Introduction to Grammar
Sentence
• Subject + Verb + (Object)
• Agreement:
– They swim.
S V
– He kicks the ball.
S V D O
• Determiner
a = random
an = random (vocal à a, i, u, e, o)
the = specific
Subject-Verb Agreement
• She swims. • She goes to school.
• They swim. • They go to school.
• Tim cooks. • Tim cooked.
• Tim and Brad cook. • Tim and Brad cooked.
• The bird flies. • The bird flew.
• Birds fly. • Birds flew.
• He has showered. • He had showered.
• We have showered. • We had showered.
Tenses (Regular Verb)
Past Present Future
Simple She walked She walks She will walk
Continuous/ She was She is walking She will be
Progressive walking walking
Perfect She had She has She will have
walked walked walked
Perfect She had been She has been She will have
Continuous/ walking walking been walking
Progressive
Tenses (Irregular Verb)
Past Present Future
Simple She ate She eats She will eat
Continuous/ She was eating She is eating She will be
Progressive eating
Perfect She had eaten She has eaten She will have
eaten
Perfect She had been She has been She will have
Continuous/ eating eating been eating
Progressive
Tenses (Passive Voice)
Past Present Future
Simple The burger was The burger is The burger will
eaten eaten be eaten
Continuous/ The burger was The burger is The burger will
Progressive being eaten being eaten be being eaten
Perfect The burger had The burger has The burger will
been eaten been eaten have been
eaten
- - - -
Nouns
• Countable Countable Uncountable
– Cat/cats Banyak Many Much
– Fly/flies A lot of
– Woman/women Sedikit Few / a few Little / a little
• Uncountable Lebih sedikit Fewer Less
Lebih banyak More
– Flour
Beberapa Several -
– Water
Some
– Milk
– Money
Pronouns
Subject Object Possessive + Noun Possessive Only Self
I Me My food Mine Myself
You You Your food Yours Yourself/
Yourselves
We Us Our food Ours Ourselves
They Them Their food Theirs Themselves
He Him His food His Himself
She Her Her food Hers Herself
It It Its food Its Itself
Verbs
• Transitive = needs object
– She kicks the ball.
– He washes the dishes.
• Intransitive = stands alone
– They swim.
– We laugh.
• Phrasal Verbs
– Give: memberi
– Give up: menyerah karena tidak berhasil
– Give in: menyerah karena ngalah
Adjectives
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Opinion Size Age Shape Color Pattern Origin Material
• nice, green, metallic suit
• round, American basketball
• big, old man
Adverbs
• Verb:
– She carefully drives the car
• Adjective:
– That was extremely amazing.
• Adverb:
– He runs incredibly quickly.
• Be careful!
– Lovely (adjective)
– Lovingly (adverb)
