BONE

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FUNCTIONS OF BONE
Locomotion Haemopoiesis

Mineral balance
Protects visceral
(calcium
organs
reservoir)

Skeletal
framework BONE Fat storage

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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
INORGANIC: 60 – 70%

• HYDROXYAPATITE crystals

ORGANIC + WATER: 10 – 20%

• Collagen: type I + small amounts of type III, type V

• Non-collagenous proteins: osteonectin, osteocalcin,
bone morphogenic protein, bone sialoprotein
• Ground substance: glycoproteins & proteoglycans

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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
A. ACCORDING TO SHAPE:
◦LONG BONES
◦SHORT BONES B. ACCORDING TO
◦FLAT BONES DEVELOPMENT:
◦IRREGULAR BONES ◦MEMBRANOUS
◦CARTILAGINOUS

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DEVELOPMENT OF BONE

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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
A. ACCORDING TO MACROSTRUCTURE:
◦COMPACT BONE
◦CANCELLOUS BONE

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Compact bone
◦ Periosteum, endosteum
◦ Volkmann’s canal, Haversian canal
◦ Arrangement of lamellae:
◦ 1. CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLAE
◦ 2. CONCENTRIC LAMELLAE (Haversian
systems / osteons)
◦ 3. INTERSTITIAL LAMELLAE

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Cancellous bone
• Lamellae arranged as TRABECULAE
• Trabeculae follow lines of stresses
• MARROW SPACES

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MINERALIZATION OF BONE
OSTEOID BONE
Unmineralized matrix Mineralized

Addition of mineral – deposition of hydraoxyapatite

crystals – enlargement of crystals

Vitamin D Alkaline phosphatase

Parathyroid hormone enzyme

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HISTOLOGY OF BONE
CELLS

FIBRES

INTERCELLULAR SUBSTANCE

NERVES

BLOOD VESSELS

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CELLS
1. OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS
2. OSTEOBLASTS
3. OSTEOCYTES
4. OSTEOCLASTS

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1. Osteoprogenitor cell
• Cells which divide & differentiate into osteoblasts
• Location: bone marrow, inner layer of
periosteum, endosteum
• Morphology: flattened cells with elongated nuclei
• Function:

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2. Osteoblast
• Location: lining osteoid, over the forming bone surface
• Origin: mesenchymal stem cells
• Function:
• formation of bone matrix
• Mineralization of bone
• Bone remodelling
• Morphology of active osteoblasts:
• Light microscopy: cuboidal cells with basophilic
cytoplasm, spherical nucleus
• Electron microscopy: rough endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria, Golgi apparatus prominent, cell junctions
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3. Osteocyte
• Location: within bone, most numerous cell
type
• Origin: osteoblasts which get entrapped in
bone matrix during formation
• Function:
• maintain bone integrity by regulating the activity
of osteoblasts & osteoclasts

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• Morphology of osteocytes:
• Light microscopy:
• Stellate shaped with eosinophilic cytoplasm and ovoid
nucleus
• Cell body in lacuna, cytoplasmic processes in canaliculi
• Electron microscopy:
• Microfilaments
• Other organelles less in no.
• Canaliculi connect osteoblasts with each other and
with surface as well as blood vessels – communicate
with Ob & Oc
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4. Osteoclast
• Location: seen in a bay-like depression on
resorbing bone surface
• Origin: haematopoietic stem cell
• Function:
• Bone resorption

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4. Osteoclast
• Morphology:
• Light microscopy: large multinucleated
cells,10 – 20 round nuclei, motile, ruffled
border, located in “Howship’s lacunae”
• Electron microscopy: ruffled border towards
bone surface, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus,
microtubules, lysosomes, vacuoles
• Enzymes: acid phosphatase

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 4. Osteoclast
• MECHANISM OF RESORPTION:
1. Creation of a sealed microenvironment
2. Demineralization of bone and exposure of
Organic matrix -PROTON PUMP
3. Degradation of the exposed organic matrix-
enzymes
4. Uptake of mineral ions and amino acids by the
cell

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 DEFINITION OF ALVEOLAR PROCESS

That part of the maxilla and the

mandible that forms and supports the
sockets of the teeth

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 ALVEOLAR BONE

ALVEOLAR BONE IS THE BONE MAKING UP THE

ALVEOLAR PROCESS

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 INTRODUCTION
• Arbitrary boundary at the level of apices
of teeth
• Maxillary alv
• Mandibular alv

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 FUNCTIONS
• Supports teeth
• Attachment of teeth through periodontal
ligament

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 DEVELOPMENT

• Maxilla and mandible develop from

intramembranous ossification
• Alveolar bone is derived from dental sac
• Alveolar bone forms with eruption of teeth

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 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

35% Organic :
• Type I Collagen(88-89%)
• Non collagen(11-12%)
• Glyco proteins
• Proteoglycans
65% Inorganic: • Bone sialoprotein
Hydroxy apatite • Osteocalcin
• Osteonectin
• Lipids
• Alk. Phosphotase
• ATPase
• Pyrophosphatase

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 GROSS MORPHOLOGY
• Forms and supports sockets of teeth

• INTERDENTAL SEPTA

• INTERRADICULAR SEPTA

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 ALVEOLAR
BONE PROPER

SUPPORTING
ALVEOLAR
BONE

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 PARTS OF THE
ALVEOLAR PROCESS:

ALVEOLAR BONE SUPPORTING

PROPER: ALVEOLAR BONE:

Bundle bone Cortical plates

Lamellated bone Spongiosa

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 1. ALVEOLAR BONE PROPER
• Lines socket of teeth
• Surrounds roots of teeth
• Provides attachment to periodontal
ligament fibres
• 0.1 – 0.4 mm thick

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Also called CRIBRIFORM PLATE
◦Perforated by foramina for nerves and
vessels

ALVEOLAR CREST – tip (free border)

◦1mm below CEJ
◦Constant distance

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 Alveolar •BUNDLE BONE
bone proper •LAMELLATED BONE
consists of:

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 • Next to pdl
• Bundles of pdl fibres inserted
• Called “BUNDLE BONE”

• Next to bundle bone

• Layers of compact bone
• Called “LAMELLATED BONE”

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 Bundle bone & Lamellated bone
Bundle bone Lamellated bone
Description Part of alveolar Part of alveolar
bone proper where bone proper where
Sharpey’s fibres are Sharpey’s fibres are
inserted not inserted

Location Next to pdl Next to bundle

bone
Fibres Less More
Radiograph More radio-opaque Less radio-opaque
Called LAMINA than bundle bone
DURA

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 Bundle bone & Lamellated bone
Bundle bone Lamellated bone

Histology Compact bone Compact bone

Sharpey’s fibres + few Many intrinsic fibres; no

intrinsic fibres Sharpey’s fibres

Appears dark in H&E Appears comparatively

stain lighter in H&E stain

Appears light in silver Appears dark in silver

stain (less fibres) stains (more fibres)

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 2. SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONE
• Bone that surrounds the alveolar bone proper -
Supports the socket of teeth
• Consists of :
1. CORTICAL PLATES
2. SPONGIOSA

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 • Spongy bone
• Called SPONGIOSA

• Buccally & lingually –

compact bone
• CORTICAL PLATES

• Nutrient canals
• CANALS OF ZUCKERKANDL
& HERSCHFELD

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 a. CORTICAL PLATES

• Compact bone
• Form the OUTER & INNER PLATES of the
alveolar processes
• Thickest → premolar & molar region of
mandible (buccal)
• Very thin in anterior region
• Thinner in maxilla compared to mandible

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 a. CORTICAL PLATES

• Thinner
MAXILLARY
• OUTER CORTICAL PLATE
CORTICAL
perforated by openings for
PLATES: vessels

• Thicker
MANDIBULAR
• NO PERFORATIONS; dense
CORTICAL cortical plates
PLATES:
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CANALS OF ZUCKERKANDL &
HIRSCHFELD:
nutrient canals in interdental & inter-
radicular septa

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 a. CORTICAL PLATES

HISTOLOGY:
◦ Compact bone
◦ Longitudinal lamellae

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 b. SPONGIOSA

• Between cortical plates and the alveolar bone

proper
• Arrangement of trabeculae in spongiosa
different in maxilla and mandible
• Type I: in mandible, ladder-like
arrangement
• Type II: in maxilla, irregular arrangement

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• Histology:
• Bony trabeculae with marrow spaces
• Marrow spaces filled with fatty marrow except
– condylar process, angle of mandible and
maxillary tuberosity.

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 SUMMARY
• Alveolar bone
• Same as bone elsewhere, function
different

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BUNDLE BONE
ALVEOLAR
LAMELLATED BONE
BONE PROPER

SPONGIOSA SUPPORTING
ALVEOLAR
CORTICAL BONE
PLATES

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 Internal reconstruction of bone
• Bone is in a constant state of flux: Changes in bone structure
correlated with - growth, eruption, movement, wear and loss of
teeth.
• Internal structure of bone – adapted to mechanical stresses
• Periods of resorption alternate with periods of repair
• During resorption, osteoclasts resorb bone to form Howship’s
lacunae. Resorbed bone is replaced by proliferating loose
connective tissue – this area of resorption is called CUTTING
CONE / RESORPTION TUNNEL.
• During bone deposition, RESTING AND REVERSAL LINES
may be seen.

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Resting line
• Incremental lines of bone
• Bone is laid down rhythmically resulting in the
formation of regular parallel lines corresponding
to rest period during bone apposition
• Due to periods of relative quiescence they are
called RESTING LINES

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Reversal line
• After resorption occurs, new bone is deposited
in this area on old bone.
• A dark basophilic line can be seen between this
old bone and new bone – called reversal line

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AGE CHANGES
• Decreased bone formation
• Fatty marrow
• Greater distance between alveolar crest
and CEJ

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1. Deposition and resorption
• Areas of tension → bone
deposition
• Areas of pressure → bone
resorption
• Also seen in Orthodontic
tooth movement

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2. Function of teeth
• In non-functional teeth
• Decreased volume of bone
• Bone trabeculae are less numerous and
very thin in the spongiosa
• Alveolar bone preserved
• In teeth with increased forces
• Formation of new bone
• More trabeculae in spongy bone

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3. Tooth loss
• Alveolar bone resorbs with tooth loss

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4. Healing of extraction site
and fractures
• Immature bone formed first →
replaced by mature bone
• Immature bone is radiolucent →
not visible in radiographs

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5. PERIODONTITIS
• Alveolar bone resorption occurs in
periodontal disease
• Posterior teeth, symmetrical
• Bone loss can be horizontal or vertical

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6. Lamina dura
• It is an important anatomical
landmark in radiographs
• Diagnostic landmark in determining
the health of periapical tissues
• Loss of lamina dura is seen in
• Infections, inflammation and resorption
of bone socket

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7. Synthetic bone grafting
materials
• Bone defects can be treated by placing bone or
bone substitute material into it → promotes
formation of new bone and regeneration of PDL
• Synthetic bone grafting materials:
a) Nonresorbable (hydroxyapatite)
b) Resorbable (tricalcium phosphate

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8. Guided tissue regeneration
• Materials like collagen are used to
support natural bone formation

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