‫‪Engineering Analysis 2‬‬

‫‪Dr. Abdelaziz Nasr‬‬

‫د‪ .‬عبد العزيز نصر‬

‫مكتب الدور االول– قسم الميكانيكا‬

Chapter 1: Matrices

Chapter 2: Functions of Multivariable

Chapter 3: Vectors analysis

 100%

Midterm Exam Homework and Class Final Exam

(Week 5) work
50%
30% 20%
Introduction
 Matrices - Introduction
Matrix algebra has at least two advantages:
•Reduces complicated systems of equations to simple expressions
•Adaptable to systematic method of mathematical treatment and well
suited to computers
Definition:
A matrix is a set or group of numbers arranged in a square or
rectangular array enclosed by two brackets

 2 7 a b 
1  1  5 8  c d 
   
 Matrices - Introduction
Properties:
•A specified number of rows and a specified number of columns
•Two numbers (rows x columns) describe the dimensions or size
of the matrix (Order of the Matrix) .

Examples:

1 2 4 
1 1 3 3
 4 1 5 
  0 0 3 2 
  24
1 112
 3 3 3  33
 Matrices - Introduction
A matrix is denoted by a capital letter and the elements within the
matrix are denoted by lower case letters
matrix A with elements aij 

 a11 a12 ... aij ain 

a 
 a22 ... aij a2 n  i  1, 2,3..., m 

21
Amn
 
,  
 j  1, 2,3..., n 
 
 am1 am 2 aij amn 
 Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
1. Column matrix or vector
Any number of rows but only column row

A  aij  , where i  1, 2,3..., m and j  1

 a11 
1  a 
4 1  i1 
   3  
 2  31   21  
 am1  m1
Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
2. Row matrix or vector
Any number of columns but only one row

A  aij  , where i  1 and j  1, 2,3..., n

1 1 613 0 3 5 214

a11 a12 a1 j a1n 

1n
Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
3. Rectangular matrix
Contains more than one element and number of rows is not
equal to the number of columns

1 1 
3 7  1 1 1 0 0
   2 0 3 3 0
7  7   
 
7 6 
mn
 Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
4. Square matrix
The number of rows is equal to the number of columns
(a square matrix m  m has an order of m)

1 1  1 1 1 
3 0  9 9 0 
  22  
6 6 1  33
The principal or main diagonal of a square matrix is composed of all
elements aij for which i=j
 Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
5. Diagonal matrix
A square matrix where all the elements are zero except those on
the main diagonal

aij  0 for i  j , and aij  0 for i  j

3 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 
0 2 0   3 0 0
  0 0 5 0
0 0 1  
0 0 0 9
 Matrices – Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
6. Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix whose main diagonal elements are equal to the
same scalar
A scalar is defined as a single number or constant
aij  k for i  j , and aij  0 for i  j

6 0 0 0
k 0 0  1 0 0 0 6 0 0
0 k 0 0 1 0  
    0 0 6 0
 0 0 k  0 0 1  
0 0 0 6
 Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
7. Unit or Identity matrix – In
A diagonal matrix with ones on the main diagonal
aij  1 for i  j , and aij  0 for i  j

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 
0  1 0 
I4  
1 0 0 I 3  0 1 0  I2   
0 0 1 0  0 1 
0 0 1 
 
0 0 0 1
Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
8. Null (zero) matrix - 0
All elements in the matrix are zero

0  0 0 0 
0  0 0 0 
   
0 0 0 0

aij  0 For all i,j

Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
9. Triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements above or below the main
diagonal are all zero

1 0 0  1 8 9 
2 1 0 0 1 6 
   
 5 2 3  0 0 3
 Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
9a. Upper triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements below the main diagonal are
all zero

1 7 4 4
aij aij aij  1 8 7  0 
  0 1 8   1 7 4
0 aij aij    0 0 7 8
0 0 aij  0 0 3  

0 0 0 3
i.e. aij = 0 for all i > j
Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
9b. Lower triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements above the main diagonal are all
zero

aij 0 0 1 0 0 
   2 1 0
aij aij 0
 
aij aij aij  5 2 3


i.e. aij = 0 for all i < j

Matrices - Operations
1- EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices are said to be equal only when all corresponding
elements are equal (Therefore their size or dimensions are equal as
well)

A   aij  , B  bij 
mn mn

A  B  aij  bij for all i and j

1 0 0  1 0 0 
    2 1 0  , then A  B
If A   2 1 0  and B  
 5 2 3   5 2 3 
 Matrices - Operations
Some properties of equality:
•If A = B, then B = A for all A and B
•If A = B, and B = C, then A = C for all A, B and C

1 0 0   b11 b12 b13 


A  2 1 0  
B  b21 b22 
b23 
 5 2 3  b31 b32 b33 
If A  B  b11  1, b12  0, b13  0
b21  2, b22  1, b23  0
b31  5, b32  2, b33  3
 Matrices - Operations
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
The sum or difference of two matrices, A and B of the same size
yields a matrix C of the same size
A B  C
 aij   bij   cij 
mn mn mn
Matrices of different sizes cannot be added or subtracted
7 3  1  1 5 6  8 8 5
2  5 6    4  2 3   2  7 9
     

6 4 2 1 2 0 5 2 2 
3 2 7  1 0 8  2 2  1
     
 Matrices - Operations
1- Commutative Law:
A+B=B+A

2- Associative Law:
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C = A + B + C

3- A+0=0+A=A

4- A + (-A) = 0
 Matrices - Operations
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

Matrices can be multiplied by a scalar (constant or single element)

Let k be a scalar quantity
3 1 12 4 
2 1  8 4 
If A   and k  4  k A  Ak   
2 3  8 12 
   
4 0 16 0 
Properties:
1 k  A  B  k A  k B
2  k1  k2  A  k1 A  k2 A