HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 A Ar.

Lyndon Cabahug, UAP, RMP

JPT - DAVAO
RECAP FROM DAY 2
• Fall of the Roman Empire
• Dark Ages/ Medieval Age
• Development of Castles and Forts
• Early Christian Architecture
• Romanesque Architecture
• Gothic Architecture
• Renaissance Architecture
OUTLINE
• Industrial Age
• Revivalism
• Modern Architecture
• Art Noveau
• International Style
OUTLINE
• Art Deco
• Skyscrapers
• Great Modern Houses
• Contemporary Architecture and the Future
INDUSTRIAL AGE
INDUSTRIAL AGE (18TH CENTURY)
• innovations in the production of Iron and Steel
• shift from agricultural to industrial economy
• migration to cities
INDUSTRIAL AGE (18TH CENTURY)
• invention of steam engine
• faster construction and production
• factories, railways, warehouses, exhibition halls
INDUSTRIAL AGE (18TH CENTURY)
INDUSTRIAL AGE (18TH CENTURY)
INDUSTRIAL AGE (18TH CENTURY)
INDUSTRIAL AGE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Crystal Palace
- Joseph Paxton
- 3,300 iron columns
in 22 weeks
- Great Exhibition
1851
INDUSTRIAL AGE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Crystal Palace
INDUSTRIAL AGE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Eiffel Tower
- Gustave Eiffel
- 1889 Exposition
Universelle
INDUSTRIAL AGE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Eiffel Tower
INDUSTRIAL AGE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• The Iron Bridge
- Abraham Darby I
- first smelted iron
ore & coke
- cast iron
INDUSTRIAL AGE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Bliss Mills
- cast iron skeleton
w/ brick walls
- brick vaulted ceiling
REVIVALISM
REVIVALISM (18TH – 19TH CENTURY)
• Classical revival
• battle of the Arts
• temple like structures
• Greek (French) and Roman (British)
• medieval Gothic
REVIVALISM
FRENCH REVIVALISM - NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• The Pantheon, Paris
- mausoleum of many
distinguished French citizens
- (originally) church for St.
Genevieve
REVIVALISM
FRENCH REVIVALISM - NOTABLE EXAMPLES

The Pantheon, Paris The Pantheon, Rome

Jacques-Germain Soufflot Apollodorus of Damascus (not Agrippa)
M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIVM·FECIT
or in full, "M[arcus] Agrippa L[ucii] f[ilius] co[n]s[ul] tertium fecit," meaning "Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, made [this building]
M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIVM·FECIT
or in full, "M[arcus] Agrippa L[ucii] f[ilius] co[n]s[ul] tertium fecit," meaning "Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, made [this building]

REVIVALISM
FRENCH REVIVALISM - NOTABLE EXAMPLES

"M[arcus] Agrippa L[ucii] f[ilius] co[n]s[ul] tertium fecit"

"Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, made [this building]
REVIVALISM
FRENCH REVIVALISM - NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Arc de Triomphe, Paris
- cast iron skeleton w/ brick
walls
- brick vaulted ceiling
REVIVALISM
FRENCH REVIVALISM - NOTABLE EXAMPLES

Champs Elysees La Grande Arche de la Défense

REVIVALISM
BRITISH REVIVALISM - NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Royal Pavilion,
Brighton
- John Nash
- Summer Palace of the
Queen
- has saracenic features
REVIVALISM
OTHER NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• US. Capitol Building
- William Thornton
- with large foyer, grand
staircase and balconies
REVIVALISM
OTHER NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• House of Parliament
- Big Ben
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
MODERN ARCHITECTURE (LATE 19TH CENTURY)
• turning away from the old styles
• new materials available (RC)
• new construction techniques
• simple, functional forms
• The International Style
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
EARLY STAGES – NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• AEG Turbinenfabrik
- Peter Behrens
- strong simple lines
- elegant function curving
walls
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
EARLY STAGES – NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• AEG Turbinenfabrik
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
EARLY STAGES – NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Glasgow
School of Art
- C.R. Mackintosh
- traditional building
with gentle curves
(Art Noveau)
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT
• importance of craftsmanship and high standards
of design for everyday objects
• arts applied directly to architecture
• uses pointed arches and sash windows
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT
• Red House
- Philipp Webb
- finest example
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
PIONEERS
• Louis Sullivan (USA)
- Wainwright Building
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
PIONEERS
• Otto Wagner (Austria)
- Karlsplatz Pavilion
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
PIONEERS
• Peter Behrens (Germany)
- AEG Turbinenfabrik
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
PIONEERS
• Auguste Perret (France)
- Town Hall (Le Havre)
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
PIONEERS
• Hendrick Berlage (Holland)
- Beurs van Berlage
ART NOVEAU
ART NOVEAU (LATE 19TH CENTURY)
• founded by Victor Horta
• means new art (from French art gallery)
• Style Nouille (noodle style)
• organic and dynamic forms, curving & whiplash
lines
• experiment with ellipsoid doorways
ART NOVEAU (LATE 19TH CENTURY)
•experiment
with
ellipsoid
doorways
ART NOVEAU (LATE 19TH CENTURY)
• Hôtel Tassel
- Victor Horta
ART NOVEAU
ACROSS EUROPE

• France Le Moderne Style

• Germany Jugendstil
• Austria Sezessione
• Italy Stile Liberty
• Spain Modernismo
ART NOVEAU
LE MODERNE STYLE
• Paris Metropolitan Entrance
- Hector Guimard
ART NOVEAU
JUGENDSTIL
•Belle Epoque
ART NOVEAU
SEZESSIONE
• Museum der
Wiener
ART NOVEAU
STILE LIBERTY
• Villino Ruggeri
ART NOVEAU
MODERNISMO
• Sagrada de
Familia
-Antoni Gaudi
-will be finished 100
yrs after death
THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE
THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE (1920S)
• owed little to the past
• Flat roofs
• cantilevered decks
• horizontal windows w/ no detailing
• smooth unadorned walls
THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
• BAUHAUS
- Walter Gropius
- most influential school of
design
- First intention was to produce a
new guild of craftsmen (craft)
- Closed in 1932
THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
• BAUHAUS
THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
• DE STIJL
- “the style”
- neoplasticism
- highly influenced by cubist and
abstract art
- Plain white walls, colored tiles,
arranged windows Rietveld Schröder House
THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
• EXPRESSIONIST
- Einstein Tower
- Erich Mendelsohn
- explored the sculptural
qualities of concrete
THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE
OTHER EXAMPLES
• Sanatorium • Geodesic Dome
- Alvar Aalto (Finland) - Buckminster Fuller
- US Pavilion ‘67
ART DECO
ART DECO(1920S)
• Arts Decoratifs
• round streamlined edges
• sunbursts, marble with metal inlays
• Egyptian motifs (Tutankhamen)
ART DECO (1920S)
• chrome interiors were influenced by cars – diners
• uses quarter circle and corner windows
ART DECO
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Chrysler Building
- William Van Allen
- tallest Art deco skyscraper in
New York
- spire sunburst
ART DECO
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Metropolitan Theater
- Juan Arellano
SKYSCRAPERS
SKYSCRAPERS
• invention of the elevator
• Elisha Otis – first to put a safety device (Auditorium Building)
• better steel construction
• Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler pioneered new
building styles
SKYSCRAPERS
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Wainwright Building
- Louis Sullivan
SKYSCRAPERS
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Flatiron Building
- Daniel Burnham
- 6 ft wide corner
SKYSCRAPERS
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Seagram Building
- Mies Van de Rohe
- first all-glass cladded building
SKYSCRAPERS
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Mile High Tower
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- unbuilt
SKYSCRAPERS
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Empire State Building
- Shreve, Lamb, Harmon
SKYSCRAPERS
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Woolworth
Building
- having a cathedral
like spire
- Cathedral of
Commerce
SKYSCRAPERS
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• General Electric Building
- having an Art Deco crown
SKYSCRAPERS
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• World Trade Center
- Minoru Yamasaki
- fell to the 9/11 attack
- Daniel Libeskind
- “ Wedge of Light”
SKYSCRAPERS
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• World Trade Center
- Daniel Libeskind
- “ Wedge of Light”
SKYSCRAPERS
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Sears Tower
- highest skyscraper in the
US in 1974
SKYSCRAPERS
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Tapei 101
- highest as of 2005
- has tuned mass damper
GREAT MODERN HOUSES
GREAT MODERN HOUSES
• striking use of concrete and glass
• dramatic settings
• unusuall interior plans
GREAT MODERN HOUSES
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Villa Savoye, Poissy
- Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-
Gris (Le Corbusier)
GREAT MODERN HOUSES
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Villa Savoye, Poissy
• 5 points of Modern
Architecture:
- Pilotis
- Free Plan
- Free Facade
- Ribbon Windows
- Roof Garden
GREAT MODERN HOUSES
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Fallingwater
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- Kauffman House
- building should grow
from the earth like a
natural organism
GREAT MODERN HOUSES
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Louis Sullivan Residence
- Mies van de Rohe
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE & THE FUTURE
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
• freedom of design brought about by new materials
and technologies
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Center Georges
Pompidou
- Renzo Piano
- functionalist:
reflection of inside use
on the outside
- exposed utility lines
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• AT & T Headquarters
- Philip Johnson
- having a Chippendale
pediment on top
- first post modern building: more
aesthetics that have function
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• TWA Airport
- Eero Saarinen
- Post modern airport
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Sydney Opera House
- Jorn Utzon
- shell-like roofs made from ribs
covered with ceramic
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Notre Dame du Haut
- Le Corbusier
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Brasilia
- Lucio Costa
THE FUTURE
• continuous development of innovative technologies
• better materials
• increase in structural limits
• energy efficient strategies
THE FUTURE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Turning Torso
- Santiago Calatrava
THE FUTURE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Guggenheim Spain
- Franh Gehry
THE FUTURE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Burj Khalifa
- Adam Smith, SOM
THE FUTURE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES
• Kingdom Tower
- 1 km high
THE FUTURE
NOTABLE EXAMPLES