justice and guidance for mankind. Only He can guide man to the way
of life acceptable to Him though He does not compel anyone to follow that way. Instead, in the words
of Quran, it is man’s duty to beg before Him for guidance. As Quran says,
“And your Lord says, call on Me, I shall answer your supplication”. (40:60)
He also tells man the consequences of following this code of conduct or going astray. Therefore, man
needs to praise and worship Him and resort to Him alone. Many Quranic passages refer to Allah’s
relation with humans but this surah sums up this relation beautifully in only seven verses.
112
(b) This passage helps us to understand suffice of the Holy Quran. The beginning of the surah assures
us of the mercy of Allah which makes us love Him and the very next verse reminds us to be righteous
and pious because He is not only Merciful but also Just. He will dispense absolute justice on the Day of
Judgement. We shall remember that we’ll surely get reward in the Hereafter as promised in the Quran,
“….and only on the Day of Judgement you shall be paid your full recompense.”(3:185)
It encourages us to turn to the guidance sent by Him in the form of Quran and Sunnah as they are the
only means to help us to walk on the right path. By following the right path we can earn Allah’s
blessings and avoid His anger.

Passage 7 (Surah Al-Baqara) 2:21-22

(a) The theme of this passage is Allah’s relationship with His created world. These two verses of
Surah al-Baqarah, a Madinian surah, outline Allah’s power to create and make arrangements for the
sustenance and growth of mankind through all ages. The passage commands humans to identify their
real Lord by serving and worshipping Him. It is only He who has given them His special blessings by
making the earth a living place and giving all the necessities and luxuries of life. It means worship is
owed to the One who is independent of all and everything depends on Him. It further commands them
to reject any form of associating partners with Him as He is the only Supreme Creator, Cherisher and
Caretaker of all. The Holy Quran repeatedly announces the same,
“…. There is no god but I; therefore worship and serve Me” (21:25)
And also,
“And your God is one God.” (2:163)
(b) The passage stresses on the need of inculcating piety and a sense of gratitude for the countless
bounties of Allah and then links them with adoration and worship of God and acts of righteousness. By
looking at the statement “earth your couch” we strongly feel that our physical growth, productivity of
earth and its resources are completely in Allah’s hands. Similarly, “heavens your canopy” reminds us
that our spiritual growth is also a blessing of Allah. These two things make us realize our dependency
on Him and His independency of anything. Surah Rahman also repeatedly asks man to acknowledge
the countless bounties of Allah,
“So which of the bounties of your Lord will you (both) belie/deny?”
So, these help us to praise and worship only Him and keeps us refrained from committing any kind of
shirk. Finally we are protected to commit the only unpardonable sin and motivated to turn to Allah
only in all the needs.

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Passage 8 (Surah Al-Alaq) 96:1-5
(a) This passage contains first five verses of surah Alaq, a Makki surah, which was the first
revelation to the Holy Prophet (PBUH). The theme of the passage is Allah and His created world. It
mentions Allah’s power to create and ensure the survival and growth of mankind. The similar attribute
is mentioned in Surah Fatihah as,
“Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and the Sustainer of the worlds.”

He created man from a low origin and then matured him physically, intellectually and spiritually by
enabling him to read and write. Human ability to acquire knowledge means to learn both, the worldly
and divine sciences to find means of physical survival as well as take care of his intellectual and
spiritual development. The passage further describes the importance of pen, as it is the foremost
important instrument of collecting treasure of knowledge in the history. Without pen, knowledge
would have been confined to few people. Almighty Allah held ‘the pen’ in high esteem to the extent
that He took an oath on it,
“Noon. By the Pen and what they write.”
It shows that knowledge is the special gift of Allah.
(b) This passage makes Muslims acknowledge Allah’s goodness and greatness as He created them
from a low origin and then enabled them to acquire knowledge.
The Holy Quran frequently mentions Allah as Creator and Sustainer of the universe, e.g. surah 1, 2:21-
22, 67:1, and also describes His bounties on man, e.g. 35:3, 16:80-81. This passage, however, highlights
the faculty of reading and writing that makes man the most superior creature of Allah. As Quran says,
“We indeed created man in the best molds.”
This theme makes us responsible to identify our link with Allah by acquiring worldly knowledge
through pen and by seeking inspiration from the divine word mentioned in the Quran as ‘the Book and
the Wisdom.’

Passage 9 (Surah Al-Zilzal) 99:1-8

(a)This passage is named as surah Zilzal which is a Makki surah. The theme of the passage is Allah’s
relation with created world. It describes His power to end the entire existing universe. It elaborates the
events and the final outcome of the Day of reckoning or end of time. The word zilzal describes the
horrors, calamities and destruction on that day. Mankind will be shocked to see earth emitting all its
hidden contents, as mentioned elsewhere in the Quran:
“And when the Earth is flattened and casts forth what is within it and becomes empty.”
(84:3-4)
Finally, all mankind will appear in the Divine Court of Justice for the rewards of their worldly deeds.
Man will have to be accountable for his every action no matter how small it may be. Section 30 of
Quran repetitively mentions the same theme with different expressions.
(b)The passage reminds Muslims about the Day of Judgement, Allah’s power to end time and make all
stand accountable before Him for the ultimate justice. With such a belief Muslims will learn about
worthlessness of this world and realize the value of Hereafter. Quran says,
“Nay, you prefer the life of this world. But the Hereafter is better and more enduring.”

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 The passage makes them fear Allah as He can do everything that seems impossible to them. It makes
them responsible for their deeds and they lead a righteous life in this world believing in the
segregation of the minutest of good and evil deeds. Finally, it makes them feel humble and prepare for
a successful end.

Passage 10 (Surah An-Naas) 114

(a)This is the last Surah of the Holy Quran, named as An-Naas, and its theme is Allah’s relation with His
created world. It describes Allah’s three-fold relation with man. It mentions Allah as the Lord, King and
God of mankind that means only He can rule them. The power and authority of all affairs is in His
hands and He is in control of everything. He alone can protect from the evils of His creations Therefore,
it asks man to seek Allah’s shelter against all the evils injected in his heart by Satan and his host of
assistants who may be humans or jinns. Quran warns us about this saying,
“……Satan is an avowed enemy to man.” (12:5)
Man should, however, also remember the Quranic instruction:
“… and on Allah let the believers put their trust.” (9:51)
(b)This Surah together with Surah Al-Falaq guides Muslims to seek Allah’s refuge against all evils as
Satan is always there to mislead them so they should strengthen their relation with Allah towards all
evil forces. The best way to do this is to remember Allah as guided by the Quran,
“ and establish regular prayer in order to remember Me”.
Muslims are motivated to recite the Holy Quran also as it brings the reader closer to Allah. Holy
Prophet (PBUH) also used to recite these Surahs to guard against evil as he got protection from the
black magic casted over him by his enemies. The passage connects the believers to Allah making them
believe that only He has the absolute control and power over everything and alone He deserves to be
worshipped. The believers feel safe also putting their trust in Allah’s protection.
Allah’s Messengers

Passage 11 (Surah Al-Baqara) 2:30-37

(a) This passage consists of seven verses from surah Baqarah, a Madinite surah. The theme of the
passage is Allah’s messengers. It describes the story of creation of Adam and his elevated status
granted by Allah’s decree. This superiority of Adam was dul y acknowledged by all angels except Iblees
who showed arrogance (since he was a jinn, not an angel). Adam (A.S.) and Eve were granted Paradise
but Iblees (now named Satan) tricked their exile from there, out of jealousy and malice. On repentance
on their mistake, Adam and Eve were pardoned by Allah who awarded them a new phase of worldly
living. The Holy Quran mentions this phase at another place as,
“and We have certainly established you upon the earth and made therein for you the ways of
livelihood …...” (7:10)
The Quran usually mentions the story of creation of Adam and Eve together with the role of Satan with
the dual purpose of highlighting the dignified status of human kind as well as warning humans of
Satan’s nefarious attic. For example it says,
“But Satan whispered to him (Adam), he said, “O Adam! Shall I lead you to the tree of Eternity and to a
kingdom that never deteriorates?”
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(b) This passage contains important lessons for us. We understand the reasons for making human
being superior to all other creatures. Allah appointed man by the way of Adam as His vicegerent on
earth because of knowledge and free will. This reminds us that we should be obedient to Allah as we
are made His agents and given highest status among His creation. We have to use the power of
knowledge to differentiate between right and wrong and to follow the right path to keep us away from
the path of Satan as he is our open enemy. The Holy Quran says,
“Indeed Satan is an avowed enemy to man”. (12:5)
The passage also guides us to repent and seek Allah’s mercy if we are trapped in Satan’s wicked tricks
and commit a mistake.
Passage 12 (Surah Al-Maidah) 5:110
(a) This passage is a verse of sura Maidah, a Madinite surah. The theme of the passage is Allah’s
messengers. It refers to the favors of Allah on Hazrat Esa (AS). Allah gave him a miraculous birth and
made him His one of the mightiest Prophets. Allah protected him from all hardships that were to come
in his way. He was blessed with a book to bring people to the right path. Quran narrates it,
“Allah will teach him the Book and the wisdom and the law and the Gospel.”
Furthermore, Allah gave him certain Prophetic signs to make his role clear to the people to whom he
was sent such as giving life to dead, making birds out of clay and giving them life, curing the born blind
and the leper etc. This passage mentions that despite of all the miracles Hazrat Esa (AS) was only a
Prophet and Allah’s creation as he could do all these things with Allah’s permission only. The passage
also explains that all prophets are rejected on the account of being magicians or liars.
(b) This passage helps Muslims to understand many important things like Allah addressed Hazrat
Esa (AS) as “Esa son of Mariam” which refutes the belief of those who consider Hazrat Esa (AS) as a
god. Muslims are required to believe that, like other messengers, Hzarat Esa (AS) was also a man
chosen by Allah. This passage also reminds that Allah helps His prophets by granting miraculous
powers to assist them in their mission. As Quran says at another place,
“We gave Jesus, the son of Mary, clear (signs) and strengthened him with the Holy Spirit.”
So, Muslim are assured that Allah is always with His messengers in all their righteous actions and if
they will follow the messengers, can get Allah’s help.
Muslims also understand that Allah’s messengers were rejected by the people, yet they continued
their mission. So, they also have to be consistent, firm and steadfast in all difficult times and not to
give up efforts even if the things for the time being may not go in favorable way.

Passage 13 (Surah Al-An’aam) 6:75-79

(a) This passage has been taken from surah Al-An’aam, a Makki surah. The theme of the passage is
Allah’s messengers and it outlines the story of Prophet Ibrahim’s search of One Supreme God. Ibrahim
(A.S.) was gradually guided to identify the real creator and Lord by way of His creations such as the
sun, the moon and the stars. He eventually realized that God is eternal and therefore, he rejected
polytheism that was the hallmark of the society around him. He finally, declared that Shahadah
(proclamation of belief in one God) as a sign of acquiring internal peace. God’s favour of Divine
guidance for Prophet Ibrahim (AS) is frequently referred to in the Quran. For example,

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“And We bestowed aforetime on Ibrahim his guidance, and We were Well-Acquainted with him.”
[21:51]
Thus, Ibrahim (AS), like other messengers, was blessed with Allah’s special support and favour.
(b) This passage guides the Muslims to refute shirk and to believe in Tawhid. We are guided that a
unique and logical approach should be used to make the people understand the reality of Allah. It
assures that celestial bodies merely reflect Allah’s glory and they are His creatures, despite their look.
They should never be worshiped. Quran categorically declares’
“He has made subject to you the night and the day; the sun and the moon; and the stars are in
subjection by His commands.” [16:12]
Muslims are also assured that Allah granted prophet hood to His messengers by various modes and
that all these Messengers preached the universal message of Tawhid. So they should equally respect
all Messengers. Holy Quran says
“We do not make difference between any of His messengers.” [2:285]

Passage 14 (Surah Ad-Duha) 93

(a) This passage is named as surah Ad-Duha, a Makki surah. The theme of the passage is Allah’s
messengers. This passage was revealed after a long break that worried the Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH) and his Makkan enemies began to mock him. Allah consoled and reassured him that He would
not abandon him. God reminded the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) some of His past favours on him.
The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was a born orphan but Allah made arrangements for his growth and
upbringing. Allah then granted him prophethood – His greatest reward. Purpose of these reminders is
to reassure him of similar support in future. However, Allah instructed him to be kind to those in need
as this would reflect his gratitude to Allah. In surah 108 (al-Kauthar) Allah has conditioned His care and
support to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) with regular prayers and spirit for sacrifice as it says,
“To you have We granted the abundance, so pray to your Lord and sacrifice”
Similarly Allah defended him in surah Al-Qalam as;
“You are not by the grace of your Lord mad or possessed. Nay, for you is a reward unfailing”.
(b) This passage helps Muslims to understand the importance of faith in Allah’s help. Holy Prophet
(PBUH) was reassured by Allah in the midst of mockery in Makkah. Muslims today should also retain
their faith in difficult times by remembering the Quranic promise.
“So verily with every difficulty there is a relief” [94:5]
Muslims also understand that their relationship with Allah can be strengthened by their kindness to
the weak and unsupported people because such an attitude is an expression of love for Allah. The
Quran says,
“And they give food to the needy, the orphan and the prisoner for love of Him”.
This passage makes Muslims realize that along with being kind to the needy, they should also guide
those who come to seek knowledge or advice as it was the mission of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and this
will bring success to them.
Passage 15 (Surah Al-Kawthar) 108:1-3
(a) This passage is named as Al-Kawthar, an early Makki surah. The theme of the passage is Allah’s
messengers. It mentions Allah’s special care for the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in the time of pain when he
was mocked by Makkans on the death of his sons. It refers to the unlimited blessings and favors of
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Allah to him in this world as well as in the Hereafter. Allah asked him to remain patient as it is the
quality of His mighty messengers. Quran says,
“Rejected were the Messengers before you; with patience and constancy they bore their rejection.”
Along with patience, Allah advised Holy Prophet (PBUH) to continue with devotional activities and
eventually Allah will bless him the abundance of descendants and followers and his enemies will be
forgotten. He told the Prophet (PBUH) to remember Allah through regular prayers and to develop the
spirit of sacrifice so that he could continuously strengthen his bond with Allah and get constant
support.
(b) The passage guides Muslims to develop spirit of sacrifice and establish prayer as they are the
best means to get closer to their Lord, Allah says:
“And establish regular prayer in order to remember Me.” (20:14)
Facing mockery and receiving Allah’s reassurance were part of prophetic mission of the Holy Prophet
(PBUH).This short passage carries vast magnitude of Allah’s assurance. Word “Kauthar” may mean
abundance of spiritual strength, wisdom, and knowledge; it’s a special river in paradise; it refers to
millions of spiritual children (the Muslim community) and it may refer to Fatima who continued
Prophet’s progeny. Against this, the insulters of the Prophet (PBUH), like Abu Jahl and others soon
vanished so that nobody can take pride in being their relative.

General Questions from Passages

Q. Outline the teachings of the Quranic passages that you have studied about Oneness of Allah.
Q. Using passages you have studied, write about the main teachings about God in the Qur'an.
(November 2013) (10)
Ans. We have studied 5 passages in our syllabus talking about Allah’s attributes. The main teaching
from these passages are as follows;
Ayat ul-Kursi
To believe in Oneness of Allah is the fundamental article of faith. Muslims believe that Allah is One,
Only eternal and absolute as it is described in the Ayat ul-Kursi,
"Allah there is no god but He, the Living the Self subsisting and Eternal".
He is the Creator and Sustainer of the entire universe and everything is in His control. The verse
describes that Allah is unsleeping. It shows that He is free from weaknesses and human qualities, as He
never gets tired to control the universe. His throne symbolizes His power, Kingdom and Sovereignty
over the entire universe as the greatest verse of the Holy Quran mentions,
“His Throne extends over the heavens and the earth…”
Surah Ana'am und lkhlas describe that Allah does not have family relations. He is free from giving birth
and being born. Surah Ana’am says,

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“How can He have a son when He has no consort?”
Similarly, surah Ikhlas says,
“He does not beget, nor is He begotten.”
This shows that Allah is unlike human being and other creations. He is the Supreme Being, He exists
but His existence is beyond our limited conceptions. Allah is the Creator of the entire universe so He
alone should be worshipped.
Surah Fussilat
The sun and the moon described in Surah Fussilat are His creation and controlled by Him so they
should not be worshipped. It says,
“Adore not the sun and the moon, but adore Allah, who created them...”
Surah Ash-Shura highlights Allah’s total authority and ownership. It says,
“To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and the earth.. ”
It also mentions that Allah’s glory and praise is so majestic that even the magnificent heavens tremble
before His might. Allah’s mercy allows human beings to mend their ways after sinning or disbelieving.
The surah says,
“Verily Allah is He, the Oft-Forgiving, the most Merciful.”
Q. How might these teachings affect a Muslim's life today? (November 2013) (4)

These teachings remind us in our everyday lives that Allah is in control of everything so we should turn
only to Him, worship and ask Him for the forgiveness of our sins as the verse says " He is the oft-
forgiving and the most merciful" this shows that Allah is always ready to forgive our sins.

The passages mention that Allah is the Creator of the entire universe and brings forth our sustenance
teaches us that we should turn to Him for help and worship Him because He is there to provide all the
necessities of life. The passages also teach us that Allah is unlike human and negate the false belief of
Allah having any wife or children so we can develop a clearer concept of Tawheed and feel ourselves
bound to worship Allah alone. There is a repetitive mention of Allah's attributes in these passages in
order to strengthen our belief in Him and no authority can be compared with Him.

Q. Outline the teachings of the Quranic passages that you have studied about the responsibilities of
the individual Muslims. [10]

Ans. The responsibilities of the Muslims to Allah, is to believe in Him as One, the Cherisher and
Sustainer of the worlds as described in Surah Fatiha that " Praise be to Allah the Cherisher and
Sustainer of the worlds". After believing in Him as One we have to worship Him because He is our
Creator and Lord. The verse says "Thee do we worship Thine aid we seek" this shows that Allah alone
should be worshiped and obeyed because He has given us sustenance in this world and made the earth
for us as a living place.

It is the responsibility of every Muslim to acquire knowledge because it helps to reveal the full majesty
of Allah we can know Him better through knowledge. The verse of Surah Alaq says, "Read in the name
of Thy Lord Who is the Creator". This shows that we should acquire knowledge to know about the
guidance that Allah has given us so that we can follow in our lives. We must follow the right path
because we will be questioned on the Day of Judgment about all that we do. The verse of Surah Zilzal
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says "Then shall anyone who has done an atom's weight of good shall see it and the one who has done
evil shall see it". This shows that we shall be held responsible for our actions on the day judgment so
we should keep ourselves away from the evil deeds to avoid punishment.

Q. Outline the teachings of the Quranic passages that you have studied about Prophet hood.
Q. From the Qur'anic passages you have studied, outline the relationship between God and two of
His messengers who were sent before the Prophet Muhammad (SAW). (10)(June 2011)
Q. Write about the experiences of two prophets you have studied in the Qur'an (not including the
Prophet Muhammad PBUH). (November 2013) (10)

Ans. (Candidates can choose any two messengers before Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) that they have
studied through the passages in the syllabus and give details of their lives)

To believe in prophethood is one of the fundamental article of faith. Muslims believe that Prophets are
Allah's chosen people who are blessed by Him. Hazrat Adam was the first Prophet on earth whom
Allah blessed with the knowledge of everything as the verse says, "And He taught Adam the names of
all things". This shows that Allah gave superiority to Adam over His entire creation because He blessed
him with the gift of knowledge. Allah even asked angels to prostrate in front of him. This shows his
uniqueness.

Allah sent Prophets from time to time for the guidance of mankind as Hazrat Ibrahim was sent to guide
his people because they started worshiping the sun, moon and left the worship of Creator. So Hazrat
Ibrahim (AS) came and preached his nation to turn them to the worship of Allah Who is the Creator of
everything the sun, moon and stars. Hazrat Esa preached his nation by showing them the miracles,
which Allah blessed him, as he gave life to the dead, made birds out of clay and breathed in them life,
this all was done with the permission of Allah.

The last and the universal Prophet was Hazrat Muhammad. Whom Allah blessed him with abundance
as the verse of Surah Kausar says, "Verily We have granted you abundance". This shows that Allah
blessed His messengers abundantly. Surah Duha describes that Holy Prophet (PBUH) was blessed with
so much that he was well pleased. This shows that Allah cares for His Prophets and does not leave
them at any stage of their life.

Q. What lessons can Muslims learn from these stories? (November 2013) [4]

Muslims learn from these stories that the Prophets sent before Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) were true
Prophets and it is the article of faith to believe in all of the previous Prophets as Quran says, "We do
not make difference between any of His messenger". All Prophets faced difficulties and problems
and even many were tortured like Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) but they always turned to Allah and
bore these difficulties with patience.

It teaches us that we should also seek Allah's help in our difficult times and bear the problems with
patience. Hazrat Ibrahim was thrown in fire by his enemies but never renounced the word of Allah
teaches us that we should never leave our faith in whatever circumstances we are. Hazrat Isa

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continued to preach the word of Allah even at the cost of his life teaches us that we should continue
with our religious duties and not care for the taunts of others who want to undermine Islam.

Q. From passages you have studied from the Qur'an, write about God's relationship with
humankind. (10)(June 2012)

There are many passages in Holy Quran that talk about Allah's relationship with humankind. Surah Al-
Fatiha says "Praise be to Allah the Cherisher and Sustainer of the entire universe". This shows that
Allah has created the whole mankind so a believer should turn to his Creator and worship Him alone.
Allah alone is worthy to be worshipped as the verse says "Thee do we worship and Thine aid we seek".
This teaches that Muslims should worship their Lord and always turn to Him in their difficult time
because He is always there to help those who ask for. Allah has blessed his entire creation by giving
them the necessities of life. The verse says "Allah has made the earth a living place, sent down rain and
by it brought forth fruits for human sustenance". It teaches that Muslims should remember their Lord
and be grateful for what they have been given.

After Allah has created the human beings He did not leave them alone but gave them guidance
through the Prophets and the Holy Books so that people should be able to walk on the right path. So it
is the responsibility of the Muslims to follow the guidance that Allah has sent to them. Holy Prophet
(PBUH) has commanded Muslims to acquire knowledge as it has been the duty of every Muslim male
and female and the first verse also stresses upon the importance on knowledge, the verse says "Read
with the name of your Lord Who created". Muslims are to follow the guidance Allah has sent to them
in the form of Holy Quran and Sunnah because on the Day of Judgment they will be questioned about
their actions whether they followed the guidance which has been sent to them. The rewards and
punishments will take place on the basis of people's actions, the verse says "Then shall anyone who
has done an atom's weight of good shall see it and anyone who has done an atom's weight of evil shall
see it". This teaches that Muslims will stand responsible for their deeds so they should keep
themselves away from evil and do good deeds to keep away from the punishment of Allah.

Allah always gives protection to the believers from the evil of His creation as He is all Powerful so has
control over everything. Muslims should turn to Allah and seek refuge with Him alone, the verse says "I
seek refuge with the Lord of mankind, the King of mankind and the God of mankind". It teaches that
when Allah gives protection, nothing can harm no matter how powerful it is.

Q. Describe what the following Suras tell Muslims about the circumstances in which they were
revealed: 112 (Al-lkhlas) and 108 (Al-Kauthar). (10)(June 2013)

Sura lkhlas was revealed at a time, when Quraysh asked Holy Prophet (PBUH) about Allah's ancestry,
actually they thought that Allah is like a human so this Surah was revealed to answer the Question of
the disbelievers. The content of the Surah clearly established Allah's Oneness, and that He had no
beginning or end, negates the false belief of Allah having ancestors and descendants unlike the human
beings and the idols that were worshipped by the pagans at the time. Allah has unique qualities,
attributes, existence and position, nothing in this universe can be similar to Him in any way or form. It
also negated the idea of the trinity which the Christians believed in, and that Allah had any physical or

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human characteristics. When Holy Prophet (PBUH) used to preach his religion, many people asked
about Allah so this Surah was recited as an answer, giving a short and comprehensive insight into
Islam's belief in Allah.

Surah Kauthar was revealed when Holy Prophet was going through a period of difficulty with the
Quraysh. Both his sons had died and the Quraysh used this as an opportunity to mock and tease Holy
Prophet (SAW). They said that he was "cut off from his root" (abtar), meaning that he had no male
decedents to carry his name, and they thought that his message would die when Holy Prophet (SAW)
passed away. Allah revealed these verses to console and give hope to him that it would not be him, but
his enemies would be cut off, and that he would be given abundance of blessings in this life and in the
next. He should continue with his devotional activities, eventually Allah will bless him with abundance
of descendants and followers.

Chapter: 2 The History and Importance of the Holy Quran

Q. Write an account of the ways in which the Qur'an was revealed to the Prophet (PBUH) between
the years 610 and 632 AD.

The Holy Quran was revealed in three stages:

First Stage. The Holy Quran was preserved in ‘Loah-il-Mahfooz’ the well-guarded tablets, Only Allah
knows its reality. Allah says, “Nay this is a Glorious Quran in a Preserved Tablet.”

Second Stage. In the second stage complete Quran was descended altogether from the preserved
tablet to the lowest Heaven in Baitul-Izza on the Lailatul-Qadr. Allah says, “We have indeed revealed
this (Quran) in the night of Power”.

Third Stage. In the third stage, the Holy Quran was descended from the lowest Heavens to the heart of
the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) piece by piece in successive revelation over a period of 23 years of his
Prophet Hood.

The Holy Quran started to be revealed to the Holy Prophet in 610 A D in the cave of Hira when Jibriel
came with the following first five verses of Surah Al-Alaq.
"Read with the name of your Lord Who created, created man out of the clot of congealed blood.
Read and your Lord is the most Bountiful. He Who taught by the pen. Taught man what he knew not."
After the first revelation there was a gap of about six months or few days. The second revelation was
consisted of first five verse of Surah Al-Muddathir commanding Prophet (PBUH) to invite Makkans to
Islam. It says,
“O you wrapped in your cloak, rise and warn,……..”
Then, he wo uld receive revelations frequently, sometimes a whole surah, at others, just a few
verses.
The mode of revelation was also different at different times. Holy Quran says,

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"It is not fitting for a man that Allah should speak to him except by inspiration, or from behind a veil or
by sending the messenger to reveal with Allah's command what He wills”.
Following are the ways in which Allah communicated to the Holy Prophet (PBUH);
1. He started to have true dreams. It was the beginning point of revelation.
2. Angel casted invisibly in Prophet’s heart and mind like an inspiration.
3. Mostly Jibrael visited Holy Prophet (PBUH) in a human form and talked directly.
4. The Angel only twice visited the Holy Prophet in his original form.
5. What Allah himself revealed to him in Heaven when he was ascended.
6. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) would listen like ringing of the bells.

The revelation used to come to the Prophet all at sudden without any information in advance.
Whenever the Angel visited him there started appearing different signs on his body like his face turned
red, sweat started rolling down his cheeks in the severe cold winter as narrated by Hazrat Ayesha
(R.A.) that Holy Prophet's (PBUH) beard became wet with the sweat when the revelation came. The
burden of the revelation was so heavy that once Zaid bin Thabit’s leg was beneath the leg of the
Prophet (PBUH) and when revelation came, he said Holy Prophet's weight became so heavy that his leg
will break into pieces.

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) used to receive the revelation whenever any question was raised in front of
him. So Allah used to reveal a verse as an answer to the question. Once, Quraish asked him a question
about Allah so Surah Al-lkhlas was revealed. Similarly when Prophet’s PBUH second son Ibrahim died,
Abu Lahab started calling him ‘Abtar’ (alone or cut off) then Allah revealed Surah Al-Kawthar.

Mainly the Surahs were revealed at two different places, Makkah and Madina. The Surahs that were
revealed at Makkah before migration are known as Makki Surahs and those Surahs that were revealed
in Madina after migration are known as Madinite Surahs. There are 86 Makkan Surahs and 28 Madani
Surahs. Makkan Surahs mainly deal with beliefs like, Belief in Oneness of Allah His attributes and
rewards and punishments. Madani Surahs deal with social, economic and political laws. Main
principles of Islam were made obligatory in Madina. Surah Nasr was the last complete Surah, which
was revealed, and the last revelation came to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in the plain of Arafat, which
completed the revelation as it said.
"This day I have perfected your religion for you completed my favours upon you and have
chosen Islam as your religion”.
This verse marks the end of revelation and the completion of Quran.

Q: Trace the main stages in the compilation of the Quran. (10)

Note: Please prepare other topics of the Quran including the above question from the book.

(Sources of Islamic Law)

1. THE HOLY QURAN

Q. Explain the significance of Holy Qur an as the First source of Islamic law. (10)

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Q. How do Muslims use Holy Quran in everyday living? (10)

The Holy Quran is the last book of Allah revealed to the Holy Prophet Muhammad through the Angel
Gabriel (AS) within the period of 23 years as a direct message of Allah to mankind. It is the last Divine
Book and without doubts a word of Allah. Holy Quran contains the most comprehensive divine
instructions for entire mankind which will constantly guide them till the Day of Judgment. It is
miraculous and matchless book; the like of the Quran can never be produced. It provides the
knowledge of right and wrong and teaches man his relationship with his Lord as well as his duties and
responsibilities as a ruler and as a subject. Its basic purpose is to reform the humanity and is a medium
through which we get the shariah laws. Its commandments deal with the article of faith and pillars of
Islam. It provides a complete code of life and guides us in our social, economic, political matters and
gives moral teachings.
Its commandments include the private as well as the public laws.
Such as in commercial dealings the verse says,
"Allah permits trade and forbids interest."
This verse teaches that interest based business is unlawful in Islam. The verse says,
"Give full measure when you measure, and weigh with a balance that is straight".
It shows that cheating in business dealings is strongly prohibited.
The Holy Quran guides the Muslims in their social life as the verse says,
"Those who unjustly eat up the property of orphan eat up fire into their own bodies''
This shows that Quran protects the rights of every individual in society. In the matters of inheritance, it
gives clear rules as the verse says,
"The share of male shall be twice to that of female".
It gives clear teachings to establish family relations on strong footings and tells the rights and duties of
every family member. As about the rights of parents the verse says "Worship none but Allah, treat with
kindness your parents," This verse teaches that after the obligatory duties lay the rights of the parents.
The Holy Quran also deals with the judicial laws and prescribes punishments for various crimes such as
it mentions the punishment of theft that the hands to be chopped off. The verse says,
"As for the thief, whether man or woman cut off their hands".
It gives clear guidance about the relationship of the Muslim states and other states in the times of
wars, peace and the asylum seekers. The verse says "O' Prophet (PBUH) if the enemies incline to peace
you should also incline to it and put your trust in Allah". The treaties and contracts with other states
must be fulfilled in all circumstances. The verse says, "O' believers fulfill your undertakings". This shows
that Holy Quran gives sufficient guidance to maintain relations with other states. It also enjoins to
judge between people justly as says, “ Judge between people justly" From these examples we
understand that Holy Quran guides us in our every walk of life then it promises great reward for those
who obey and warns the severe punishment to those who disobey. It is the most preserved book and
is in the original form as it was revealed to the Holy Prophet because Allah Himself has taken the
responsibility to protect it from corruption.

Q. Explain why the first community of Muslims thought it was necessary to compile the Qur'an.
(June 2010) (4)

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Q. Why did these Caliphs think it was important to make a compilation of Holy Quran?
(November 2006) (4)

Q. What is the significance to Muslims today of having the Qur'an in the form of a book?
(November 2011) (4)

The Holy Quran was revealed as a guide to whole of mankind so it was necessary to preserve its
original text for the coming generations. At that time Quran was not put into one copy it was only in
the memories of the companions who were dying in the battles. If the Holy Quran was not compiled
then it would have been lost, coming generations would have been deprived of its precious teachings
and Islam would have lost its importance.

It was compiled in the early period of Islam by the companions themselves who have learnt and
memorized from Holy Prophet to save it from mistakes and if it was delayed then coming generations
would have differences and there would have been many disputes over the Holy Quran. Hazrat
Uthman standardized it during his Caliphate to avoid any mistake in its dialect. The first Muslim
community compiled Holy Quran for the future generations who would not have learnt it by heart or
who would not have the Arabic as their first language and it would allow Muslims to have access to
Quran at all times and places without any problem.

Q. Explain how Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit ensured the authenticity of the verses of Quran. [4)
During the compilation of the Holy Quran Hazrat Zaid used a very strict criterion to check the
authenticity of the verses and he described this job as harder than moving the mountain from its place.
He applied the following criteria.
The verse he received first of all he used to check with his own memory because he was a strong Hafiz
of Quran.
Then he used to check with his writing because he had the whole of the Quran written with him.
Then the verse was given to all the scribes who were strong Hafiz for verification.
Then it was given to the Khalifa for verification, as he was Hafiz.
Then the presenter of the verse was asked to give two witnesses, those who have seen him writing in
the presence of the Holy Prophet and checked by him.
Then lastly, he was asked to take oath that he had written in the presence of Holy Prophet and
checked by him.
Then the verse was accepted and written in a copy. This criterion was applied so that there should not
be any mistake and nothing should be added in the Holy Quran because many hypocrites wanted their
manmade verses to be included in it.

Q. Explain why Caliph Uthman thought it was important to standardize the Holy Quran. (4)

The Muslims were reciting the Holy Quran in their regional dialects that changed the meanings of the
verses and there arose a difference in the style of recitation in every province. If this practice
continued then Muslims will have disputes over the dialect of recitation and this might lead to the
differences in the Muslim society.

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The Holy Quran is the basic book of law for the Muslims and without its safety Muslims cannot use it as
a source of law. The Quran might have lost its importance if Hazrat Uthman would have not
standardize it. Therefore, the Caliph thought it was foremost important to standardize the Quran to
save the Muslims from disputes and differences and to avoid mistakes in the recitation because it is
grave sin to recite Quran in wrong dialect.

Q. To what extent is the Holy Qur'an the basis of legal thinking in Islam? (June 2013) (4)

Holy Quran is the last Divine revealed unchangeable and unchallengeable book so it is the primary
source of legal thinking in Islam. All the rulings of the Islamic law are based upon the Holy Quran. The
rulings of the other sources are also based upon its teachings. Holy Quran will continue to guide
Muslims till the Day of Judgment. The other legal sources give the detail of Holy Quran. Therefore, it is
essential for the legal scholars to have sound knowledge of the Quranic teachings so that they can
apply them in their everyday lives. Even in the modern times the new rulings are always checked with
Holy Quran to ensure that there is no conflict, before being accepted. Holy Quran's laws, rules and
regulation are meeting the need of time. Holy Quran guides in every aspect of human life so we
should develop understanding to get guidance from it.

2. HADITH

Q. Explain the significance of Hadith as the second source of Shariah. [10]

The Hadith literally means the sayings, actions and the silence approval of the Holy Prophet. It is also
the primary source of Shariah after the Holy Quran. The Hadith is also based on the Divine revelation
as the verse says,

"He (Muhammad) does not speak of his own desire but it is a revelation sent down to him".

This shows that Hadith is also based on the Divine revelation like the Holy Quran. The only difference is
that for the Hadith main theme is from Allah and the words are of the Prophet (PBUH) and for the
Quran both theme as well as the words are from Allah. The Hadith is very important, it has been
described in the Quran that to follow the Holy Prophet (PBUH) is to follow Allah as the verse says
"Those who obey the Messenger obey Allah" This shows that obedience of Allah lies in the obedience
of the Prophet. The disobedience of the Prophet (PBUH) is indeed the disobedience of Allah.

These two verses teach that Hadith is also the fundamental source of law like the Quran. Hadith is the
explanation of the Holy Quran as it says, "We have sent down the Quran to you (O Muhammad SAW)
so that you may explain to mankind what has been revealed to them" This shows that the main duty of
the Holy Prophet (PBUH) was to explain Quran. These verses show that the Hadith must also be
followed because its origin is also the Divine revelation.

The Hadith is the practical demonstration of the Quran as a companion asked Hazrat Ayesh (RA) about
the morals of the Holy prophet (PBUH) she said, "His moral was the Holy Quran". This shows that Holy
Prophet (PBUH) never did anything which was against Quranic teachings. It is a mistaken percept that
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we obey Allah while remaining disobedient to the Prophet (PBUH).There are many places where the
Holy Quran is silent then Hadith give us clear information and many things had been made lawful and
unlawful by the Hadith. There are so many commandments in the Quran that we cannot understand
without the Hadith. For example Quran commands "Establish prayer" but it does not give the method,
prohibition and obligatory acts, it is Hadith which explains everything in detail as it says "Offer your
prayers as you see me offering" This shows that Hadith explains every commandment of the Holy
Quran and forms the foundation of the shariah laws .

Q. Give four specific examples to show how the Quran and Hadith are used together in establishing
the shariah law. [10]

Q. Explain how are the Quran and Hadith used together by the legal experts to establish Shariah law.
(10)

Q. How are the Qur'an and Hadiths used together in Islamic legal thinking? (June 2009)(10)

Q. How are the Qur'an and Hadith employed in working out Islamic law? (June 2010) (4)

Q. How have the Hadith of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) been used as a source of guidance by Muslims?

Q. What part do Hadiths play in Islamic legal thinking? (June 2011) (10)

Q. Explain by giving an example how a Hadith has been used together with the Qur'an in working
out an Islamic law. (November 2011) (4)

Q. Write about the way in which the two primary sources of Islamic legal thinking are used.
(November 2012) (10)

Q. Describe how the Hadiths are used in establishing law in Islam.(November 2013) (10)

Q. Outline the relationship between the Hadith and the Qur’an as sources of Islamic law. Give
examples to support your answer. (June 2018) (10)

The Holy Quran is the basic source of shariah law and gives guidance in our entire life. It is the most
perfect book without any fault. It forms the foundation of shariah laws. The laws of the Quran are in
brief and Hadith is referred for its explanation as the verse says,

“We have sent down the Quran to you (O Muhammad) so that you may explain to mankind what has
been revealed to them".

This shows that the main purpose of Hadith is to explain the Quranic teachings.

The Hadith literally means to inform. In Islamic terminology, it means the Holy Prophet’s (PBUH)
sayings, actions and the silent approval of his companions’ actions. It is the second source of Islamic
law. It gives full teachings of what the Quran states in brief or where it is silent. Here are some
examples to show that how Quran and Hadeeth work together to establish Islamic Law.
Examples where the Holy Prophet’s PBUH hadith explains the Holy Quran’s commandments

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1. Quran commands,
"Establish regular prayers…."
But it does not give the method, prohibition and obligatory acts. It is Hadith which explains
everything in detail as Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) says,
"Offer your prayers as you see me offering.''
The Prayer becomes unlawful if it is not offered with the method taught by the Holy Prophet
(PBUH).
2. The Holy Quran commands,
"Hajj is a duty men owe to Allah those who can afford the journey".
This verse makes Hajj obligatory on all Muslims who can physically and financially afford
the journey. But it does not tell the whole method, obligatory acts, times, place and manner of
Hajj. Hadeeth guides us about the most important act of Hajj in the following way,
“Hajj is to stay at Arafah.”
It is Hadith which explains in detail about the method, places, obligatory acts and time of Hajj.
3. The other example is that Holy Quran commands,
“ …. And pay zakat.”
The verse contains only commandment of paying zakat whereas Hadith explains and tells in
detail about the articles on which zakat is levied, its time when it is given and the fixed amount
that is given. Hadeeth guides us on one of its conditions in the following words,
“No zakat is payable on property until a year passes on it.”
4. At another place Holy Quran says,
"Allah permits trading and forbids interest."
It teaches that interest based transaction is unlawful while clean trade is lawful. However, the
verse doesn’t explain different forms of interest. Hadith explains all types of interest in detail as
the Holy Prophet says,
"Gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barely for barley, hand to hand and equal
in amount, whoever demands more or receives more indulges in interest."
This.
Examples where the Holy Prophet’s PBUH hadith adds on the Holy Quran’s commandments

5. The Holy Quran describes that pork is unclean therefore unlawful for the Muslims. It says,
“Forbidden to you are carrion and blood and swine flesh……..”
The Holy Quran describes only one animal by name as unlawful but all the other animals are
declared unlawful by the Hadith as the Holy Prophet (PBUH) says,
"All the animals having attacking teeth and all the birds having attacking claws are
unlawful (Haram).”
According to this Hadith many animals are declared unlawful. This shows that there are many
things, which the Hadith has described, lawful or unlawful. Therefore, Muslims have to follow
both the Quran and Hadith equally.
6. The Holy Quran describes about inheritance that:
“Allah advises you concerning your children’s (inheritance), the male should get portion equal
to two females.”

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 Whereas the Holy Quran is silent about the inheritance of Muslim and non-Muslim. Hadeeth
adds law about it. The Holy Prophet PBUH says,
“A Muslim may not inherit from a non-Muslim, nor a non-Muslim inherit from a Muslim.”
7. Allah has provided a list of mahram relations in the Holy Quran. It says,
“Forbidden to you (for marriage) are: your mothers, your daughters…and two sisters in wedlock
at the same time…
We know from the Quran that marrying two sisters together is haram. But Hadeeth adds to this
law by saying,
“A woman and her paternal aunt can’t be united nor a woman and her maternal aunt.”
8. In another example, the Holy Quran announces the punishment of zina (adultery) for
unmarried people. It says,
“Those who fornicate, whether female or male, flog them with a hundred lashes.”
However, the Holy Quran is silent about the punishment of married criminal. Hadith sets the
punishment of stoning to death for the married people (adulterer).

Q. 'My community will never agree upon an error'. In your opinion why is this Hadith important for
the practice of consensus (ijma)? (November 2013) (4)

Ijma is one of the secondary sources of legal thinking in Islam. Ijma is approved by both Quran and
Hadith. The stated Hadith indicates the Prophet’s approval to the practice of Ijma that unanimous
agreement of Muslim Ummah will be free from errors and supports that it is also a source of Shariah
law. When a group of scholars well versed in the teachings of the Qur'an and Hadith reach a decision in
the light of the primary sources of Islamic law their chances of reaching a wrong decision are rare.

ljma will continue to exist for all Muslim generations to keep Sharia laws in tune with the times. Holy
Quran supports ljma by saying "take council with them in matter of affairs". It teaches that the solution
of the new problems if not solved in either Holy Quran or Hadith must be solved through ljma.
Therefore a united effort is likely to enjoy the blessing and support of Allah. Moreover, if members of a
community make collective efforts for finding a solution to any problem, they will ensure an
equilibrium or balance. The Quran endorses this by saying,
“And thus We have made you a community justly balanced.” (2:143)
The Prophet (PBUH), through this Hadith, also conveyed a subtle message of a continued unity among
Muslims so that they do not fall victim to conflicting opinions regarding new challenges and issues.

Q. Giving one example, explain how the Sunnah is important in a Muslim's life today.
(November 2012) (4)

Sunna literally means a pratice, a mode of life or a custom. In the technical sense, it implies the doings
and practices of Holy Prophet (PBUH). Sunnah is the basis of the Islamic teachings, Holy Quran says,
"You stand on the exalted standard of character."
It means Sunnah has great importance in Islam.

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Sunnah gives the practical mode of the Quranic teachings, so it makes the Quranic teachings easy for
the Muslims to follow in their life. Obeying Sunnah is actually obeying Allah, the verse says,
"He who obeys the Messenger, obeys Allah".
There are many examples where we find application of Sunnah for guidance. The Quran repeatedly
forbids Muslims from the practice of Riba/interest but does not define it in detail. For example, it says,
“ O you who believe! Do not consume usury, doubled and multiplied”
Various Ahadeeth elaborate the details of this corrupt practice. The Prophet (PBUH) deeply observed
the wickedness of traders in Arabia who exchanged goods at an inflated price and also gave inferior
quality goods. Therefore, he declared:
“The bartering of gold for gold (wheat for wheat, dates for dates etc) is riba except if it is from
hand to hand and equal in amount”.
He included most of the trade commodities in this Hadith so that Muslims are warned of various
modes of usury. Now Muslim scholars have agreed on the definition of usury in the light of such
Ahadeeth. Muslims today are able to differentiate between the interest-based banking and Islmic
banking.
Q. Why do Muslims need to know about the Prophet's Hadith and what benefit do they hope to get
by following his Sunnah? (June 2013) (10)

Muslims need to know about the Holy Prophet's (PBUH) hadith because it is also based on the Divine
Revelation as the verse says "He (Muhammad) does not speak of his own desire but it is a revelation
sent down to him". This verse teaches that Holy Prophet (PBUH) neither speaks nor does anything of
his own but it is a revelation that came to him. The Hadith is as important source of guidance for
Muslims as Holy Quran, the verse itself confirms it as says "Those who obey the Messenger has obeyed
Allah" this shows that obedience of Allah lies in the obedience of Holy Prophet (PBUH) Hadith is the
explanation and the practical demonstration of Holy Quran as the verse says "We have sent down the
Quran to you (O Muhammad) so that you may explain to mankind what has been revealed to them".
These verses teach that the hadith are second only to the Holy Quran in Importance and if Muslims
follow the Holy Prophet's practice they will be closer to attaining paradise.

Without hadith Muslims cannot understand Holy Quran because Holy Quran is the book of
commandments whereas hadith is its explanation. Holy Quran commands "establish prayer" but it
does not mention the method, prohibitions, and obligatory acts, it is hadith which explains everything
as Holy Prophet (PBUH) said "Offer your prayers as you see me offering". The whole method of Hajj,
Zakat and Fasting has been taught by Holy Prophet (PBUH) though Holy Quran contains only the
commandments about these pillars.

Hadith is also the primary source of law after the Holy Quran, Holy Prophet laid down principles of law
in his hadith regarding all aspects of life; e.g. buying, selling, inheritance, marriage etc. About business
dealings Holy Prophet said "One who cheats is not amongst us"

The hadith has been a source of guidance for Muslims throughout the ages and are used to this day in
all spheres of a Muslim's life and especially when ljma and Qiyas are being practiced, by following

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Sunnah of Holy Prophet Muslims hope to walk the path of righteousness. Holy Prophet said " I leave
with you two things, if you hold fast to them you will never be misguided: the Book and my Sunnah."

3. IJMA (CONSENSUS OF OPINIONS)

Q. What is consensus (ijma)? How and in what circumstances is it used in Islamic legal thinking?

Q. How and in what circumstances is ljma allowed in Islamic legal thinking? (June 2001) (10)

The Arabic word ljma comes from Jamun or Jama’at which literally means collecting or gathering. In
Islam, it means the consensus / unanimous agreement of all Muslim jurists after the demise of the
Holy Prophet (PBUH) on any legal issue which has not been discussed either in Quran or Hadeeth.

It is the third source and can be extensively used to figure out shariah laws. It will be effective only
when Quran and Hadith are silent on any new shariah issue. After doing ljma, it becomes bounded
duty of the Muslims to follow it and disobeying is unlawful. The Holy Quran also supports ljma as the
verse says, "Take council with them in the conduct of the affairs.” This shows that ljma forms the
important source of law. Holy Prophet also appreciated the use of ljma as he himself used to consult
his companions in every issue like in the battle of Badr and Uhad, it was to teach Muslims to do the
same after his demise.
If Muslims agree on any issue it will be free from errors as the Hadith says,
"My community will not unanimously agree in an error."
This shows that unanimous agreement of the Muslims will be free from errors and is accepted as a
source of law. The other hadith says,
"Allah's hands are on the community and the one who deviates is thrown in hell".

It shows that agreement of the Muslim community will be correct.

There are two types of ljma.
First is ljma of the companions which is the most authentic, unchangeable and unchallengeable and it
is binding on all Muslims to follow it.
Second is ljma of Muslim Jurists which can be changed from time to time.

Examples:
ljma came into practice soon after the demise of the Holy Prophet(PBUH) as all the Muslims
unanimously agreed to elect Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) as a Khalifa of the Islamic state. This shows that
there were no differences in the election of Hazrat Abu Baker as a Caliph.
The compilation of Holy Quran was also done after practicing lima, as it was the unanimous agreement
of all the companions to compile Holy Quran in one book.
Hazrat Uthman with the unanimous agreement of all the Muslims introduced two Adhans for Juma
prayer. This teaches that ljma is very important in our day-to-day life.
Q. What is the importance of consensus (ljma) in Islam? (June 2011) (4)

Q. How is the use of ljma (Consensus) important to Msulims today? (November 2012) (4)

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ljma provides guidance on those important issues which are not found in the primary sources of laws.
It gives guidance at a time when primary sources are silent. It is done on the unanimous agreement of
the Muslims which means it unites Muslims on their important issues and maintains the unity of the
Muslims because it is the democratic principle in Islam. Ijma of the companions forms the basis of the
Shariah laws; it means ljma makes complicated matters easy to follow.

It is not limited to any community or time but it can be done anywhere and anytime so it will continue
to exist as the source of law till the end. After the lifetime of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) there was
problem to compile Holy Quran in one book, Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) also rejected to do this job but
when the unanimous agreement came then he followed it. It means he preferred the unanimous
agreement of the Muslims over his own decision.

4. Qiyas (Analogy)

Q. Explain how and in what circumstances Qiyas is used in Islamic legal thinking.

Q. What are the teachings of Islam about Qiyas? (10)

Q. In what circumstances do Sunni Muslims allow the use of Qiyas? (November 2006) (10)

Qiyas literally means to measure or to make two things equal. According to shariah, it means applying
the original law of the Quran and Sunnah to a new shariah issue on the basis of common sense and
human reasoning. To find out laws for such Shariah issues, all Muslim Jurists exclusively agree that
each shariah law has a reason or a cause for it. There is not a single law that is without a reason.
Therefore, they try to find out the reason for every law then they apply the same law on a new shariah
issue if it has the common reason.

It is the fourth source of Sharia. The Holy Quran has approved the practice of Qiyas / private
judgement, as Allah says,

"There are signs in this (Quran) for man of understanding”.

This shows that learned people will find solution to their new problems. Therefore, this verse tells us
about the significance of Qiyas as a source of Islamic law. Hadith also appreciates the use of Qiyas.
When the Holy Prophet (PBUH) sent Muaz bin Jabal as the governor to Yemen, he asked him, “How will
you decide when a matter comes to you for decision?” He replied, “I shall find solution in Quran and
Sunnah and if it is not present then I shall exert myself to form my own judgement.” This reply pleased
Holy Prophet (PBUH). This shows that Qiyas is very important in establishing shariah law.

Examples:

1. Drugs like Opium, LSD and Heroin etc. are haram.

The Holy Quran has declared wine as haram. As the verse says,
“O believers! Wine, gambling, sacrificing to idols and foretelling through arrows are only unclean
things, the handiwork of Satan.”

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 The reason for wine to be haram is that it intoxicate. As, the above mentioned drugs are also highly
intoxicated so on the basis of qias, they are declared as haram.
During the Holy Prophet’s PBUH time, only alcohol was haram under the category of Khamr. But he
said, "Every intoxicant is Khamr, so every intoxicant is Haram."
This Hadith clearly declared that all types of drugs which cause intoxication are strictly prohibited in
Islam. So, through qiyas, above drugs are declared haram because they have the same reason as of
alcohol.

2. Fortunetelling is haram; either it’s through any bird picking up the fortune cards or through
palmistry.

The Holy Quran has declared fortunetelling through arrows as haram. The verse says,
“O believers! Wine, gambling, sacrificing to idols and foretelling through arrows are only unclean
things, the handiwork of Satan.”
On the basis of common sense and human reasoning, all forms of fortunetelling is declared as haram.
3. Another example is the prohibition of all activities after the Azan for Friday prayers is delivered.
The verse says,

"O' believers when the call is made for the Friday prayer hasten to the remembrance of Allah and
leave aside trading."

The verse prohibits all sorts of business on Friday from Azan till prayer, the reason behind is that it
hinders from offering Friday prayer, now the common sense says that this verse not only prohibits
business but all those activities that hinder from Friday prayer like games, holding meetings or getting
married in the time of Friday prayer.

Q. Why do some legal scholars reject the use of analogy (qiyas)? (June 2009) (4)

Actually Qiyas depends on the human reasoning and human endeavor to deduct laws for the new
shariah issues, so more human thought goes into the decision making than the primary sources. It can
make mistakes and different Muslim scholars have different opinion which goes against the use of
Qiyas so different opinions will lead Muslims to conflicts and problems.

This source of law is used when other sources are silent. The Qiyas of one period can be different to
another period. It is very difficult to apply when Muslims are differing in views and it might divide the
Muslims over the shariah issues because it is the general source of law.

Q. Why do Shi'i Muslims attach importance to the use of aql (reason) in establishing the Islamic law?
(November 2006) (4)

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Aql (reason) also forms the basis of the Shariah laws because Holy Quran itself encourages to use mind
to deduct Shariah laws as the verse says. "There are signs in it for men of understanding". It means
that men of understanding can deduct Shariah laws by using their mind.

The Imams themselves set examples to use mind in the Shariah issues which are not clearly described
in the primary sources. So it is allowed to apply reason to the teachings of the Holy Quran. The Aql
(reason) help Muslims to apply teachings in new circumstances.

Q. What is the difference between ljma and Qiyas. (4)

ljma is the third and Qiyas is the fourth source of law. ljma means unanimous agreement of the
Muslims on any new Shariah issue and Qiyas means applying the original laws of Quran and Hadith on
new Shariah issues. In Qiyas the basic teachings of the Quran and Hadith are applied to the new
Sharlah laws but in ljma Muslims form the law on the basis of their own unanimous agreement.

Qiyas can be done by any one person who is educated but ljma is done by the group of the educated
Muslims, it cannot be done individually. The teachings of both Qiyas and ljma are not against the
primary sources.

Q. Briefly describe the four main sources of legal thinking in Islam. (June 2008)(10)

Q. Give one example each to show how the third and fourth of these legal sources are used.
(November 2005) (June 2008) (4)
The third source is ljma which is the consensus of the Muslim scholars on any Shariah issue. The
example is that when Holy Prophet (PBUH) died all Muslims did ljma and unanimously agreed to elect
Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) as the first Khalifa of the Islamic state. All companions of the Holy Prophet
(PBUH) decided to fight against the false Prophets and declared them as non-Muslims.

The fourth source is Qiyas (analogy). It means to measure or to make two things equal. According to
Shariah, it means applying the original law of the Quran and Sunnah to a new Shariah issue on the
basis of common reason. The examples are, Holy Quran declares alcohol Haram because it is intoxicant
so all the drugs like Opium, LSD, Heroin etc are Haram because they are highly intoxicant. Another
example is the prohibition of business after the call of Azan for Friday prayers. The verse says "O'
believers when the call is heard for the Friday prayer hasten earnestly unto the remembrance of Allah
and leave trading." It prohibits all sorts of business on Friday from Azan till prayer. The reason behind
is that it hinders from offering Friday prayer, now this verse not only prohibits business but all that
hinders from Friday prayer like games or getting married in the time of Friday prayer are prohibited.

Chapter: 3 The Life and Importance of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)

Ancestral Background of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)

Ancestry of the Holy Prophet starts from Hazrat Ibrahim who is known as "Abul Anbiya" the father of
the Prophets. He had two sons Hazrat Ismail and Hazrat lshaq, both of them were Prophets. Holy
Prophet (SAW) is the direct descendent of Hazrat Ismail (AS). Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) is the only

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Prophet who came from the offspring of Hazrat Ismail. From Hazrat lshaq, there started a line of the
Prophets and Bani Israel were the grand children of Hazrat lshaq who were blessed with many
Prophets.

One of the descendent of Ismail was Fihr whose title was Quraish, from him came Qilab then Qusai
who had the custody of Kaba, then Abdul Munaf then Hashim then Abdul Muttalib then Abdullah and
then Hazrat Muhammad. Hazrat Abdul Muttalib during the period of his leadership did three very
important Jobs. Namely, he restored the water of Zamzam, had dialogue with Abraha the Christian
viceroy of Yemen who came with his army to destroy Kaba so Hazrat AbdulMuttalib tried his best to
convince him not to do so, but he refused. Allah destroyed him with his entire army. Thirdly, he
brought up Holy Prophet (PBUH) with great care and love.

Q. Explain the socio-religious, political and economic conditions of Arabia at the time of the birth of
the Holy Prophet (PBUH). (10)

Social Conditions:

At the time of the birth of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) the social conditions of Arabia was worst. Drinking
and gambling was liked by them more than their lives. Woman and slaves did not enjoy any right even
they were considered as cattle. Women had no right of inheritance even she was regarded as property
and treated as article of trade. A man could marry as many women as he could afford and used to
divorce them any time. Stepmothers were made legal wives of the sons. Masters enjoyed the right of
life and death over their slaves. The birth of the daughters was considered as shame and it was the
common practice of Quraish to bury their daughters alive. Adultery, fornication and killing prevailed
throughout Arabia.

Religious Conditions:

The religious condition was also worst as they were fallen in the depths of polytheism. They were idol
worshipers, there were 360 idols inside Kaba, and besides these idols they worshiped big statues for
different purposes namely al -lat, al-uzza, al-manat and al-hubal. They had no belief in life after death,
the Day of Judgment and believed in Angels as daughters of Allah. During the time of pilgrimage
people used to come to worship these idols and give sacrifices in their names. Besides the idols, Arabs
worshipped the sun, the moon, trees, stones and other objects.

Political Conditions:

In Arabia there was no government and no law so the Arabs were scattered in tribes ruled by the chief
known as Sheikh who enjoyed the full control over the tribe and ruled according to his own desire.
Might was the right in Arabia that the powerful tribes used to override the poor tribes and used to
plunder and make them slaves. They fought over the trivial issues and the wars continued in
generations. Looting and stealing were the common practices.

Economic Conditions:

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Arab is a desert area so there was less agriculture people depended on trade for their livelihood and
did interest based business. Quraish were traders and had trade links with other states. Madina was an
agricultural town its people were farmers. Many Arab tribes mostly looted trade caravans and
made that as a source of income for themselves.

Q. (a) Write about the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) up until the first revelation.

(June 2010)

(Write each of these events very briefly in this question, the detail of these events is given for future
questions)

Holy Prophet (PBUH) was born on Moday morning, the 9th of Rabi-ul Awwal (April, 571 A D) in the
house of Hazrat Abdullah and Amina. His father passed away before his birth. Hazrat Abdul Muttalib
named him "Muhammad (which means the praised one)" so that he should be praised in the heavens
and on the earth. His mother named him “Ahmad”.

At the time of his birth, it was a custom in Arabia to give their babies in charge of the bedouin ladies.
Holy Prophet (PBUH) was given in charge of Halima Sadia who brought him up for six years. At this
stage, his chest was opened and his heart was washed with zamzam by the Jibraeel (AS). Later on, he
was returned to Hazrat Amina, his mother who took him to Yathrab to visit the grave of her husband
and meet her relatives. When she was coming back at the place of Abwa she fell ill and died. At the age
of six Holy Prophet (PBUH) lost both of his parents. Umme Aiman, the slave girl of Hazrat Amina, took
him to Hazrat Abdul Muttalib so he adopted him and brought him up, but he also could not last long.
When Holy Prophet was eight years old, he also passed away then his uncle Hazrat Abu Talib took the
responsibility to bring him up.

When Holy Prophet grew up he started to graze cattles. Once Hazrat Abu Talib took him on trade
journey, in the way they met Christian monk Bahira, who recognized signs of prophethood in him and
advised Hazrat Abu Talib to save his nephew from Jews who might harm him.

Holy Prophet (PBUH) from the very beginning started to show signs of an inquisitive mind and became
a different boy never indulged himself into the playful activities with other boys of his age and loved
solitude. He hated idol worship and the other evil customs of Arabs. He became very particular in
helping the poor, widows and orphan.

Between 580-590 A D a sacrilegious war broke out amongst Arabs known as Harb-ulFijar which
continued for ten years. Holy Prophet (PBUH) in this war helped his uncle. It is known as a sacrilegious
war because it was continued even in the sacred months in which war was prohibited. After the
disastrous effects of the war, all Arab tribes conducted a meeting to avoid such wars in the future. So a
truce was signed which is known as Half-ul-Fadul, it was decided that there will be no war in the
future. Sacred months will be respected. Everyone will be given equal rights. Trade caravans, Poor,
slaves destitute and the oppressed will be fully protected. Holy Prophet (PBUH) became an active
member of this truce because he was a peace loving man and loved that everyone should be
protected.
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Holy Prophet (PBUH) right from his childhood led a very virtuous life, never lied and deceived anyone,
was very honest, kindhearted and sympathetic. Because of these qualities, Arabs loved him and
started calling him as As-Sadiq and Al-Amin, which means most truthful and most trustworthy.

In young age he started trade, during those days there was a very wealthy widow known as Tahira, the
chaste woman, in Arabia who was in search of an honest person to manage her trade. When she came
to know about the truthfulness and trustworthiness of Holy Prophet (PBUH), she invited him to take
her trade to Syria, which he did. Maisra, her slave also accompanied in this trade and closely watched
4'o
Holy Prophet's (PBUH) business dealings. He was very much impressed and told Hazrat Khadija all that
he saw. She was so much impressed that she herself sent a proposal which was accepted and both
were married at the time when Holy Prophet (PBUH) was 25 years and Hazrat Khadija (RA) was 40
years old.

During the lifetime of the Holy Prophet there came a time to rebuild Kaba as the structure of the
building was in weak state so all the Arab chiefs took this honorable job to construct Kaba but when
the time for fixing the black stone came, all wanted this job to be done by them personally. So they
were about to fight to take the honour of fixing the black stone, but an old wise man suggested that
the first person to enter Kaba next morning will do this job. Next morning they found Holy Prophet
(PBUH) inside and they agreed to give this honour to him to fix the black stone. Holy Prophet (PBUH)
spread his mantle placed the stone on it and asked all leaders to join him to fix the stone, so all
completed this job peacefully. This shows the wisdom of Holy Prophet (PBUH) that how wisely he did
this Job. It also shows his selfless character that instead of doing by himself he shared with others.
Fight was also avoided due to his wisdom. Arabs chiefs loved him very much.

(b) Why was his relationship with his wife Hazrat Khadija (RA) important for him?

(June 2010) (4)

This marriage freed Holy Prophet (PBUH) from his financial worries as she gave him her entire wealth.
This gave him opportunity to retire in the cave nearby for meditation. She gave him time to meditate
and became a very devoted and loving wife. Her support allowed him to spend time in seclusion and
his seclusion prepared him for receiving the revelation.

At the time of the first revelation, she played a remarkable job of comforting him, when he was
trembling and scared because of a strange experience in the cave, she took him to her cousin Waraqa
bin Naufil who confirmed him that he is the messenger of Allah. She was the first person to accept
Islam without any hesitation, which helped Islam in its early years and suffered for his cause,
accompanied him in the social boycott. When Holy Prophet (PBUH) was tortured, Quraish made fun of
his religion and he lost hope so Hazrat Khadija used to console, comfort and encourage him at all times
of hardships.

She was a faithful and devoted wife of the Prophet (PBUH) who gave him moral support, uplifted his
spirit and gave him hope, which encouraged him and helped to strengthen his resolve. She always

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stood by the Prophet's (PBUH) side through all the thick and thin times which helped to strengthen his
stand against opposition.

Q. Give an account of the Holy Prophet's (PBUH) first experience of receiving the revelation.
(November 2004) (10)

Mohammad (PBUH) used to retreat in isolation to the cave of Hira in the mount of Nur, where he
passed time in meditation. He used to take some provisions with him, when these finished, he would
go back home. He used to think deeply over the conditions of the society. When he reached the age of
40, one night towards the end of Ramadhan, he was as usual in the cave, Angel Jibrael (AS) appeared
there in the form of a man and asked him to read. He said that he cannot read so the angel squeezed
him tightly, left him and asked him to read. He again said that he cannot read the angel again squeezed
him and asked him to read but he said that he cannot read: Then for the third time the angel again
squeezed him to such an extent that he was exhausted and asked him to:
"Read in the name of your Lord Who created, created man out of a clot of congealed blood. Read! and
your Lord is the most Bounteous, Who has taught the use of the pen, has taught man which he did not
know."
These five verses of sura Alaq were revealed, after which the angel disappeared. Prophet (PBUH) was
greatly shaken by this strange experience. So he came out of the cave. Mohammad (PBUH) rushed
home greatly disturbed and asked Hazrat Khadija to wrap him. After rest, told the whole story to her
and said that he was scared of his life. Hazrat Khadija (RA) consoled him saying: “Allah will never
disgrace you as you keep good relation with your relatives, speak the truth, help the poor and the
destitude, serve your guest generously and assist the deserving, calamity-afflicted ones.”
Then she took him to her cousin Waraqa bin Naufil, a Christian scholar who heard all that happened
and told him that the same angel came to Moses. Waraqah wished he was young and could live up to
the time when Mohammad’s people would turn him out of the city.

Q. Write an account of the persecution faced by:

(i) Holy Prophet and (ii) His followers

in the years when they lived in Makkah. (June 2003) (June 2007) (10)

Q. Describes the main difficulties encountered by Holy Prophet (PBUH) himself during his time in
Makah after his call to prophet hood. (November 2010) (10)

Q. Describe the difficulties faced by the followers of the Prophet in Makkah.(June 2011) (10)

Q. Describe the persecution faced by the first Muslims in Makka. (November 2012) (10)

Q. Give an account of the persecutions faced by the early converts to Islam in Makka.

(June 2013)

(i) Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬ (Difficulties encountered by Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬himself)

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When Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was given the command of preaching his religion openly, he went to Safa
hill and called all Quraish to his religion. Quraish instead of listening to him made fun of his teachings,
started mentally torturing him, and said that he had gone mad.

Then when he used to recite the verses of Holy Quran, they called him that he is a poet, who made the
verses by himself and said that it was not a Divine revelation. When the verses of Quran inclined them
to listen, they called him that he is big magician who casted magic over their souls which inclined them
to listen to his verses. However, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬did not care for these taunts and continued with
his mission. Following this they started interrupting his preaching and did not let him preach
peacefully. Even then, he continued his religion with the same zeal.

Later on, they took physical step to torture him. Thorny bushes were thrown in his way, dirt and filth
was thrown on his body. Once, while offering prayer in Kaba when he went to prostration, Abu Jahl
came with fetus of camel and placed over him. It was so heavy that he could not withdraw from sajdah
and his entire body became dirty. Once he was walking in street, a man strangled his sheet over his
neck pulled him back and he fell on his back. When Holy Prophet's ‫ ﷺ‬sons passed away, they
called him abtar, which means childless and hopeless. Chiefs tried to bribe him by making him king and
giving him fairest girl to marry but Holy Prophet said if you place the sun on my right hand and moon
on my left even then I will not renounce my mission until Allah fulfils it or destroy me in the process.
Then Quraish tried to assassinate him but Allah saved and he migrated to Madina.

(ii) His Followers

The new Muslims also could not escape the persecution and torture. Some of them were severely
persecuted like Hazrat Sumaiya (RA) who was tortured to death by her master. Hazrat Ammar (RA) and
Yasir were tied with ropes and beaten with sticks very severely. Hazrat Bilal (RA) was tortured so much
that he fainted many times but always said Ahad that Allah is one. Once he was laid under the
scorching heat of the sun and a heavy stone was placed over his chest. The slaves and those without
tribal protection were severely tortured. Hazrat Abu Bakr's (RA) hair were pulled out while saving the
Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬from persecution. When persecution became unbearable, Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
asked the new converts to migrate to Abyssinia where they will get protection, but the Quraish
reached over there as well to take them back and torture them, but the Abyssinian king refused to
hand them over.

When Quraish failed to take the Muslims back, then they signed a social boycott and all Muslims were
thrown outside Makkah in Shi'b bin Abi Talib. It was a very difficult time as the Muslims even had to
eat boiled leather to survive; it was their worst time in the history. Then the Muslims were forced to
migrate to Madina. They could not even find peace in Madina because Quraish fought series of battles
against them but Allah helped and blessed them with victory.

Q. Why did the Quraysh feel they needed to reject the Prophet's ‫ ﷺ‬message?
(November 2011) (4)
Religious Cause:

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Quraish from the very first day opposed Holy Prophet's teachings because they were idol worshippers
and he invited them to the worship of Allah. Islam was against the religion of their ancestors.
Social Cause:
There was corruption in the society which was against Islamic teachings and Quraish did not want to
leave those unIslamic practices. Islamic teachings were based on equality, which the Quraish could
never tolerate because they never considered slaves to be equal to them.
Political Cause:
It also became difficult for them to believe in a common man as their leader and wanted any chief to
be a Prophet either the chief of Makkah or Taif. Banu Uammaya refused to accept Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
as a Prophet because they did not want to lose their leadership.
Economic Cause:
Islam was a threat to the economic benefits of the Quraish. In case of accepting Islam, they would lose
the chance of getting precious gifts in the name of idols. As custodians of Kabah, they were respected
by all the tribes which resulted in the safety of their trade caravans.

Q. Trace the events that led up to the Prophet's ‫ ﷺ‬migration (hijra). (Nov 2009) (10)

Q. Describe the events that immediately led up to the migration to Madina. (Nov 2005)

Q. Abu Talib died in 619 AD. Describe the events following this that led to the Prophet's migration
(hijra) to Madina. (June 2013) (10)

Q. Give an account of the events surrounding the pledges of Aqaba with main details in them.

Holy Prophet and the Muslims faced persecution and torture for a long time which made their life
miserable in Makkah. They were not able to lead a peaceful life. Holy Prophet's ‫ ﷺ‬life was in
serious danger as he lost protection in Makkah after the death of Hazrat Abu Talib and Hazrat Khadija
in 619 AD, those who gave him protection and encouragement in his mission. After the death of Abu
Talib Quraish became against his life and wanted to assassinate him.

During this time, Holy Prophet visited Taif to preach them about his religion but instead of listening to
him, they became worse than the people of Makkah so he was very much worried that he is not
getting any positive response.

Then Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬intended to preach the pilgrims who came to perform Hajj.

In the eleventh year of Prophethood, about six people came from the tribe of Khazraj in Yathrab to
perform Hajj. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬went to their camp and preached them about his religion and all of
them accepted Islam.

Then in the twelfth year of Prophethood, about twelve people went from Yathrib to perform Hajj. Holy
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬invited them to his religion all of them accepted Islam and they signed a pledge known
as the pledge of Aqaba. It was that they would leave the religion of their forefathers and follow the
Prophet's religion. This time they requested to send a teacher with them to teach them about Islam so
Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬sent Hazrat Masab Bin Umair to preach Islam in Madina.
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Next year in the thirteenth year of prophethood, about seventy-five people came with the intention to
perform Hajj and accept Islam. Holy Prophet visited their camp. He brought his uncle, Abbas to the
meeting who was not yet a Muslim but he was very sympathetic to the cause of Islam. Yathribites
accepted Islam and invited Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬to come to their town. This time they signed a second
pledge of Aqaba that they will follow only the Islamic teaching, will sacrifice their lives for his religion
and protection of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬accepted their invitation and asked
them to appoint 12 deputies to be guardians over them. Thereafter, he allowed his companions to
migrate and he himself started waiting for the command of Allah. One night he received Divine
instruction to migrate. So, he left Hazrat Ali (RA) in his bed to return valuables entrusted to him and
went to Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) while the house was fortified with enemies who wanted to assassinate
him but he went unnoticed by them.

Q. Suggest three reasons why Holy Prophet a decided to move from Makkah to Madin
(November 2005) (4)
Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬after the death of Abu Talib (RA) lost his protection in Makkah. His enemies like
Abu Jahal and Abu Lahab became against his life and wanted to assassinate him so he migrated to
Madina where he was promised protection.

He preached at Makkah for a long time but was not successful but when he preached the people of
Madina all converted to his religion and pledged him to support his religion at all times. So, the
possibility of spreading Islam in Madinah was higher than Makkah.

At Makkah, the followers of Islam were under threat and many of them suffered a long persecution,
but in Madina, they were able to live in peace. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬wanted to set up an Islamic
community which was possible only in Madina. The people of Madina elected him as a leader of their
town.

Q. Describe the main events of the Prophet's ‫ ﷺ‬migration from Makkah to Madina.
(June 2008) (10)

Holy Prophet preached at Makkah for a long time but had no result except persecution and torture.
The people of Yathrab when they knew about Islam all converted to his religion and invited him to
their town to know more about Islam and save him from his enemies.
Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked Hazrat Ali to stay in Makkah and return the valuable items to the people
which were entrusted to him and later join them. He said,
“Lie on my bed, and cover yourself with this sheet. No harm will come to you.”
Then he went to the house of Hazrat Abu Baker who prepared two camels and the necessary
provisions for the journey fter he had received the Divine permission to migrate. Enemies were waiting
to assassinate him, surrounded his house but he was not noticed by any of them as he recited 9 th verse
of surah Yaseen on handful of gravel and sprinkled it on the heads of the enemies, which temporarily
made them blind. Allah says,
"(O Prophet!) Remember when the unbelievers were plotting against you, to confine you, or slay you
or get you out of your city. They plot and plan, and Allah too plans, but the best of planners is Allah".
(8:30)
Islamiyat -0493 Page 32 of 69 Paper 1
Assassins early in the morning entered his house but found Ali (RA) in his bed. When the chiefs of
Makkah heard this news, they announced the reward of one hundred camels to the one who captures
Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬dead or alive. So the riders scattered in the desert of Arabia to search for him.
The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) left Makkh on 27th Safar and hid themselves in the
cave of Thaur where they stayed for three days. During this time Abdullah, son of Abu Bakr (RA),
brought the news of Quraish while Asma, daughter of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA), reached them with food
and Amir bin Fuhaira, the freed slave of Abu Bakr (RA), used to provide them with fresh milk of goats.
Hazrat Abu Bakr ‫ ﷺ‬was frightened because the enemies reached the entrance of the cave. He said,
“O Messenger of Allah! If one of them looks down, he will certainly see us!”
But the Holy Prophet PBUH consoled him with words which Allah revealed as a verse after that,
"Have no fear, for Allah is with us". (9:40)
On the entrance of cave spider wove a web and pigeon made nest and laid eggs, which showed that
there was no one inside.
In the way they met Suraqa bin Malik who was in search of them to get the reward but was unable to
assassinate Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. They reached at Quba on Monday, the 8th of Rabi ul Awwal 23rd
September 622 A.D. where they stayed for 4 days and constructed a Masjid which was the first Masjid
after Islam. On Friday, the 12th of Rabi ul Awwal Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬led the Friday prayers in quarter
of Banu Saleem and left for Madina. Hazrat Ali (RA) also joined them. The people in Madina were
waiting anxiously to welcome him. The moment Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬reached they sang songs in his
praises. All the people of Madina wanted Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬to stay in their houses but he said that he
will stay wherever his camel sits, but it sat in empty plot which belonged to two orphans of Banu
Najjar. Hazrat Abu Bakr paid the price and Masjid un Nabawi was constructed. During the construction
of the Masjid Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬stayed in the house of Hazrat Abu Ayub Al Ansari (RA) for seven
months. After migration, Yathrib was named as ‘Madina-tun-Nabi’ , the City of the Prophet (PBUH).

FIRST YEAR OF HIJRAH

Q. Describe the main events that immediately followed migration mentioning especially the
Emigrants (Muhajreen) and helpers (Ansars). (November 2002) (10)

Q. What problems Holy Prophet (PBUH)faced after his migration to Madina and explain how he
tried to overcome them. (10)

Q. Write about the events of the first year following the Prophet (PBUH)'s (PBUH) arrival in Madina.
(June 2013) [10)

After Holy Prophet (PBUH)'s (PBUH) arrival from Quba, he was greeted joyfully by the people of
Yathrib, with children singing as he arrived. As Holy Prophet (PBUH) passed through the city many
people requested that he should stay with them, but he told them that his she camel would make the
decision, the camel stopped on an empty plot of two orphan boys which was purchased by Hazrat Abu
Bakr where the Masjid and Holy Prophet (PBUH)'s house were to be built. During the time of
construction, he stayed with Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. Holy Prophet (PBUH) himself took part in the
construction of the mosque like an ordinary labourer.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 33 of 69 Paper 1

The Masjid was very simple as it was constructed of unbaked bricks, the roof was made of mud, date
palm leaves and the pillars were the trunks of the date trees. Beside the Masjid the first Islamic school
was also constructed which was called Suffa. Holy Prophet (PBUH) became very happy at the
construction of Masjid. Yathrib was re-named as Madina-tun Nabi (The city of Holy Prophet (PBUH).

Then he consulted his companions about how to call the Muslims for their congregational prayers.
Many suggestions were presented but Prophet (PBUH) did not like them as they resembled to the
ways of disbelievers. It is narrated that Hazrat Abdullah bin Zaid Hazrat Umar dreamt the same
wordings which was narrated to the Holy Prophet (PBUH). He was pleased and and ordered them to
teach these words to Hazrat Bilal who became the Moazzin of the Prophet (PBUH).

Soon after the migration Holy Prophet (PBUH) established brotherhood between Muhajreen and
Ansars as the Muhajreen were shelter less and penniless because everything was snatched by Quraish
so he requested Ansar to help their Muhajir brothers. Ansar were so cooperative that they shared half
of their everything with the Muhajreen but they avoided such help and preferred to work and earn for
themselves. He also established brotherhood between Aus and Khazraj as they were each other's
enemies.

At Madina, there were three tribes of the Jews living who refused to accept Islam so Holy Prophet
(PBUH) signed a peace treaty with them, which gave equal rights, honour and religious freedom. Both
were to support each other against the enemies. The Jews physically signed the treaty but intentionally
became the enemies of the Prophet (PBUH) and wanted to destroy Islam.

Q. What can Muslims today learn from the settlement of the Muhajreen at Madina? (4)

Q. Explain the significance of this event as an example for Muslims today. (Nov 2002) (4)

Q. What lessons can Muslims learn from the brotherhood that was created in Madina?

The brotherhood established by the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in Madinah carries immense importance for
Muslims in the whole world.

The most important lesson to be learnt is that Muslims are brothers so, they must co-operate with
each other in the times of difficulties and problems, especially in the times of the natural disasters like
floods, earthquakes etc. They must financially help the poor Muslims who are affected by these natural
disasters and who have non-else to support them. During these incidents, the students mostly start
campaigns in their schools to help the affected people and collect foodstuff, blankets etc, which they
then transport to the affected areas.

Ansar’s obedience to prophet’s (PBUH) decision and their sacrifice to share everything with muhajreen
teaches us to be selfless and ever ready when it comes to obey the Sunnah and share our fortune with
the fellow Muslims.

We also learn that we shouldn’t expect any rewards from others when we help them, as some of the
Muhajreen wanted to pay back to Ansar but they refused to take anything from them. We should
expect rewards from Allah only.
Islamiyat -0493 Page 34 of 69 Paper 1
We learn to keep our self-esteem as Hazrat Abdul Rahman bin Auf refused to accept the help from
Hazrat Sa’ad and said, “Kindly direct me to the market so that I can make my fortune with my own
hands.”
It teaches that if we can manage our affairs by our own, we shouldn’t burden other.

Q. From the treaty with the Jews explains how Muslims can maintain their relations with the non-
Muslims today.
Q. What can Muslims learn from Holy Prophet (PBUH)'s interaction with non-Muslims in Madina?
(June 2013)(4)
Q. How is this brotherhood a good example for Muslim communities now? (November 2013)

We learn from the treaty with the Jews that all the non-Muslims must be given equal rights and equal
religious freedom without any discrimination. In the matter of rights, Muslims and the non-Muslims
should be absolutely equal as the Prophet (PBUH) said in the treaty with the Jews.

Now a day all the Muslim states are following the same policies laid by the Prophet (PBUH) - As
Pakistan is a Muslim State; its constitution says that all the Muslims and non Muslims will be given
equal rights and religious freedom. There are so many churches and temples that are fully protected
by the government. Quaid-e-Azam at the time of the creation of Pakistan said that I am the protector
general of the religious minorities. This shows that he fully protected the rights of the non-Muslims.

Q. Write about the brotherhood that developed between the new communities of Muslims in
Madina. (November 2013) (10)

The brotherhood that was developed at Madina was between Muhajreen (emigrants) and Ansars
(helpers), Muhajreen were those Muslims who migrated from Makkah to Madina because of a long
torture they faced at the hands of Quraish. These Muslims were penniless and shelter less because
their everything was snatched by Quraish and they were refugees in Madina. The Ansars were the
people of Madina, from Aus and Khizraj tribes, who accepted Islam at the first and the second pledge
of Aqaba. They invited Holy Prophet (PBUH) and the Muslims to Madina, pledged Holy Prophet (PBUH)
to sacrifice their lives for his protection, they were very happy to welcome the migrating Muslims.

To unite these two groups of the Muslims, Holy Prophet (PBUH) made them brothers, pairing each of
the Ansar with Muhajr in such as Hazrat Abdul Reman bin Awf was made the brother of Hazrat Sa'ad
ibne Rabi and Holy Prophet (PBUH) took Hazrat Ali as his brother, requested Ansars to help their
Muhajir brothers. The Ansars were so cooperative that they shared half of their everything with them
and they gave spiritual support to their Muhajir brothers by virtue of the fact that they spent time with
Holy Prophet (PBUH) .

Muhajreen showed the nobility of their character and did not want to be a burden on their hosts as
they were used to being traders and so wanted to carry on their work in Madina, Hazrat Abu Bakr
and Hazrat Utham started their own business and became very rich within a short time. Ansars and
Muhajrin loved each other even more than their own brothers. Their unity and cooperation made
them a strong nation who within a short time became the strongest community of Arabia.
Islamiyat -0493 Page 35 of 69 Paper 1
 SECOND YEAR OF HIJRAH

Q. Describe the Prophet (PBUH)'s conduct as leader in two of the battles he fought in.
(November 2011) [10)

Holy Prophet (PBUH) was very kind and very merciful to his enemies even during the battles.
Whenever enemies attacked, he always turned to Allah for His help. His role in the battles was purely
advisory, instructing his companions. Before the battles he always talked about the rules of fighting
that do not kill children, old men and woman, do not cut trees and destroy enemies property, do not
kill the enemies who accept peace or the captives. In the Battle of Badr seventy prisoners of war were
captured by the Muslims. Holy Prophet (PBUH) asked his companions to treat the prisoners very
kindly, feed them and cloth them properly. No one was hurt by the Muslims but were released without
any punishment.
Holy Prophet (PBUH) always wanted to avoid battles and maintain peace with his enemies. Holy Quran
says,
"O Prophet (PBUH); if enemies inclined to peace you should also inclined to it and put your trust
in Allah".
In the battle of Uhad when enemies approached Holy Prophet (PBUH) and wounded him seriously, he
prayed for them instead of cursing them. He said "O Allah; they have not recognized me; guide them to
the right path". This shows his remarkable character. He participated in about 25 battles but never
raised his sword on anybody and never killed anyone. He never fought for his personal revenge but
only waged war in the way of Allah protecting himself and his religion. He always forgave his enemies
even Hind and Wahshi; those who killed his uncle.
Q. What can Muslim leaders today learn from the Prophet (PBUH)'s conduct in their relations with
other states? (November 2011) (4)

The leaders today can follow Holy Prophet (PBUH)'s teachings in their relations with the other states
by maintaining their cordial relations with them. All the international disputes should be sorted out
peacefully. The wars are not the solutions for the problems. Muslim leaders today in Afghanistan must
try to find out peaceful settlement of their problems. Leaders of the world community should bring
Afghan warriors and the Americans on one table to settle their disputes peacefully. If the war
continues there will be more casualties instead of any solution to the problem. Holy Prophet (PBUH)
never wanted to fight but instead wanted to maintain peace with other communities.

Kashmir issue can only be solved through political dialogue not in wars because the two countries
fought a long war over Kashmir but it is still not resolved. Muslim leaders must keep their treaties in
every circumstance because Holy Quran commands to maintain treaties at all times as the verse says
"If enemies incline to peace you should also incline to it and put your trust in Allah". All Muslim
communities should follow UN resolutions at all times and must try to find out solutions of their
disputes by the International Court of Justice and abide by its orders. Organizations of the Islamic
Countries must work effectively in bringing about peaceful solutions to the international problems
facing the Muslim world today.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 36 of 69 Paper 1

Q. Describe the events of two of the battles fought by the Prophet (PBUH) while he was leader of the
community at Madina. (June 2009) [10]
Q. Give descriptions of the main events of the battles of Badr and Uhad. (Nov 2003) [10]
Q. Write an account of the battle of Badr. (November 2013) [10]
Battle of Badr
Quraish did not tolerate the successful migration and peaceful settlement of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
and Muslims in Madina. They wrote letters to the people of Madinah and the Jews to hand over
Muhammad (PBUH) or they will be destroyed but failed. Then Quraish destroyed the houses and
belongings of the Muslims in Makkah and started to disturb them in Madina as they became jealous of
the growing power of the Muslims there. Holy Prophet (PBUH) sent some of his companions to
Makkah who came across the members of Quraish and fight took place in which Amr bin Hadrami from
Quraish was killed which increased the level of hostility. Because of the disturbance of Quraish, Holy
Prophet (PBUH) blocked their trade link to Syria.

Abu Sufyan's caravan was coming which knew about the Muslims attack on him so he sent a man to
Quraish to send an army to escort his caravan to Makkah. However, he himself changed the route. One
thousand people from Quraish set out to protect the caravan reached nearby Madina and got the
news that the caravan was safe but they decided to fight Muslims as they were close to Madina.

When Holy Prophet (PBUH) came to know, he prepared an army of 313 warriors with very less
weapons; only two horses and few camels, encamped at Badr. Quraish were one thousand strong
warriors and all were well equipped with weapons. Holy Prophet (PBUH) looking at the situation
prayed to Allah that
"O Allah! If this small band of army perishes today then there will be no one to remember You
on the face of the earth."
So Allah promised him Divine help. The next day, 17 th of Ramadan 2 AH/624 AD, battle started and
Muslims got help of Allah in the form of the angels who came to help them.
In the beginning of the battle, three of the Quraish’s important chiefs Utbah, Shaiba and Waleed were
killed which caused their disorder and they started to flee from the battlefield but Muslims fought
gallantly killed about seventy of the Quraish warriors and seventy were captured. About fourteen
Muslims were martyred. Muslims also got the booty of war, which was distributed amongst the
warriors. The prisoners were asked to pay ransom or teach ten Muslim children for a fixed time after
which they would be freed. This battle is also known as the Battle of Al-Furqan in Holy Quran.

(Note: You must include one other battle in this Q in the same pattern)

8 Can the Prophet’s (PBUH) conduct during this battle contain lessons for military leaders today?
Give reasons for your answer. (November 2013) (4)

There are definitely lessons for the military leaders today that they should personally participate in the
battles and give advice to the soldiers as Holy Prophet (PBUH) used to participate himself in the battles
and used to instruct his companions. The presence of the leaders in the wars gives an encouragement
to soldiers to fight bravely.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 37 of 69 Paper 1

Military leaders today should be careful to instruct the soldiers not to harm those who are not a part of
war such as ladies and children. Holy Prophet (PBUH) always taught the rules of war before fighting.
The captives should be humanly treated as Holy Prophet (PBUH) treated the prisoners at Badr and not
mutilate the dead bodies of enemies. Holy Prophet (PBUH) always defeated the enemies but never
destroyed them teaches leaders today that they should also not cause loss of human lives in vain.

Q. How does his conduct in one of these battles provide a model for Muslims today when they face
difficulties? (June 2009) [4]

Holy Prophet (PBUH) set an un-parallel example of forgiveness in the battles. He never practiced the
barbaric system of war prevalent in the history. When Muslims captured the 70 prisoners of war at
Badr, Holy Prophet (PBUH) ordered to untie the ropes and said "Treat the prisoners of war as you treat
yourselves, feed them as you feed yourselves and cloth them as you cloth yourselves". It teaches the
noble character of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Muslims today can follow his teachings by treating the
other people kindly; they should not be cruel to other people.

They should adopt the quality of forgiveness, patience and tolerance. Holy Prophet (PBUH) never
fought Quraish for his personal revenge so it teaches Muslims today to avoid fighting with others over
trivial issues. We should not treat other people or enemies cruelly but learn to forgive other's
mistakes. We should not destroy or misuse other's property, treat the elders and ladies with respect
and children kindly as Holy Prophet (PBUH) said during the wars,

"Do not cut trees, do not kill children, old men and ladies and do not destroy their property."

Q. Explain the significance of the battle of Badr. [4]

It was the first victory of the Muslims despite of their less number. In this battle, the most powerful
tribe of Arabia was defeated so the Muslims recognized themselves as a power community in the
whole of Arabia. Many of the Arab tribes were very much impressed that they accepted Islam. It
strengthened the belief of the Muslims in Allah that He is always there to help the believers in their
difficult times and encouraged them to strive for the cause of Islam.

This battle is also known as the battle of Al-Furqan that means to make difference between right and
wrong. Muslim children learnt reading and writing from the prisoners, which raised the literacy rate.
Holy Prophet (PBUH) asked Muslims to treat the prisoners nicely as he said treat them as you treat
yourselves, cloth them as you cloth yourselves and feed them as you feed yourselves. This shows that
he was a very merciful man. This treatment impressed Quraish very much.

THIRD YEAR OF HIJRAH

Q. Give brief description of the main events of the battle of Uhad. [10]

The Battle of Uhad

The main cause of the battle of Uhad was the crushing defeat of Quraish at Badr. They wanted at any
cost to take revenge of Badr and regain their lost reputation. There were flames of revenge for the loss

Islamiyat -0493 Page 38 of 69 Paper 1

of influential warriors. Quraish never wanted Islam to succeed and wanted to open their trade link to
Syria which was blocked by the Muslims.

They prepared the whole year, an army of three thousand well equipped warriors under the leadership
of Abu Sufyan. Holy Prophet (PBUH) came to know a few days before their march so called the council
and decided to face them at Uhad. Muslims prepared an army of one thousand warriors and marched
to the battlefield on 3 AH / 625 AD. In the way, Abdullah bin Ubey deserted the Muslim's army by
separating his three hundred friends, saying that the Prophet (PBUH) never listens to his suggestions.

Muslims were left with only seven hundred warriors who marched to Uhad. Fifty archers were placed
on the mount Uhad to protect the rear and were asked not to leave their posts in any case. The
remaining Muslims faced the enemies and the war started in which Muslims fought very bravely
defeating the enemies who ran away so the archers on the top left their posts to collect the booty
thinking that they have won.

Khalid bin Walid RA saw the rear unprotected so attacked from the backside. Quraish returned and
attacked Muslims from two sides, the victory of Muslims turned into their defeat. Wahshi the slave of
Hind managed to kill Hazrat Hamza, the uncle of Holy Prophet (PBUH) who was commanding the army,
Hind chewed his liver in revenge. Meanwhile the rumor spread that Holy Prophet (PBUH) has passed
away, the Muslims lost hope and were killed in large number. When they knew that Holy Prophet
(PBUH) is alive, became very happy and again attacked so severely that the enemies ran from the
battlefield. In this battle seventy Muslims were martyred Holy Prophet (PBUH) was also seriously
injured.

Q. Explain why the people of Makkah fought against the Muslims of Madina. (June 2006) [4]

The people of Makkah fought against the Muslims of Madina because they did not want Islam to grow
there and the number of Muslims to increase. They foresaw Islam as threat to their religion, culture
and custom. The main trade link to Syria was blocked and there was a chance of attack on their
caravans so they wanted to open their trade link to Syria.

They did not want Islam to grow because it would lose their importance in Arabia. Islam was a threat
to their prestige, honor, respect and leadership in Arabia so they wanted to demolish it from Arabia.
They did not want other tribes to convert to Islam because it will underestimate their own religion.

Q. In the battle of Uhad Muslims learnt some hard lessons. Explain what these lessons were.

Q. Explain the importance of the battle of Uhad. [4]

Muslims learnt in the battle that they should always be obedient to the Prophet (PBUH) and always
prefer his decisions, his words and orders must never be ignored. The main cause of the loss of war
was that those fifty archers ignored the command of the Prophet (PBUH) and left their posts to collect
the booty of war, this teaches that Muslims should not run after wealth. Greed would put us in
trouble.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 39 of 69 Paper 1

Also, they should always be obedient to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) whatever difficult situation they
might face. Allah’s help only will come when we’ll follow His messenger.

They should not lose hope as they lost hope when they heard rumour of the Holy Prophet’s (PBUH)
martyrdom. This battle also teaches that Muslims should never trust the hypocrites, should never rely
on their support and they should not believe in rumours.

FIFTH YEAR OF HIJRAH

Q. Give brief description of the main events of the battle of Trench. (10)

Q. Give an account of the battles of Khandaq (Trench) and Khyber. (June 2012) (10)

Battle of Trench

The main cause of the battle of trench is the exile of the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadhir who went to all
Arab tribes and united them against Muslims. Ten strong tribes of Arabia united under the command
of the Quraish leader Abu Sufyan. They prepared the army of ten thousand well equipped warriors and
started their march with the intention to destroy the whole town of Madina.

When Muslims came to know about this movement they were scared, Holy Prophet (PBUH)
immediately called a council to decide where to meet this challenge. Many people gave different
suggestions but Hazrat Salman Farsi from Persia suggested a Persian strategy of war to dig trench
around the city. Holy Prophet (PBUH) liked the idea of trench, as the Arabs were unfamiliar with this
strategy.

Fifteen hundred Muslims started the work for digging trench, Holy Prophet (PBUH) himself worked like
an ordinary labourer. It was dug within 21 days and was five yards deep and five yards broad. Then
three thousand Muslims made the well-guarded posts to protect the trench from the enemies.

When Abu Sufyan reached with his army, he was amazed to see the trench without any entrance. The
Arabs were brave but conservative people in military matters. They proclaimed it to be a coward act.
For a few days the two armies remained astride the trench watching each other. Some of the Makkans
tried to cross the trench but the Muslims fought bravely and killed or chased away those who attemted
to cross it. Whenever the enemy came near the trench the Muslims hurled stones and arrows at them.
The Muslims had to remain vigilant all the time and could not assemble for prayers.

Meanwhile, Banu Quraiza the Jewish tribe which was still in Madinah broke the treaty with the
Muslims. They conspired with Quraish and planned to attack the Muslims from the rear. When the
Prophet (PBUH) came to know about this he sent Nuaim bin Masood from Ghatfan tribe who enjoyed
good relationship with both, the Quraish and the Jews, to sow the seeds of distrust among the two
allies. He was successful and as a result, a split was developed between the allies that broke their
unity. In this way Muslims remained safe from the attack.

The Arabs, especially the Bedouins, were not accustomed to fight such long drawn wars. They were
irritated at their inability to draw the Muslims into a general fight. Their supplies started to run out.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 40 of 69 Paper 1

Meanwhile heavenly assistance came in the form of a strong icy wind which blew the enemies tents
and they were exposed to heavy rain which made the enemies situation even worst as the large
number of camels and horses died. Therefore, in utter confusion all enemies started running away
from the battlefield. Allah says,

"O believers! Remember Allah's blessings on you when enemies came against you. Then We
sent on them a strong wind and an army which you did not see. Allah sees what you do". (33:9)

Muslims won the battle with loss of six Muslims whereas Quraish lost their ten men. The Jewish tribe
of Banu Quraiza who broke the treaty was punished after the battle. This battle took place in 5 AH/627
AD.

Q. Explain the importance of the battle of Trench. (4)

All the Arabs tribes faced a humiliated defeat and the power of the Muslims was recognized
throughout Arabia. Many of the Arab tribes were very much impressed that they accepted Islam and
many maintained the friendly relations with them. Quraish lost hope forever that they can never
defeat the Muslims.

Muslims learnt new strategy of wars. The victory of the Muslims in this battle strengthened their faith
in Allah that He is always there to help the believers. The neighboring states felt the growing power of
the Muslims. Banu Quraiza broke the treaty with the Muslims, who were punished according to their
own law that their lands and property was taken as spoil of war that increased the wealth of the
Muslims.

Q. What lessons can Muslims learn from either of these battles? (Khandaq and Khybar)?
(June 2012) (4)

Muslims learn from these battles that they should keep hope in Allah in times of difficulty like in the
battle of Trench Muslims had strong faith that Allah will help them in their difficult time. It taught
Muslims patience and tolerance as the believers were very hungry and weak but bore the problems
with patience, allowance was made to eat nonhalal food, when life is in danger because of starvation if
there was no other option. Muslims should remain strong and work hard for their victory; despite
victory Muslims remained fair and trustworthy, kept their promise to the Jews and allowed them to
remain in Khyber.

It teaches Muslims today that they should not break their pledges with non-Muslims, give them
religious freedom and be kind to the enemies. They should have faith in God at all times. It is
important to be open to suggestions on important issues as Holy Prophet (PBUH) accepted the advice
of Hazrat Salman Farsi in the battle of Khandaq.

SIXTH YEAR OF HIJRAH

Q. Give brief description of the main events of the Treaty of Hudaibiya. (10)

Q.Write about the events surrounding the Treaty of Hudaybiyya and the main terms in it.

Islamiyat -0493 Page 41 of 69 Paper 1

Treaty of Hudaibiya

In the sixth year of Hijra Holy Prophet (PBUH) saw a dream that he was visiting the Kaba. The next day
he suggested all of his companions to get ready for Umrah. The Muslims about 1400 prepared to
accompany the Prophet (PBUH) and left Madina in the month of DhulQadah 6 AH in the year 628 AD.

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) in the way came to know that Quraish have decided to stop Muslims so they
stayed at Hudaibiya, three miles away from Makkah. The Makkan sent their two ambassadors to the
Holy Prophet (PBUH) and finally ‘Urwah bin Masood’ was sent to convince the Holy Prophet PBUH to
return back to Madinah. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) replied to him,

“We did not come to fight, we came to visit the Sacred House but if they refuse and wish to
fight, I will fight them until I die or Allah decides.”
Urwah went back highly impressed with the faithful Muslims and he said to Quraish,
“I think it will be good for us to let him perform Umrah.”
Despite Urwah’s views about the Muslims’ intention, the Quraish refused the entry of Muslims in
Makkah. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) sent a messenger to Makkah who was ill-treated by the Quraish.
Then he sent Hazrat Uthman to reaffirm to the Quraish that Muslims came as pilgrims only, not to
fight. He was detained also by the Quraish and the rumour spread that Quraish have killed Hazrat
Uthman (RA) and when Holy Prophet (PBUH) heard he was very much disappointed to listen that
Quraish has broken the international law by murdering the messenger.

He called all of his companions in the oasis of Rizwan under a tree where he took a pledge known as
the "Bait-e-Rizwan" from the believers that they will fight Quraish to avenge the blood of Hazrat
Uthman. All the Muslims got ready to fight them though they were without weapons. When Quraish
came to know about this pledge, they released Uthman (RA) and sent their leader Suhail ibn Amr to
sign a peace treaty with Holy Prophet (PBUH) .

The terms of the treaty were:

1. The Muslims will return to Madina this year without performing Umra.
2. Next year they will come but will not stay for more than three days and will come without
weapons.
3. There will be no fighting for ten years.
4. If anyone from Madina joins Quraish, will not be returned but if anyone from Makkah joins
Muslims, will be returned.
5. All the Arab tribes will be free to enter into alliance with whichever party they like and both will
protect the allies of each other.
Many Muslims hesitated to accept the terms of the treaty but it was important, as it was very
beneficial for the Muslims because their relations were improving. On the way back to Madina Holy
Prophet (PBUH) received a verse which said that,

"Verily We have granted you a clear victory"

Q. Explain the importance of the pledge of Rizwan. (4)

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The pledge of Rizwan was an important event in the history of Islam as it showed the Muslims love for
their religion. They were always ready to sacrifice everything for the cause of Islam and will never turn
down the commands of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in any circumstance. At Hudaibiya, though they were
without weapons but even then pledged to fight for the cause of Islam.

It shows their strong determination and their devotion to their religion. This pledge is described in the
Holy Quran that Allah judged the hearts of the believers that they were intentionally ready not only
exposing themselves . Allah showered His special blessings on them. This pledge scared Quraish that
they released Hazrat Uthman and signed a peace treaty.

Q. Explain how was the treaty of Hudaibiya a manifest victory for the Muslims? (4)

Q. Explain the importance of the treaty of Hudaibiya. (4)

The treaty of Hudaibiya was a significant movement in the Islamic history as it is described in the Holy
Quran that "Verily We have granted the a manifest victory". It was a manifest victory because it ended
up an atmosphere of constant hostility of Quraish. Holy Prophet (PBUH) got a chance to preach his
religion to the rest of the world as he wrote letters to different Kings and Emperors to join the fold of
Islam so many of them accepted, because of this significant movement Islam reached outside Arabia.

Makkans came to Madina to visit their relatives and closely studied the remarkable life of Muslims,
their honesty, sympathy and love for the Holy Prophet (PBUH) greatly impressed them that they
started to accept Islam. Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed who conquered Persia and Rome, and Amr bin Aas
the conqueror of Egypt were among the great warriors who accepted Islam. Later on one term of the
treaty was cancelled that new converts were allowed to stay in Madina because they posed danger to
the Quraish caravans to Syria. This treaty allowed the Muslims to perform Umra and Hajj without any
hindrance and it led to the conquest of Makkah in 8th AH.

SEVENTH YEAR OF HIJRAH

Khyber Expedition

Jews had been conspiring against the Muslims for a long time and posed a constant threat to Madina.
They considered the treaty of Hudaibiya as a weakness and defeat of Muslims so started the secret
preparations to attack Madina.

When Muslims came to know that Jews have considered treaty of Hudaibiya as Muslim's weakness and
prepared to attack, they quickly prepared an army of sixteen hundred warriors to attack Khyber to
show their strength. When the Jew's 20000 army saw the Muslims, shut themselves in their strong
well-guarded fortresses, Muslims laid siege to their forts. Within twenty days all, the forts fell to the
Muslims one after the other. Hazrat Ali killed Marhab the famous warrior of the Jews and conquered
the fort of Qamos the strongest of all. Holy Prophet (PBUH) gave Hazrat Ali (RA) the title "AsadUllah"
which means the Lion of Allah.

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Then the Jews seeing the situation of the battle surrendered to Holy Prophet (PBUH) who granted
them peace and protection, returned their lands and allowed them to stay at Khyber under the
protection of the Muslims and give half of the produce of their lands to the Muslims as a security tax.
This battle took place in 629 AD.

Q. Explain the importance of the Khyber Expedition (4)

Muslims secured a large amount of the booty of war, which was distributed amongst the warriors.
Jews came under the protection of the Muslims by paying half of the produce of their cultivated lands,
it increased Muslim's income. Hazrat Rehana binte Shamoon was the war prisoner whom Holy Prophet
(PBUH) released and married.

Jews learnt a lesson that they should never underestimate the Muslims. In this Expedition Hazrat Ali
got the title AsadUllah the lion of Allah. After the Khyber Expedition Jews lived in peace with Muslims.
The most famous warrior of Jews Marhab was killed by Hazrat Ali (RA).

EIGHTH YEAR OF HIJRAH

Q. Write an acccunt of the main events of the battle of Mu’tah. [10]

Holy Prophet (PBUH) sent Hazrat Harith (RA) with a letter to the King of Basra who was killed at Mu’tah
by the governor of Rome, Shurehbil. He was very much grieved to hear the news of the murder of
Hazrat Harith (RA), so decided to avenge his blood, prepared an army of 3000 warriors unnder the
command of Zaid bin Harith and asked to appoint Hazrat Jafer bin Abi Talib if Zaid is martyred and then
Hazrat Abdullah bin Rawahah (RA) as the commander. If these three are martyred then the army can
chose their own commander.

The army marched to Mauttah in 8AH/630AD Shurehbil prepared an army of one hundred thousand
warriors and wrote the emperor to assist him with more troops. When Muslims heard about the
Roman army lost hope but Hazrat Abdullah bin Rawahah (RA) gave a historical speech with encouraged
the Muslims to fight.

Both the armies met at Mauttah where Hazrat Abdullah shouted to the Roman army that we Muslims
love to die, as you love to live. The fierce battle started in which all the three commanders of the
Muslims were martyred one after the other then the Muslims unanimously appointed Hazrat Khalid
bin Waleed (RA) as their commander who was a very brave warrior who reorganized the Muslim army
and attacked the enemies. In only one evening, Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (RA) broke his nine swords in
killing the enemies. Lastly Romans lost hope, realized that they cannot defeat the Muslims so stopped
the war.

The next day Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (RA) with his army waited for the Romans to come and fight but
no one came so left the battlefield with the remaining army and returned to Madina. When Holy
Prophet (PBUH) came to know about Hazrat Khalid (RA) breaking his nine swords, gave him the title
"Saif Ullah" which means the sword of Allah.

Q. Explain the importance of the Battle of Mauttah. [4]

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It was the first battle fought against the Romans in which they were defeated and many of their
warriors were killed. It increased the influence of the Muslims outside Arabia. It shows the strong
determination of the Muslims that they are ready to give their lives for the cause of Islam.

Romans realized the power of the Muslims that they can never be easily defeated. Arab tribes were
very much impressed that Muslims can even face the challenge of the Romans, which is the most
powerful empire in the world. Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (RA) got the title Saif Ullah; the sword of Allah.

Q. Write an account of the main events of the conquest of Makkah. (June 2005) (10)

Q. Describe the events of the Conquest of Makka. (June 2013) (10)

In the treaty of Hudaibiya, it was signed that all Arab tribes will be free to enter into agreement with
whichever party they liked and both parties will not attack the allies of each other. After the treaty
Banu Bakr tribe entered into alliance with Quraish, Banu Khuza allied with the Muslims, both of these
tribes were each other's enemies.

Two years after the treaty Quraish instigated Banu Bakr to attack the Banu Khuza the allies of the
Muslims and assured them their help in this attack, so both tribes joined and attacked Banu Khuza at
night, killed many of their people. Banu Khuza rushed to Kaba for protection but were killed in large
number even inside Kaba.

After the attack, some people from Banu Khuza went to the Prophet (PBUH) for help, as they were his
allies. Holy Prophet (PBUH) was shocked to hear this news because Quraish have broken the treaty of
Hudaibiya so he sent his messenger to Quraish with three alternatives.

1. To pay the blood money to the families of the murdered tribe.

2. To dissolve their alliance with Banu Bakr.
3. To dissolve the treaty of Hudaibiya.
Quraish accepted the third alternative but soon realized that they have mistaken. When Holy Prophet
(PBUH) heard that they have broken the treaty so he thought it was important to take action against
them. He ordered for the preparation for Jihad and to maintain complete secrecy to prevent Quraish
to defend. Muslims prepared an army of ten thousand warriors, marched to Makkah on 10th of
Ramadan 8th AH/ 630 AD and camped outside Makkah where Holy Prophet (PBUH) asked his army to
spread in whole desert of Arabia, and lit fire at night everywhere to show their strength. Abu Sufyan
surveyed the situation of the Muslim army and was scared to see such a large army of Muslims.

The next morning Holy Prophet (PBUH) divided the army into four columns, asked them to enter Kaba
from four sides, and strictly forbade them to attack any Quraish but if they are attacked then they can
fight back. The Muslims entered Kaba while announcing general pardon for all those who laid down
their weapons, enter in Kaba or in the house of Abu Sufyan were safe. Quraish attacked the column
under Khalid bin Waleed (RA) with the help of Banu Bakr tribe. Therefore, Muslims had no choice but
to fight in which 12 people of Quraish were killed.

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Holy Prophet (PBUH) entered inside Kaba destroyed all the idols while reciting a verse,
"Truth has come falsehood has been perished. For the falsehood by its nature bound to parish"
Then he came out of Kaba announced general forgiveness for all except for four people he said,
"There shall be no reproach against you, go you are free".
Quraish could not believe in this forgiveness but when they were assured. All came to the Prophet
(PBUH) and accepted Islam in crowds. Holy Prophet (PBUH) stayed for 19 days in Makkah, during this
period he preached his religion to the new coverts from Quraish.
Q. Why are the actions of the Prophet (PBUH) after the conquest of Makkah important for Muslims
to learn from? (June2013)[4] Holy Kaba was
purified from the idol worship as 360 idols were destroyed. It was the most significant movement in
the Islamic history because Kaba was rendered to the worship of Allah. After this great incident no one
worshiped idols and all the rites and rituals of the Jahiliya period were banned in Kaba.

After the conquest Holy Prophet (PBUH) set a remarkable example of forgiveness as he forgave his
bitterest enemies especially the Wahshi and Hind, it teaches Muslims today that they should develop
the habit of forgiving others even the enemies just as Holy Prophet (PBUH) forgave his enemies. It is
better to forgive than to hold animosity in heart and not take revenge.

Q. Explain the importance of the conquest of Makkah. [4]

The conquest of Makkah turned the entire Quraish tribe to Islam, which opened a gateway for the
general spread of Islam throughout Arabia as many tribes were waiting for the Quraish to lead them to
new religion. All the Arab tribes believed that if Hazrat Muhammad is a true Prophet (PBUH) he will be
able to conquer Makkah and Quraish will turn to his religion, this exactly happened in the 8th year of
Hijra.

Holy Kaba was purified from the idol worship, the evil customs of Arabs and it was rendered to the
worship of Allah. The possession of Kaba enhanced the spiritual position of the Prophet (PBUH) and it
increased his political power. Kaba was made accessible to the Muslims for Hajj and Umra. The
conquest of Makkah strengthened the political influence of Islam. The peaceful conquest of Makkah
and general forgiveness impressed the whole of Arabia that Holy Prophet (PBUH) is very kindhearted
man.

Q. Give brief description of the main events of the Battle of Hunain. [10]

The conquest Makkah provoked the tribes of Taif Hawazin and Thaqeef to attack Muslims. They
considered the conquest of Makkah as a challenge for them and prepared an army of 20000 warriors.
They brought everything they had, in the battlefield to keep the spirit of war.
Holy Prophet (PBUH) came to know at Makkah and prepared the army of 12000 warriors, 2000 were
the newly converts to Islam. The army started their march to Hunain in Shawwal 8 AH/630AD.
Muslims in the way became proud of their large number which Allah disliked. When they passed
through a narrow entrance of a valley, there was a heavy surprise attack that the Muslims could not
stand and started retreating. Hazrat Abbas reminded the retreating Muslims the pledge of Rizwan,
they returned and very furious battle took place in which the enemies ran to the fort Autas where

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again the fight started then enemies ran to their Town Taif and shut themselves in the fort. Muslims
laid siege to it that lasted for 20 days, they had to lift the siege because of the shortage of food
supplies.
When Muslims returned to the battlefield, where they had a huge amount of the booty of war, it
included 6000 prisoners of war, 6000 silver coins, 24000 camels and 40000 goats. This was so huge
amount of booty that Muslims ever got in any battle. Holy Prophet (PBUH) shared a large proportion of
this booty with the new converts to Islam from Quraish.
Later on, the chiefs of Taif came to Holy Prophet (PBUH) and requested him only to release the
prisoners of war, so he requested his followers to release the prisoners, which they did. The people of
Taif were so much impressed by his kind treatment that the entire tribe accepted Islam.
Q. Explain the importance of the Battle of Hunain (4)

In this battle, Muslims got a huge amount of the booty of war, which increased their wealth. Muslims
also learnt a lesson that they should never be proud of their number but always rely on the support of
Allah. They should always believe that victory comes to them because of Allah's help, not because of
their large number or strength. The kind treatment of the Muslims to the prisoners of war impressed
Hawazin and Thaqeef so much that they accepted Islam. After this battle, Muslims never faced any
challenge within Arabia and Islam became the dominant force in the whole of Arabia.

Chapter 4: The First Islamic Community

MOTHERS OF THE FAITHFUL

Q. Give brief biographical details about the Mothers of the faithful. (Nov 1996) (10)

Q. Write short accounts of the life of Hazrat Khadija (RA). (June 2004) (June 2014) [10) [4]

Q. Explain the importance in Islam of;

(I) Khadija during the life time of the Prophet (PBUH)

(II) A'isha in the years following the Prophet's (PBUH) death. (May 2007) (10)

Q. Write about the lives of any Two of the following wives of the Holy Prophet (SAW).

Sawda bint Zama'a, Aisha bint Abu bakr, Hafsa bint Umar and Umm Salama.(Nov. 2012) (10)

Hazrat Khadija (RA)

Hazrat Khadija (RA) was the daughter of Khawalid bin Asad, who was one of the wealthiest men in
Arabia. He was killed in the battle of Fijar leaving behind great wealth for her. She was twice married
before the marriage with Holy Prophet (PBUH) first with Abu Hala from whom she had two children
Hala and Hind and the second marriage was with Ateeq bin Aidh Makhzomi, from whom she gave birth
to a daughter Hindah. She was known as Tahira the most pious lady.
After the death of her second husband, she was in search of an honest man to manage her trade, so
she heard about Hazrat Muhammad as Saadiq and Ameen, and requested him to take her
merchandise to Syria accompanied by her slave Maisra. When Holy Prophet returned with a double
Islamiyat -0493 Page 47 of 69 Paper 1
profit, Maisra told all that he observed in Muhammad. She was so much impressed that she herself
sent a proposal, which was accepted, and both were married at the time when she was 40 years old
and Holy Prophet was 25 years. She was 15 years senior to Holy Prophet but the couple led a very
happy and successful life.

She gave birth to six children two sons and four daughters. This marriage freed Holy Prophet from
his financial worries as she gave him her entire wealth. This gave him opportunity to retire in the cave
nearby for meditation. She gave him time to meditate and worship the Lord of his ancestors and she
became a very devoted and loving wife.

At the time of the first revelation, she played a remarkable job of comforting him, when he was
trembling and scared because of a strange experience in the cave, she took him to her cousin Waraqa
bin Naufil who confirmed that he is the messenger of Allah. She was the first person to accept Islam
without any hesitation, which helped Islam in its early years and also suffered for his cause,
accompanied him in the social boycott. When Holy Prophet was tortured, Quraish made fun of his
religion, and he lost hope so Hazrat Khadija (RA) used to console, comfort and encourage him at all
times of hardships.

She was a faithful and devoted wife of the Prophet (PBUH) who gave him moral support, uplifted his
spirit and gave him hope, which encouraged him and helped to strengthen his resolve. She always
stood by the Prophet's a side through all the thick and thin times, which helped to strengthen his stand
against opposition.

Her death was great loss to Holy Prophet as the year in which she passed away that year is known as
the year of grief for him. Her wealth became immense support for his prophetic mission. Holy Prophet
Ms said about her, "She hailed my mission at a time when everyone was against it and supported me
when there was hardly a believer". And said "The noblest women of the world are Hazrat Maryam
and Hazrat Khadija. ". This shows her significance in Islam.

Q. Write about the life of Ayesha during the Prophet's (PBUH) lifetime. (Nov 2011) (10)

Hazrat Ayesha Bint e Abu Bakr

Hazrat Ayesha was the first person to be born in Muslim house. Holy Prophet married her at a young
age, which was solemnized at Madina in the second year of Hijrah. She was the daughter of the closest
companion Hazrat Abu Bakr who taught her and she became a well-educated lady from an early age.
Hazrat Ayesha was the only virgin wife of Holy Prophet (PBUH). She was also known by the titles of
Humaira and Umm-e-Abdullah.

At the time of the Holy Prophet's demise she was only 18 years old and spent rest of her 48 years as a
widow preaching and propagating the teachings of Islam. She led an extremely simple life, used to
distribute amongst the poor all that she received in the forms of gifts, bore hardships and hunger along
with Holy Prophet and was his most beloved wife.

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Hazrat Ayesha was a very chaste wife of the Holy Prophet that her chastity has been described in the
Holy Quran. She also caused easiness in Islam as the verse of earth purification (Tayammum) was
revealed at an incident related to her. This shows her significance in Islam.

During the last sickness, Holy Prophet (PBUH) decided to remain in the apartment of Hazrat Ayesha so
she had the honour to nurse him and comfort him in his last moment. Holy Prophet (PBUH) breathed
his last in her apartment and there he was buried. This shows her position in the eyes of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH). She lived rest of her life in the same apartment where Holy prophet (PBUH) was
buried; this shows her love for him.

Hazrat Ayesha was a very learned lady, who composed most of the private life of the Holy Prophet and
narrated about 2210 traditions. She had an excellent memory that she became the source of
knowledge for the companions; even the senior companions used to consult her for important issues.
Hazrat Abu Musa said,
"We never faced any difficulty on which when we enquired from Hazrat Ayesha and we did not get
information relating to it".
Imam Zuhri said that her knowledge exceeded all the companions and the wives of the Prophet
(PBUH). This shows her sound and deep understanding of religion. She enjoyed a distinctive position as
an interpreter of religious issues and a jurist of Sunnah and Shariah. Many Islamic laws have been
derived on her authority. She passed away at the age of sixty seventy years on 17 th Ramadhan 58 A H.
(ii) Hazrat Ayesha's importance in the years following Holy Prophet's (PBUH) death.
(November 2002) (May 2007) [4)

(ii) (No marks for comments about 'Hazrat Ayesha during the Prophet's (PBUH) lifetime in this
question)

Hazrat Ayesha (RA) was a very learned lady, who composed most of the private life of the Holy Prophet
(PBUH) and narrated about 2210 traditions. This treasure became a source of guidance to whole
Muslim community. She was recognized as an important source of teaching from Holy Prophet. The
companions used to consult her for important issues. Hazrat Abu Mosa said, "We never faced any
difficulty on which when we enquired from Hazrat Ayesha we did not get information relating to it".
Imam Zuhri said that her knowledge exceeded all the companions and the wives of the Prophet
(PBUH). This shows her sound and deep understanding of religion.

Hazrat Ayesha played a significant part in important decisions, made in the early years after Holy
Prophet's (PBUH) death. She was influential in debates about the government of the community. She
enjoyed a distinctive position as an interpreter of religious issues and a jurist of Sunnah and Shariah.
Many Islamic laws have been derived from her authority. She served and nursed in Holy Prophet's
sickness. His burial in her apartment increased the respect in which she was held. Her disagreement
with Hazrat Ali over the punishment of Hazrat Uthman's assassins led to the battle of camel.

Q. How can she be seen as a role model for Muslims now? (November 2011) (4)

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Hazrat Aisha (RA), as an exemplary wife, set the living examples for Muslim wives for all the ages. She
was the most learned and intelligent wife of Holy Prophet (PBUH). Her knowledge exceeded all wives
and companions which gives an inspiration and guidance to the whole Muslim community to follow
Islamic teachings. Her deep knowledge of Hadith continued to play a vital role in teaching Islamic
principles and researching Islamic thoughts. She is a role model for Muslim women as she was more
learned than many of the men of her time. She narrated about 2210 Ahaadeeth from Holy Prophet
(PBUH); this treasure became a source of guidance to whole Muslim community today. She enjoyed a
distinctive position as an interpreter of religious issues and a jurist of Sunnah and Shariah. Many
Islamic laws have been derived from her authority which made Islamic teachings easy for Muslims
today to follow.

She was patient in times of difficulty and generous with wealth when she had it. She remained chaste
throughout her life though she was just eighteen when Holy Prophet (PBUH) died. So, Muslim women
should also be modest and pure in order to strengthen the bond of mutual love as is declared in the
Holy Quran:
“They (wives) are your garments and you are their garments.” (2:187)
Like Aisha, Muslim wives today should be caring towards their husbands and be ready to support
them in their all religious and pious activities. In testing times, they should retain their faith in Allah’s
help just as Aisha has done when she got implicated in a scandal.
Hazrat Hafsa Bint e Hazrat Umer

Hazrat Hafsa was the daughter of Hazrat Umer (RA), the second caliph. First, she was married to
Khunais bin Huzaifa. Both were the earliest converts to Islam who faced persecution and torture so
they first migrated to Abyssinia and then to Madina. Her husband was seriously wounded in the battle
of Badr and died leaving her widow. After the period of lddat, Holy Prophet (PBUH) expressed his own
desire to marry her in order to strengthen his ties with the family of Hazrat Umer (RA). The marriage
took place in 3 A H/625 A D.

She was very enthusiastic to learn about the religion so Holy Prophet groomed her in religious matters.
She narrated about sixty traditions and her thirst for knowledge was second to Hazrat Ayesha (RA). She
spent much of her time in reading and writing, became a teacher, a guide and an authority on
complicated matters.

The first copy of the Quran, which was prepared in the Caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr lastly, was kept
with her for safe custody after the martyrdom of her father. That copy became famous with her name
and known as Mushaf-e-Hafsa. This shows her important position in the eyes of the companions. Later
on, Holy Quran was standardized from the copy of Hazrat Hafsa. She took a great care to preserve
Quran and save it from corruption. This shows her significant role in the standardization of the Quran.

She died in 45 AH at the age of 63 and was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi, at the time of her death she asked
her brother Abdullah to distribute all her wealth to the poor and needy.

Hazrat Sawdah Bint e Zam'ah (RA)

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She was first married to Sakran bin Amr; both were the early converts to Islam and migrated to
Abyssinia. Sakran bin Amr passed away in Makkah leaving her as a widow. At that time Hazrat Khadija
also passed away leaving Holy Prophet (PBUH) gloomy and in grief. Therefore, the companions
suggested him to marry her, which he accepted in order to give motherly devotion to his children and
do the household chores.

She was extremely devoted to the Holy Prophet and led a very simple and pious life, migrated to
Madina with Holy Prophet (PBUH) and her dwelling was constructed by the side of Masjid un Nabawi.
She was a very kind hearted lady Holy Prophet (PBUH) referred to her as the most charitable and
generous of his wives. She gave up her turn in the favour of Hazrat Aisha. She never left her house
after the death of Mhammad (PBUH) even for Hajj and Umrah as he had asked his wives to spend a
retired life after his death. Hazrat Sawdah narrated about five traditions. She passed away in 22 AH at
the age of 80 years and was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.

Hazrat Zainab Bint e Khuzaima

She was first married to Abdullah bin Jahsh who was martyred in the battle of Uhad. Holy Prophet
considering the services of her late husband proposed her which she accepted and they were married
in 4 A H. Her companionship with the Prophet (PBUH), was very short as she died three months after
her marriage and was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi. Holy Prophet (PBUH) himself led her funeral prayer.

She was so pious and generous lady that Holy Prophet (PBUH) gave her the title "Umm-ul Masakeen"
that means the mother of the poor and needy. It is said that no poor person ever returned with empty
hands from her house.

Hazrat Umm-e- Salamah Bint e Ali Bin Mughaira

Her real name was Hind and was from the house of Makhzoom. She was first married to her cousin
Abdullah bin Abdul Asad. Both were the earliest converts to Islam who migrated to Abyssinia and later
on to Madina. She migrated to Madina alone as her parents did not allow her at first.
Her husband participated in the battle of Uhad in which he was seriously wounded and he died. After
the period of lddat she accepted the offer of Holy Prophet (PBUH) and was married to him in Shawwal
4 A H. Her father was a very rich man who brought her up in great comfort and luxury but afterwards
she suffered a lot only for the cause of Islam.
She was also very learned lady, was very keen to learn traditions and narrated about 378 traditions.
The historian says, "The wives of the Prophet (PBUH) were treasuries of knowledge but Hazrat Ayesha
and Umm-e-Salamah had no equal". Her style of recitation of Holy Quran was like Holy Prophet
(PBUH). She died in 63 A H at the age of eighty-four and was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.

Hazrat Zainab Bint e Jahsh

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She was the daughter of Umaima bint e Abdul Muttalib and was the first cousin of Holy Prophet
(PBUH). Her original name was Barra, which Holy Prophet changed after she accepted Islam. She was
also early converts to Islam.

Hazrat Zainab was first married to Zaid bin Harith, the freed slave of Holy Prophet (PBUH) and his
adopted son. This marriage took place because of the consent of the Prophet (PBUH), which she first
refused but then accepted. This marriage was not successful. So, after one year Hazrat Zaid divorced
her with the permission of Holy Prophet (PBUH). After the period of lddat Holy Prophet (PBUH) himself
proposed her in accordance with Quranic commandment that the verse says,

"Then when Zaid had dissolved his marriage with her We rejoined her in marriage to you".

Holy Prophet (PBUH) gave his own cousin in marriage to a slave, this was to demolish differences in
society and establish equality. This also showed that Hazrat Zaid is not the real son of holy Prophet
(PBUH). Hazrat Zainab was very generous and charitable lady, she used to earn for herself and spent
her wealth on poor and needy. Holy Prophet called her a lady having long hands means benevolent.
The Prophet (PBUH) had foretold that among his wives the one with long hands would join him first in
Paradise. She died at the age of 52 in 20 A H. At the time of death her entire wealth was distributed
amongst the poor and needy.

Hazrat Jawairiyah Bint e Harith

Her real name was Barra and was the daughter of the chief of Banu Mustaliq a Jewish tribe. She was
first married to Musafe bin Safwan who was killed in the battle against the Muslims. After the battle
she became the prisoner of war along with other members of her family. Holy Prophet distributed the
prisoners she came in the lot of Sabit bin Qais. She approached Holy Prophet to pay the ransom on her
behalf and marry; so he paid the ransom and married her when she accepted Islam.
When the companions came to know that Holy Prophet (PBUH) has married her, they released all six
hundred prisoners of war because Holy Prophet married in their family. She brought blessings to her
people that she got them free.
Hazrat Jawairiyah led an honourable life, was a pious and devoted Muslim. Hazrat Ayesha taught her
the recitation of the Holy Quran. She died at the age of 65 in 50 A H and was buried in Jannat-ul-Baq.
Hazrat Umm-e-Habibah Bint e Abu Sufyan
Her real name was Ramla. She was first married to Ubaidullah bin Jahsh. Both were the earliest
converts to Islam and migrated to Abyssinia to avoid persecution. In Abyssinia, her husband converted
to Christianity so she being a staunch believer separated herself from him and started living alone in a
foreign land.
Many companions requested Holy Prophet (PBUH) to marry her in order to resettle and save her from
her father. When he sent the proposal to her, she gladly accepted and both were married in the 7 th
year of Hijrah. She was very kind and considerate lady who always helped the poor and needy, was a
very pious lady and a number of traditions are narrated by her.

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However, she was the daughter of the chief of Quraish, the leading tribe of Arabia but suffered a lot for
the cause of her religion especially at the time when her husband deserted her in a foreign land. This
shows her love for her religion. She died at the age of 73 in 44 A H and was buried in Jannatul-Baqi.

Hazrat Safiyah Bint e Huyay Bin Akhtab

Her real name was Zainab, she was the daughter of the chief of Jewish tribe of Banu Nadhir, was first
married to Salam bin Mishkam who divorced her then was married to Kinana bin Haqeeq. Muslims
attacked Khyber in the 7th year of Hijrah in which her husband was killed and she became a captive.

Companions suggested Holy Prophet to marry her, he accepted and she was renamed as Safiyah,
which means chosen one as companions chose her for Holy Prophet (PBUH). She was a true
companion of the Prophet at the time of his sickness she cried that "O Allah give all pains to me and
relieve him". This shows her love for Holy Prophet (PBUH) and she was very intelligent wife as it is said
that she was full of wisdom and learning who narrated a number of traditions. She was pious and
generous lady, brought food and water for Hazrat Uthman when he was besieged in his house by the
rebels.

She died at the age of sixty in Ramadhan, 50 A H and was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.

Hazrat Maimuna Binte Harith

Her original name was Barah and belonged to Quraish. She was sister in law of Hazrat Abbas bin Abdul
Muttalib ,was first married to Masud bin Amr who divorced her then Holy Prophet (PBUH) proposed
her which she accepted and were married in 7th year of Hijrah. She was named Maimuna, which means
the blessed one because at that time Muslims were blessed with Umra. She was very pious and
generous wife who was fond of freeing slaves, because of her piety Holy Prophet called her a 'Symbol
of goodness'. She narrated about 76 traditions, died in 51A H and was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.

Hazrat Rehana Bint e Sham’oon

She belonged to the well known Jewish tribe of Banu Quraiza. When they were punished, Hazrat
Rehana came as a slave. Holy Prophet (PBUH) freed and proposed her; she accepted and was married
to him. She died ten years after the death of the Holy Prophet (PBUH).

Hazrat Maria Qibtia

She was presented as a slave to Holy Prophet (PBUH) by the king of Egypt. Holy Prophet (PBUH) set her
free and married her after she embraced Islam. She gave birth to Hazrat Ibrahim, the Holy Prophet's
(PBUH) last son who also died in infancy.

She was very pious and a religious minded lady and was the second wife after Hazrat Khadija who had
the honour to become the mother of Holy Prophet's (PBUH) son. She died five years after Holy Prophet
(PBUH) and was buried in Jannat-ul- Baqi.

Q. What can the life of any one of these wives teach Muslims about marriage? (Nov 2012)(4)

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The life of these wives of Holy Prophet (PBUH) teach Muslims about marriage, that piety is more
important factor than age factor or whether someone has been married before. Holy Prophet married
widows to abolish the custom of not marrying with widows. Woman can play a vital role in the society
because she is the queen of her house and the first school of her children so should not be deprived of
education. An educated woman can better bring up her children than the uneducated woman. Holy
Prophet (PBUH) said to acquire knowledge is the duty of both Muslim man and woman, so woman
should be given the opportunities for higher education.

A Muslim should treat his wife with kindness. Holy Prophet (PBUH) treated his wives very kindly and
said that husband and wife enjoy equal rights over each other. It teaches that compassion and fairness
should be practiced. Holy Prophet (PBUH) had helped his wives with house work so Muslims today
should not overburden their wives.

TEN BLESSED COMPANIONS

Q. Write briefly about the conversion to Islam of Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman and 'Ali.
(Nov 2009) (10)

Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique was the friend of Holy Prophet (PBUH) right from childhood. He had very
close relations with Holy Prophet (PBUH). Even before Prophet Hood. When Holy Prophet proclaimed
his Prophet Hood he was the first free adult male to accept Islam without hesitation and query. He had
a very strong belief in Holy Prophet's truthfulness and trustworthiness even before Prophet hood. He
was one of the richest amongst the Makkans but spent his entire wealth for the sake of Islam and
bought many slaves to set them free. Hazrat Abu Bakr was the first person to preach Islam openly and
was persecuted very severely. On his invitation many people accepted Islam among them were Hazrat
Uthman, Hazrat Talha, Zubair, Abul Rehman bin Auf and Abdullah bin Rawahah.

Hazrat Umar initially was against Islam. One day he decided to kill Holy Prophet (PBUH) to demolish
Islam. He set out of his house with an unsheathed sword, on his way he was told that his own sister
and brother in law have already converted so he went to their house and persecuted them very
severely but when some verses of Surah Taha were recited, he became totally changed now proceeded
to Holy Prophet to accept Islam, after accepting Islam, he went to Kaba and openly disclosed his
religion there. He had a reputation of being the fiercest man in Makkah. So his conversion provided
Muslims some protection. His conversion made it possible for Muslims to pray openly in Kaba and Holy
Prophet (PBUH) could preach openly in Makkah. Holy Prophet gave Hazrat Umar title Farooq which
means one who differentiates between right and wrong.

Hazrat Uthman converted at the hands of Hazrat Abu Bakr - He was the third male convert to Islam
and the first Umayyad; his family deserted him after his conversion and was severely beaten and
persecuted by his uncle but did not leave his religion. He was the most influential companion; his
financial support is great for the cause of Islam. He married two daughters of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
one after other and migrated to Abyssinia with his first wife. He was called "Zun-Nurain" the possessor
of two lights.

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Hazrat Ali was the cousin of Holy Prophet (PBUH) who had been taken into the Holy Prophet's (PBUH)
household to lessen the financial burden on his family. He accepted Islam when he was only ten years
old. When Holy Prophet (PBUH) invited his relatives to Islam, only Hazrat Ali stepped forward to help
him. He said, "O Muhammad (PBUH) though I am a small boy but I testify you as a Prophet and support
you with my full strength.” Quraish laughed at him for being the supporter of Holy Prophet. He stood
firm by his side during the time of persecution.

Q. In what ways did the conversion of 'Umar help the young Muslim community?(Nov 2009)

Q. Why was 'Umar's conversion important for the early Muslims? (June 2013) [4]

The conversion to Islam of Hazrat Umar (RA) boosted the Muslims morale as they got his great
support, the most influential person among Quraish accepted Islam which gave the new faith strength.
His conversion to Islam was a great achievement of the Muslims which allowed them to openly pray in
Kaba and preach without any fear. Hazrat Umar dedicated his physical and social strength to the
growth of Islam first in Makkah and later in Madinah.

He helped the Muslims gain confidence in practicing Islam openly, no one dared to interfere with him
at any time. He was well known for his temper and physical strength. He gave protection to the
vulnerable Muslims. This is supplemented by the fact that the Prophet (PBUH) had prayed to Allah for
the conversion of either Umar bin Khattab or Amr bin Hisham (Abu Jahl). Therefore, he expressed
satisfaction over the conversion of Umar. In recognition of Umar’s conversion, Prophet (PBUH) gave
him the title of al-Farooq (the one who can differentiate between the truth and the falsehood).

Q. (a) Identify the Ten Blessed Companions (Ashara Mubashara). [4]

(b)Explain why they were known by this name. [4]

(c) Write brief notes about the lives of any three of these companions who did not
become caliphs. (November 2005) (10)
The Ten Blessed Companions were known by this name because they got the good news of heaven in
their lifetime. Holy Prophet (PBUH) gave them good news that they will go to heaven. They were the
closest companions who supported Holy Prophet physically and financially for his mission throughout
his life.

Holy Prophet always consulted upon taking any important decision and he became successful in his
mission only because of the support of these companions. They were the earliest converts to Islam and
faced the opposition of Quraish. Holy Quran praise their services and says,

"Allah is well pleased with them and they are well pleased with Allah".

Q. Write an account of the following figures during the lifetime of the Prophet (PBUH):

Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) and Hazrat Ali (RA). (June 2011) [10]

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Q. Explain the significance of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) during the lifetime of the Holy Prophet (PBUH).
(May 2004)(10)

Q. Write an account of the major contribution made to Islam by Hazrat Abu Bakr during Holy
Prophet's lifetime. (June 2005) [10]

Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique

Hazrat Abu Bakr's real name was Abdullah was born in 573 A D in the Banu Tamim branch of Quraish.
His father's name was Uthman and his mother's name was Salma. He was named as Abu Bakr
because he was an expert in treating the camels. He led a very pious life even before Islam and
remained the friend of the Holy Prophet a right from his childhood. In young age, he adopted the
profession of a cloth merchant and became one of the richest men of Makkah. He is the first person to
accept the mission of the Holy Prophet without any hesitation and query. After becoming Muslim, he
invited all of his friends toward Islam, many of them accepted. They were Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin
Auf ,Uthman, Saad bin Abi Waqas ' Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah ,Talha and Zubair . He became a great
support to Holy Prophet. When he accepted Islam he had about 40'000 dirhams which he spent to the
cause of Islam, bought many slaves including Hazrat Bilal and set them free he always helped poor and
needy. He contributed very generously and faced persecution only for the sake of Islam, once he was
persecuted to the extent that no one could recognize his face and his hears were pulled so much that
he fainted.

He accompanied Holy Prophet in the social boycott where he suffered a lot for the cause of Islam. At
the time of ascension (Miraj) he was the first person to testify this event; Holy Prophet gave him the
title "Siddique" the testifier of truth. During the time of migration, he bought two camels one for
himself and other for Holy Prophet. He risked his own life during the time of migration and served Holy
Prophet especially in the cave of Thaur. He got the title "second of the two" in Holy Quran and
protected Holy Prophet at many places.

At Madina, he bought plot for Masjid Al Nabawi and participated in all battles including treaty of
Hudaibiya in which he supported the Holy Prophet's fl, opinion and participated in conquest of
Makkah, during the Tabuk expedition he donated all that he had for the war. He wedded his daughter
Hazrat Ayesha to Holy Prophet and was one of the scribes as well. Because of his remarkable services,
Holy Prophet gave him the good news of heaven in his lifetime. In 9th AH Holy Prophet appointed him
as Ameer e-Hajj to lead Muslims in hajj. In the last sermon Holy Prophet said that I have repaid the
favours of all of you except Hazrat Abu Bakr that I pray to Allah to repay him on the Day of Judgment.
Holy Prophet appointed him to lead Muslims in prayers during his sickness. When Holy Prophet
announced his departure from this world tears rolled down in Hazrat Abu Bakr's eyes. At the time of
the demise of the Holy Prophet, he consoled the Muslims when they were in grief.

Q. Explain the significance of Hazrat Umar during the lifetime of the Holy Prophet. [10]

Q. Write an account of the main activities of Hazrat Umar during the lifetime of Holy Prophet.
(November 2006) [10]

Islamiyat -0493 Page 56 of 69 Paper 1

Q. Write about the lives of 'Umar and 'Uthman during the lifetime of the Prophet.

(2) Hazrat Umar Bin Khattab

Hazrat Umar belonged to Banu Adi tribe, a branch of Quraish. He was born in 583 AD. During the early
stage of Islam Hazrat Umar was the bitterest enemy of Islam. One day he decided to kill Holy Prophet
but his fate changed so he converted to Islam. He was the first companion who announced his religion
openly inside Makka, due to his conversion, the plans of Quraish against Islam were ruined, Muslims
were able to offer their prayers openly inside Kaba and the Holy Prophet started his preaching openly.

Hazrat Umar was a great supporter of the Holy Prophet, because of his bravery; he gave him the title
"Farooq" the one who makes distinction between right and wrong. He being the true follower of Islam
accompanied Holy Prophet in the social boycott where he suffered a lot for the sack of Islam.

At the time of migration, he was the only person who migrated openly this shows his bravery. At
Madina, he participated in all the battles Badr, Uhad, Trench, treaty of Hudaibiya and conquest of
Makka, he was a brave warrior who guarded Holy Prophet, at Uhad and was with him in the battle of
Hunain when everyone left. He introduced the method of calling Azan.

At Tabuk expedition he donated half of his everything for the war fare. He was one of the scribes of the
Divine revelation because of his services Holy Prophet gave him good news of heaven. He loved Holy
Prophet so much that he could not believe in his demise, but when it was confirmed by Hazrat Abu
Bakr he fell unconscious. This shows his extreme love for him. Holy Prophet said about him,"The sun
has not risen on a better man than Hazrat Umar "

Q. Explain the significance of Hazrat Uthman during the lifetime of the Holy Prophet.(2004)

Q. Write an account of the main activities of Hazrat Uthman during the life time of Holy Prophet.
(June 2006) [10]

(3) Hazrat Uthman Bin Affan

Hazrat Uthman born in 573 .A. D and belonged to Banu Ummayad clan of Quraish. He was one of the
earliest converts to Islam. He faced persecution, torture and was the first Banu Ummayad to accept
Islam when he became Muslim his uncle tied him with ropes and asked him to renounce his religion
but he remained steadfast. After becoming Muslim he led a very chaste and pious life, always
supported Holy Prophet physically and financially. He migrated twice for the cause of his religion. After
migration to Madina he bought a well Bir'e Roma for about 20000 dirhams and donated it for the
Muslims. Holy Prophet gave him the title Ghani the most generous. He participated in all the battles
except the battle of Badr in which his wife was sick.

When Masjid Nabawi became short for the growing Muslims, he .bought plots surrounding the Masjid
and spent about 200000 dirhams for this project. At the time of the treaty of Hudaibiya, he was sent as
a messenger to Quraish to convey the message of the Holy Prophet, it also shows Holy Prophet's

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‫ ﷺ‬confidence and trust in him. When rumours spread that Quraish have killed him at the time of
treaty of Hudaibiya, Holy Prophet pledged to sacrifice his life to fight Quraish and ·avenge his blood.
This shows his importance in the eyes of Holy Prophet. In the Tabuk expedition, he donated one
thousand camels, fifty horses and one thousand Dinars. This shows that he loved his religion more than
his wealth.

Holy Prophet said "O Allah I am well pleased with Uthman, and I beseech Thee to be well pleased with
him". He also used to free the slave every weak and always helped the poor and needy. He was one of
the scribes, who were given the good news of heaven in his lifetime. He married two daughters of the
Holy Prophet one after the other and was called ZunNurain the possessor of two lights.

Q. Write an account of the life of Hazrat Ali ibne Abi Talib, paying particular attention toward the
companionship of the Holy Prophet. (November 2005) (10)

Q. Describe the main activities of Hazrat Ali during the lifetime of the Holy Prophet
(November 2008) (10)

(4) Hazrat Ali lbn Abi Talib

Hazrat Ali was born thirty years after the birth of the Holy Prophet and was his first cousin. Holy
Prophet took charge to bring him up and to give relief to his uncle. Therefore, Hazrat Ali was very close
to him. He was the first child who accepted Islam and always supported the mission of the Prophet,
went through persecution and torture, accompanied him in the social boycott. At the time of migration
to Madina, Hazrat Ali risked his life and laid in the bed of the Holy Prophet to return the valuables
entrusted to the Prophet then he migrated and joined Holy Prophet at Quba where he helped in the
construction of the Masjid.

At the time of brotherhood in Madina Holy Prophet chose Hazrat Ali as his brother and wedded his
youngest daughter Hazrat Fatima to him. He was very brave who participated in almost all the
battles. In the Khyber expedition he led Muslims in conquest of Khyber, which was very difficult for the
Muslims, the Prophet (PBUH) gave him the title "Asadullah" lion of Allah.
Hazrat Ali protected Holy Prophet in the battle of Uhad and Hunain. He killed an important enemy of
Islam in the battle of trench. He was one of the scribes of the Divine revelation and was asked to write
the treaty of Hudaibiya, was given charge of Madina when Holy Prophet $ left for Tabuk expedition. He
was the most learned man amongst the companions. As Holy Prophet said, "I am the city of
knowledge and Ali is its gate" and once said "Ali is to me as Haroon was to Mosa except that there will
be no Prophet after me" this shows his closeness with Holy Prophet. Hazrat Ali was made the Qadi of
Yemen in 10 A H, had been with the Holy Prophet during the time of sickness and after the demise of
the Prophet he gave bath to his body and lowered it into the grave. The progeny of Holy Prophet
astarted from him.

(5) Hazrat Talha

He was the nephew of Hazrat Abu Bakr, accepted Islam at his invitation and became the earliest
converts to Islam, he also could not escape from the persecution of Quraish. Hazrat Talha was a brave
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soldier, participated in all the battles and shielded Holy Prophet with his own body when enemies
approached to kill him at Uhad and said, “O Allah's Messenger! Let my chest and neck be wounded
instead of yours.” He received 70 wounds and lost two of his fingers. Holy Prophet gave him the title
“Living martyr" and said "whosoever is pleased to see a living martyr on the face of earth, let him look
at Talha". This shows his devotion to Islam. He was a strong and a very experienced archer.

Hazrat Talha also supported Holy Prophet financially and gained the title of “Fayyaz" the generous. The
Prophet called him “Talha the Good Talha the generous”. He supported the Muslims generously during
Tabuk Expedition, was the member of Islamic Council during the Caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr and
Hazrat Umar. Hazrat Umar included his name in the penal of six persons suitable for caliphate.

Holy Prophet said about him that "Taiha and Zubair are my neighbours in heaven". This shows the
importance and his rank in lslamic history. He led a very simple life though was very wealthy and spent
his wealth in the way of Allah by helping poor needy, widows and those who were in debt. .Hazrat
Talha was martyred in the caliphate of Hazrat Ali by the rebels. He disagreed with Hazrat Ali over the
punishment of Hazrat Uthman's assassins.

(6) Hazrat Zubair lbn Awwam

He was the cousin of the Holy Prophet and the nephew of Hazrat Khadija and was 15 years when he
accepted Islam and was the earliest converts who faced persecution and torture at the hands of
Quraish when his uncle tortured him he preferred to die then to leave his religion. He first migrated to
Abyssinia and later to Madina where he participated in all the battles and was so brave soldier that he
had three scars on his body caused by the swords. Once a rumour spread in Makkah that Quraish had
captured Holy Prophet. He at once unsheathed his sword and rushed to save him from the enemies.

Hazrat Zubair was very rich and generous. Holy Prophet gave him the title "Disciple of the messenger
of Allah" and said, "There was a helper for every Prophet and my helper is Zubair". At Madina, he spied
for the Muslims and brought the news of Banu Quraiza to Holy Prophet. Holy Prophet said about
Zubair "Talha and Zubair are my neighbours in heaven" This shows his significance in Islam.

Hazrat Umar in his caliphate called him 'One of the pillars of Islam' and included his name in the list of
six persons suitable for caliphate. He was known for his faith, courage, bravery and generosity. He
supported all the four caliphs and prepared with Hazrat Ayesha to punish the assassins of Hazrat
Uthman. He was martyred by the mischief-makers.

(7) Hazrat Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah

He accepted Islam one day after the Hazrat Abu Bakr on his invitation. He was the most distinguished
companion of the Holy Prophet who had to face many hardships at the hands of Quraish and had the
honour to migrate twice for the cause of Islam first to Abyssinia later to Madina.

At Madina he participated in all the battles. He was a brave soldier and military commander. At Badr,
he came face to face with his father, tried to avoid but lastly had to kill him for the sake of his faith. He
was very upset over this incident but Allah revealed a verse to console him in these words that there

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are people who love their religion more than their fathers, sons, brothers and more than themselves.
At Uhad, he encircled Holy Prophet to protect him from the enemies when the hooks of the helmet got
into the cheeks of Holy prophet he pulled them with his own teeth that his own teeth were broken.
This shows that he could not see the Holy Prophet in pain.

He was very honest and trustworthy; the people of Najran came to the Prophet, requested him to send
an honest person to settle a dispute, Holy Prophet sent Hazrat Abu Ubaidah, and said, "For every
people there is a man of trust and the man of trust for our people is Abu Ubaidah". He was given the
command of the Muslim army to keep a watch on the caravan of Quraish. Holy Prophet gave him the
title "Ameen-ul Ummat" the honest of the nation. He was one the witness of the treaty of Hudaibiya.
After the demise of the Holy Prophet, his name was chosen as one of the most suitable person for
Caliphate but he refused and voted in favour of Hazrat Abu Bakr.

He was a very successful commander a·nd led the Muslims to Syria and Iran. During the caliphate of
Hazrat Umar, he conquered Damascus and there he is buried. Hazrat Umar's choice was to elect him as
the next Khalifa but he died in his lifetime.

(8) Hazrat Saad Bin AbiWaqas (R.A)

He was the maternal uncle of the Holy Prophet who accepted Islam at the invitation of Hazrat Abu Bakr
Siddique at the age of seventeen. When he accepted Islam, his mother said that she will starve to
death if he does not come back to his old religion but he refused. This shows that he preferred his
religion over his parents. One day some of the Quraish interrupted the Muslims in prayers so he struck
one of them and wounded him. This was the first bloodshed in Islam. Hazrat Saad is also the first
companion to have shot an arrow in defense of Islam.

He participated in all the battles and was known as the best archer. At Uhad Holy Prophet himself gave
an arrow to shoot and prayed for him that "O' Lord! Direct his shooting and respond to his prayers".
This shows his bravery for Islam. He showered about 1000 arrows upon the enemies and always
guarded Holy Prophet. Hazrat Saad was a very rich man and spent most of his wealth in the way of
Allah. Once he became sick and wanted to spend two third of his wealth in charity but Holy Prophet
stopped and asked him to spend one third in charity and don't leave his family dependent on others.
He was present at the treaty of Hudaibiya and took part in the conquest of Makkah.

He was appointed the commander in chief of the Muslim army in the caliphate of Hazrat Umar to fight
Persians at Qadisia, he was sick but even then he commanded the Muslim army on his sick bed. Hazrat
Umar inciuded his name in the panel of the six persons suitable for Caliphate after him, and was
appointed the governor of Kufa during the caliphate of Hazrat Uthman. He died at the age of eighty
and at the time of his death, he asked his body to be wrapped in the same cloth in which he fought
Battle of Badr.

(9) Hazrat Abdur Rehman Bin Auf (R.A)

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He was the eighth person to accept Islam at the invitation of Hazrat Abu Bakr. His name before Islam
was Abu Amr that Holy Prophet changed to Abdur Rehman. He was also persecuted and tortured by
the Quraish so he migrated to Abyssinia and later to Madina. In Madina he refused the help of Ansars
and started his own business that within short time he became so wealthy that he started sending his
own caravans.

He was a very generous that once he spent forty thousand dirhams in charity. He participated in
all the battles. At Uhad he fought very bravely and was so much wounded that he remained lame
for rest of his life. Hazrat Abdur Rehman commanded the Muslim army that attacked Dumat-
al-Janda. He consoled Holy Prophet at the death of his son Ibrahim. During the Tabuk Expedition Holy
Prophet offered his prayer behind him. This shows his importance in the eyes of the Holy Prophet.
Once he gifted a garden to the family of the Holy Prophet which was sold of 40000 dirhams. This shows
his love for Holy Prophet's family. Holy prophet told him "One who treats you generously after I am
gone is the kind and sincere man." This shows that Holy Prophet loved him a lot.

During the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr he was appointed to lead the Muslims in Hajj. Hazrat Umar
included his name in the list of six companions as the suitable person for caliphate. He refused to
accept this post so he was given the choice to elect new Khalifa because of his seniority, after long
negotiation he elected Hazrat Uthman for this post. He died in 33 A H during the caliphate of Hazrat
Uthman.

(10) Hazrat Saeed Bin Zaid (R.A)

Hazrat Saeed was one of the earliest converts to Islam; his family was monotheist who followed the
religion of Hazrat Ibrahim (AS). He was Hazrat Umar's cousin and was married to his sister Fatima.
Hazrat Umar accepted Islam when he heard them reciting Surah Taha.

He participated in all the major battles except for Badr and proved to be a great warrior, was a very
pious in nature even before Islam and was very enthusiastic to learn and recite Holy Quran. When
Hazrat Umar persecuted him to leave Islam, he said, "Should we not follow the truth if it is found
somewhere else". This shows that he was a staunch believer.

He played a major role in the Islamic community even after the demise of the Holy Prophet. Hazrat
Abu Bakr always consulted him over the important issues, which shows his significance in Islamic
affairs. He was given the command of the Muslim army during the Caliphate of Hazrat Umar to fight
against Romans. He conquered Damascus and was appointed the governor but he refused because of
his love for Jihad. He died in 51 A H and was buried in Madina.

Q. Explain why one of these figures was important in the development of the Islamic community.
Hazrat Hamza, Abu Bakr and Ali. (June 2011) (4)

Hazrat Abu Bakr was the most influential person of Makkah. His conversion to Islam was great support
to Holy Prophet. His invitation led many people to accept Islam which further strengthened Islamic
community. He freed slaves which gave Holy Prophet more support.

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His conversion to Islam gave Holy Prophet (PBUH) encouragement. At Makkah he always protected
Holy Prophet from the persecution of Quraish. His company with Holy Prophet led to the successful
migration. He bought plot for Masjid-e-Nabawi, it became the first platform for Muslims to practice
and learn their religion.

SOME IMPORTANT COMPANIONS IN THE SYLLABUS

Q. Explain the importance of the following during the lifetime of the Holy Prophet.

(a) Hazrat Bilal

(b) Hazrat Abu Sufyan

(c) Hazrat Abu Talib (November 2008)

(a) Hazrat Bilal ibn Rabah (R.A)

Hazrat Bilal was a slave from Abyssinia who was the seventh converts to Islam. His master Umayyah
bin Khalf was an enemy, who tortured him very severely. He would make him lay on the burning sand
in the desert and would place a heavy stone over his chest that he fainted. Many times his master
warned him to leave his religion or he will be killed but Hazrat Bilal always said Ahad that Allah is One.
This shows that he was very loyal and sincere Muslim.

Once Hazrat Abu Bakr saw him being severely persecuted so, he bought him and set him free. Hazrat
Umar always used to say, "Abu Bakr is that man who set our leader free and he always called Bilal as
my master even during the time of his caliphate. This shows the significance of Hazrat Bilal amongst
the companions.

Hazrat Bilal was one of Ashab-e-Sufah (the people of the platform), as he had great love to acquire the
knowledge of Islam. At Madina he was appointed to call Azan thus became the Muazzin of the Holy
Prophet. Holy Prophet always used to say to him "Get up Bilal, and give us comfort by the prayer". He
became such a great warrior that he killed his own master in the battle of Badr. The Holy Prophet used
to love him so much that at the time of his ascension he said I heard the sound of Hazrat Bilal's slippers
in heaven. He could not call Azan after the demise of Holy Prophet and he requested Hazrat Abu Bakr
to relieve him of this duty because he could not bear the absence of the Prophet and would burst in
tears. This shows his love for the Holy Prophet.

After the conquest of Makkah Holy Prophet asked Bilal to ascend on the roof of Kaba and call Azan,
this shows a tremendous example of equality. Holy Prophet entrusted him public treasury because of
his honesty and integrity. After the demise of the Holy Prophet, he went to Syria and 20 A H he passed
away and was buried in Damascus.

(b) Hazrat Abu Sufyan Bin Harb (R.A)

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Abu Sufyan was the chief of Quraish and was rich and reputed merchant of Arabia. In the beginning of
Islam, he became the bitterest enemy of the Holy Prophet. He adopted a very hostile attitude toward
the new Muslims and became one of the persecutors. His daughter Umm-e-Habiba was one of the
earliest converts to Isla m who married Holy Prophet after the death of her first husband.

In 624 A D, he was returning with a trade caravan and asked Quraish to escort him to Makkah because
he feared the attack of the Muslims. His call of Quraish led to battle of Badr. Abu Sufyan led Quraish in
the battle of Uhad and Trench. When Holy Prophet sent a letter to the Emperor of Persia at that time
Abu Sufyan was doing business there.

Emperor Heraclius called him, he spoke very high of the Prophet, which deeply impressed the
Emperor. This shows his truthfulness that though he was the enemy but spoke truth about him in the
court.

He privately accepted Islam before the conquest of Makkah, Holy Prophet made his house a place of
security for Quraish. After becoming Muslim, he fought on the side of the Muslims and lost one of his
eyes in the siege of Taif. During the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr he was made the governor of Najran
and Hijaz. He also participated in the battle of Yarmuk and died at the age of 90 in 650 AD.

(c) Hazrat Abu Talib

Hazrat Abu Talib was the uncle of the Prophet and the father of the Hazrat Ali. When Holy Prophet was
eight years old, he was entrusted to the care of Abu Talib, who treated him like his own son and
brought him up with love and affection. He was a lifelong protector and helper of the Prophet. When
Holy Prophet grew up he taught him business and fair dealings. He was very conscious when he heard
from Bahira to protect him from the Jews. He gave Holy Prophet clan protection and it was withdrawn
after he died.

Hazrat Abu Talib accepted the proposal of Hazrat Khadija to wed Holy Prophet to her and he himself
gave the Nikah sermon. He was a poor man so Holy Prophet took the responsibility to bring up Hazrat
Ali to ease the burden of his uncle. When Holy Prophet started preaching his religion, Quraish asked
Abu Talib to withdraw his protection from him but he refused, he always protected him from his
enemies. Hazrat

Abu Talib was greatly moved when Holy Prophet said that "If Quraish place the sun on my right hand
and the moon on my left hand even then I will not renounce my mission until Allah fulfils it for me or
destroys me in the process".

He also accompanied Holy Prophet in the social boycott where he suffered a lot in the narrow gorge
but never left his protection from his nephew. The year in which Abu Talib died that year is called the
year of grief in the life of the Holy Prophet because he lost his protection. Therefore, Holy Prophet had
to leave Makkah so he migrated to Madina.

Q. Write an account of Hamza during the lifetime of the Prophet. (June 2011) [4]

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Hazrat Hamza was the Uncle, also the son of his maternal aunt and his foster brother. He was fond of
wrestling and hunting. Once he heard from someone that Abu Jahl has abused his nephew, so he
rushed to the Kaba where Abu Jahl was sitting and struck him with his bow on the head and said I
believe in his religion whom you oppose, so he accepted Islam.

After he accepted Islam devoted his entire life to the service of Islam. He migrated to Madina where
Holy Prophet sent a group of soldiers under his command to check the Quraish caravans. During the
Battle of Badr he killed many great warriors of Quraish. He was martyred in the battle of Uhad by
Wahshi and who mutilated his body, Hinda chewed his liver in revenge. Holy Prophet gave him the title
"The Chief of Martyrs".

DESCENDANTS
Q. Write short accounts of the life of Hazrat Fatima Bint-e-Muhammad. (June 2004) [4]

Hazrat Fatima was the youngest and the most beloved daughter of Holy Prophet from Hazrat Khadija.
She was born five years before prophet hood and was named as Fatima Al Zehrah "the shining one".
She saw the persecution and suffering of her father. She was with him in the times of difficulties. Once
Abu Jahl placed a heavy fetus of camel over Holy Prophet, when he was in Sajdah in Kaba, he was not
able to stand so Hazrat Fatima came, removed that, and cleaned his body. She washed Holy Prophet's
wounds in the battle of Uhad. In the battle of ditch, she along with other prepared food in the long
siege.

She was married to Hazrat Ali, the cousin of Holy Prophet, and gave birth to three sons; two of them
were Hazrat Imam Hassan and Husain. They were the only surviving descendants of Holy Prophet. Holy
Prophet said, "Hassan and Husain are my flowers in this world". He loved them very much. He called
Fatima as the peace of his heart and said, "One who pleases Fatima pleases me and the one who
annoys Fatima annoys me". This shows that Holy Prophet had immense love for her. He also regarded
her among the best women by saying;

“The best of women among the people of Paradise are Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Fatimah bint
Muhammad, Maryam bint ‘Imran, and ‘Asiyah bint Muzahim, the wife of Pharaoh.”

Whenever he went on a journey, the last house he used to visit was of Fatima and when he returned,
he first used to visit her. She accompanied Holy Prophet for Umra in the 5th A H. When Hazrat Fatima
visited Holy Prophet he used to make her sit by his side. She was an ideal Muslim, daughter, wife and a
mother.

She died six months after the death of Holy Prophet. He once said that Fatima is the leader of the
ladies in heaven. This shows her remarkable position in Islam.
Q. Write an account of the lives of Holy Prophet's two grandson's Al Hassan and Al Hussain.

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Q. Outline the main events in the lives of the Prophet's grandsons, al-Hasan and al-Husain.
(June 2012) (10)
Holy Prophet loved his grandsons very much. He said, "Hassan and Husain are my flowers in this
world". Here is account of their life;
Hazrat Hassan bin Ali
Hazrat Imam Hassan was the son of Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Fatima and the elder of the two grandsons of
the Holy Prophet (PBUH). He was born on 15th of Ramadan in 3 A H. Holy Prophet himself named him
Hassan and performed the rituals of Aqiqa on the 7th day. He slaughtered two rams and donated sliver
equal to the weight of his hair. He was brought up under an ideal atmosphere of Holy Prophet and his
parents.
When he was eight Holy Prophet passed away and after six months his mother also passed away. The
remaining years of his childhood were spent under the guidance of his father. Holy Prophet used to
make him sit by his side and used to teach him Holy Quran, which he memorized. Holy Prophet loved
him very much. Once he said "O Allah I love him so I beseech You to love him". This shows the
importance of Hazrat Hassan in the eyes of Holy Prophet.
When Hazrat Uthman was besieged in his house and the supply of food and water was stopped, Hazrat
Imam Hassan risked his own life and used to bring food and water for him. In his attempt to save him,
he sustained several injuries.

During the caliphate of his father, he stood by his side in the battles of Camel and Siffin. After the
death of Hazrat Ali, he saved the Muslims from another civil war by handing over the caliphate to
Hazrat Ameer Muawiyah . He signed the peace treaties with Ameer Muawiyah to save the Muslims
from fighting each other. This shows that he gave more importance to save the Muslims from civil wars
then to fight for his seat of caliphate. He was poisoned by one of his wives and died in the year 670 AD
and was buried in Madina.

(ii) Hazrat Husain bin Ali

Hazrat Imam Husain was the second son of Hazrat Ali who was born on 3rd Shaban 4 A H. his physical
features resembled Holy Prophet. He was source of great joy for Holy Prophet as he said,
"Hussain belongs to me and I to him. May Allah love him who loves Husain".
This shows that he was very beloved to Holy Prophet. He was upright, honest, sincere and very brave.
In 60 A H after the death of Ameer Muawiyah, his son Yazid succeeded him as the next ruler; Hazrat
Imam Husain refused to take the oath of allegiance to him, as he was not a suitable person for this seat
because he was a corrupt man. Yazid wanted him to take allegiance but he refused and left Madina for
Makkah as he did not want bloodshed. The people of Kufa asked him to come there where they will
take oath of allegiance to him and make him Khalifa. He sent his cousin Hazrat Muslim to assess the
situation, who was received with warm welcome by the people of Kufa, and they assured him their
support. He told Hazrat Imam Husain about their good treatment. Therefore, he left along with his
family to Kufa but the situation became worse as his cousin was assassinated.
People deserted Hazrat Imam Husain that he was left with his family and only 72 of his supporters
against 4000 strong army. Yazid's forces intercepted and forced him to stay at Karbala, besieged them
and cut off the water supply. The fierce battle took place in which the followers of Hazrat Husain were
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martyred. On 10th of Muharram 61 A H /680 A D Hazrat Imam Husain sacrificed his life in the way of
truth and made the religion of his grandfather alive forever with his blood.

Q. Explain why they each died in the way they did. (June 2009) (4)

Death of both the grandsons of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) is considered a great tragedy by all Muslims.
Hazrat Imam Hassan and Hazrat Imam Hussain belonged to Banu Hashim tribe. Banu Ummayah and
Banu Hashim had the old hostility even before the lifetime of the Holy Prophet and that hostility
again rose its head during the caliphate of Hazrat Ali. Both started to fight for power as it was
before. Hazrat Imam Hassan was killed because of the constant threat from Banu Ummayah to secure
power. They considered Hazrat Imam Hassan as the main obstacle in their way so he was poisoned to
death by one of his wives.

Hazrat Imam Hussain was martyred because he refused to accept Yazid as a ruler as he was corrupt
and unlslamic so Hazrat Imam Hussian refused to accept Yazid as Khalifa. He never gave up on his
principles even for his own safety. He sacrificed his life in the most famous event of Karbala only for
the sake of his religion. He was seen as an upholder of right against wrong.

Q. Explain how Al-Hussain's death remains important to Muslims today. (June 2012) [4]

Hazrat Imam Hussain was a strong defender of Justice and Truth against falsehood as he preferred to
die than to follow the corrupt ruler. It teaches Muslims today that they should support justice even at
the cost of their lives. Holy Prophet said "truth is to be supported even if it is from the enemies’ side
and falsehood is to be rejected even it is from our own side".

Hazrat Hussain’s death encourages Muslims to speak out against injustice and be upholder of truth in
whatever the circumstances. Muslims especially Shia's all over the world commemorate the events of
Karbala and pay tribute to Imam Hussain's sacrifice.

Q. Give an account of the lives of the Prophet's four daughters. (November 2013) (10)

Hazrat Zainab was the eldest daughter of Holy Prophet (PBUH). She was born in 5th year of marriage
when he was 30. She was married to Abu al-Aas bin Rabi, had two children, Ali and Umaymah; she
became Muslim but her husband did not initially. She stayed behind with him when the other Muslims
migrated to Madina. Her husband fought in battle of Badr against the Muslims and was captured,
Zainab sent her mothers’s necklace for his ransom, she returned to her father in Madina while her
husband was freed and returned to Makka, upon returning money to the people of Makka he became
Muslim after the treaty of Hudaybia and asked Holy Prophet (PBUH) to allow him to go back to Zainab;
she died a year later in 8th year of Hijrah.

Hazrat Ruqayya was three years younger than Zainab, married Utbah, Abu Lahab's son; wasn't yet
living with him when surah Lahab was revealed, Utba was asked by Abu Lahab to divorce her. She then
was married to Hazrat Uthman, both migrated to Abyssinia and then to Madina before the Prophet.
She had a son who died at the age of 6 after her own death. She was ill at the battle of Badr and Hazrat
Uthman was told to stay with her. She died of smallpox in 2 AH and was 21 years old.

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Hazrat Umm Kulthum was the third daughter of Holy Prophet and was born three years before
Prophrt Hood. She was first married to Utaibah, Abu Lahab's son, like Hazrat Ruqayya, she was
divorced by her husband before she went to live with him.Then she was married to Hazrat Uthman
after Ruqayya's death. She suffered the boycott to Shib-i-Abi Talib, she stayed behind in Makkah when
her father migrated, and she died in 9th AH at the age of 25 without any offspring.

Hazrat Fatima was the youngest daughter and born a few years before prophet hood. She was the only
daughter to outlive the Prophet. She was upset over the treatment he faced by the Quraysh in
Makkah, Holy Prophet showed his affection for her and would visit her before he left on a journey and
upon returning, when the Prophet was ill, she was upset that he was dying but happy when he told her
she would be joining him soon. She was married to Hazrat Ali and had two sons Imam Hassan and
Imam Husain, and two daughters. She died about six months after the death of her father and was
buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi. Holy Prophet said about her "Fatima is a piece of my heart he who annoys her
annoys me."

Q. Can Muslims learn from the Prophet's bond with Fatima? Give reasons for your answer.
(November 2013) [4]

Holy Prophet always loved and respected Hazrat Fatima by standing when she entered a room, so
Muslims learn today that they should not disrespect their daughters but rather honour them, love
them and should never prefer their sons over their daughters. Holy Prophet never mourned that he
had daughters and no sons, so Muslims should not think that sons are better than daughters and
should be happy at the birth of daughters the way they are happy at the birth of sons. Holy Prophet
shared a special bond with Fatima teaches Muslims that daughters may have the special status in
society. Hazrat Fatima was happy to have tidings that she would be the first to follow Holy Prophet
after his death teaches Muslims about her love with her father.

Q. Briefly explain the importance of the Scribes of the Prophet. (Nov 2003) (May 2006) (4)

Scribes are those companions of the Holy Prophet who gave their immense services to write down the
Holy Quran and were the Holy Prophet's closest companions who first kept the whole of the Quran in
their memory then preserved it in writing. They had always been with the Holy Prophet to preserve the
new revelations that came to him and preserved the Quran in the original form with its arrangement of
verse and the Surahs as it was revealed to the Prophet. The verse itself appreciates their services as it
calls them honorable, pious and just.

Holy Prophet deeply appreciated their services and handed over Quran to them for safe custody. There
were about forty scribes; the most prominent among them are Hazrat Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali,
Abdullah bin Masood and Zaid bin Thabit. Zaid bin Thabit was the principal scribe who took
responsibility to write the Quran in one copy in the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr and standardized it in
the caliphate of Hazrat Uthman.

Q. Outline the work they carried out in writing down the revelations. (May 2006) (4)

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Q. Describe the work carried out by the scribes of the Holy Prophet in writing down the revelations.
(May 2007) (4)

Holy Prophet used to dictate them the verses of the Quran soon after these were revealed to him and
told them the proper place of the verse. They assisted Holy Prophet throughout his life in this
important job. First, they memorized Quran then they used to write it on the tablets of stones, leaves
of trees, bones of camel and leather. It was in different shapes and was not written in one copy during
Holy Prophet's lifetime. They not only preserved the Quran but also arranged as it was instructed by
the Prophet.

After the lifetime of the Holy Prophet, they took the responsibility to write the Quran in one copy
during Hazrat Abu Bakr caliphate and then they standardized it during the caliphate of Hazrat Uthman.
All of them took a great care to ensure the authenticity of Quran.

Q. Describe the part played by Zaid Bin Thabit in preserving the revelations after the Prophet's
death. (November 2003) (May 2006) [10]

Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit was the principal scribe of the Divine revelation. He played a major role in
writing down the Quran in the lifetime of the Prophet and after his demise. First, he preserved the
whole of the Quran in his memory.

During the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique, most of the Huffaz of the Quran were martyred in
the battle of Yamama and there was a need to preserve the Quran in one book so Hazrat Abu Bakr
gave him the responsibility to write it in one book. It was so honourable, important and responsible job
that he said, "By God if the Caliph had asked me to move the mountain from its place, it would have
been far easier for me then to compile the Quran". This shows that he took great care to preserve the
Quran in its original form as it was revealed. He was assisted by other scribes to perform this job and
used a very strict criterion to check the authenticity of the Quran as he used his own memory,
matched with his own writing, asked for the two witnesses from the one who presented the vers, gave
to all the scribes for verification and then he used to write in book.

During the caliphate of Hazrat Uthman when there arose a problem over the dialect of the Quran, he
gave this responsibility to Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit to standardize the Quran. Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit took
the help of Mushaf-e-Hafsa and prepared many copies from that original copy which was entrusted to
Hazrat Hafsa. All of these copies were dispatched to all the Muslim governors and the entire Muslim
nation was asked to recite the Quran in the dialect of Banu Hashim because Holy Prophet belonged to
this tribe.

Q. Why was the task they performed significant? (May 2006) (4)

The task they performed was very important as they ensured that there was a written record of the
Holy Quran. They took this important job to write Holy Quran in the life time of the Holy Prophet and
memorized whole of the Quran which assisted them at the time of its compilation.

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If they had not written the Quran it would have been lost after Holy Prophet's lifetime. Their written
passages formed the basis of the standard collection of the Holy Quran in the Caliphate of Hazrat Abu
Bakr and Hazrat Uthman. They took great care to compile Holy Quran after the lifetime of the Holy
Prophet.

Q. Explain the significance of Abdullah bin Masood.

He was the earliest converts to Islam who bore persecution and torture. After accepting Islam, he left
his job of tending flocks and started serving Holy Prophet. He remained closely attached to Holy
Prophet throughout his life. He gained the knowledge of Sharaih and learnt the Quran with great
fondness and attention. He was the first person to recite Quran openly in Makkah.

He migrated twice first to Abyssinia then to Madina. Holy Prophet asked his companions to learn
Quran from him because of his great knowledge of Quran. After the demise of the Holy Prophet, he
was regarded as an expert on interpretation of the Quran. Hazrat Umar deeply appreciated him for his
knowledge of the Quran.

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