Tenses
1. Perfekt (Perfect Tense)
o Used for past events and actions.
o Example: "Ich habe gegessen." (I have eaten.)
2. Präteritum (Simple Past Tense)
o Commonly used in written language, especially in narratives.
o Example: "Ich ging nach Hause." (I went home.)
3. Plusquamperfekt (Past Perfect Tense)
o Used for actions that happened before another past action.
o Example: "Ich hatte gegessen, bevor er ankam." (I had eaten before he arrived.)
Modal Verbs in the Past Tense
können (could), müssen (had to), dürfen (was allowed to), etc.
o Example: "Ich konnte gestern nicht kommen." (I couldn't come yesterday.)
Subordinate Clauses
1. Relative Clauses
o Used to provide additional information about a noun.
o Example: "Das ist der Mann, der mir geholfen hat." (That is the man who helped
me.)
2. Conjunctions
o weil (because), dass (that), obwohl (although), etc.
o Example: "Ich bleibe zu Hause, weil es regnet." (I am staying at home because it
is raining.)
3. Conditional Clauses
o Used to express conditions and hypothetical situations.
o Example: "Wenn ich Zeit hätte, würde ich dir helfen." (If I had time, I would help
you.)
Passive Voice
1. Present Passive
o Example: "Das Buch wird gelesen." (The book is being read.)
2. Past Passive
o Example: "Das Buch wurde gelesen." (The book was read.)
Reflexive Verbs
Verbs that use reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich, uns, euch, sich).
o Example: "Ich erinnere mich." (I remember.)
Adjective Endings
Declension of adjectives based on case, number, and gender.
o Example: "ein großer Hund" (a big dog), "die kleine Katze" (the small cat).
Prepositions and Cases
Understanding which prepositions require the accusative, dative, or genitive case.
o Example: "mit" (dative), "für" (accusative), "wegen" (genitive).
Word Order
Position of verbs in main and subordinate clauses.
o Example: "Ich denke, dass er kommt." (I think that he is coming.)
Indirect Speech
Reporting what someone said without quoting them directly.
o Example: "Er sagte, er habe keine Zeit." (He said that he had no time.)
Comparison of Adjectives
Comparative and superlative forms.
o Example: "größer" (bigger), "am größten" (the biggest).
