Chapter 5: Integration -

Part 2
5.8 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
5.9 Trigonometric integral
5.10 Trigonometric & Hyperbolic Substitution
5.11 Length of a curve
5.8 Integration of Rational Functions by
Partial Fractions
Revision :Partial fraction decomposition
Types Examples As partial
fractions
a) Linear factors
b) Repeated
linear factors
c) Irreducible
quadratic factors
d) Improper (deg 𝑥+
2 Factorize
denominator
num ≥ deg deno;
2
𝑥 −1

𝐴 𝐵
use long division 𝑥+ +
𝑥+1 𝑥−1
Method of Partial Fractions (f (x) /g (x) Proper)
1. Partial fraction decomposition.
(sum of partial fraction)
2. Set the original fraction f (x) /g (x) equal to the sum
of all these partial fractions.
3. Clear the fractions from the equation.
4. Substitute suitable value of x to find the value of the
undetermined coefficients
Or equate the coefficients of corresponding powers of
x. Solve the resulting equation for the undetermined
coefficients.
 Integration of Rational Functions by
Partial Fractions
• Log rule for integration is useful to evaluate
integration of partial fraction.
Example:
Express integrand as a sum of
partial fractions and after that
integrate.
6x  7
 ( x  2)2   ( x  2)  ( x  2)2 dx
dx 6 5

 6 ln x  2  5( x  2) 1  c
Example 1: Express 5 x  3 in partial faction
and integrate it. x  2x  3
2

Answer:
5𝑥 − 3
න 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2ln 𝑥 + 1 + 3ln 𝑥 − 3 + 𝑐
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3
 Solution:
5x  3 5x  3 A B
  
x  2 x  3 ( x  1)( x  3) x  1 x  3
2

5 x  3  A( x  3)  B ( x  1)  ( A  B ) x  3 A  B
A  B  5;  3A  B  3
 A  2, B  3
5x  3 2 3
 
x  2x  3 x 1 x  3
2

5𝑥 − 3 2 3
න 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥+1 𝑥−3
= 2ln 𝑥 + 1 + 3ln 𝑥 − 3 + 𝑐
Example 2: Express 6 x  7 in partial faction
and integrate it. ( x  2) 2

Answer:
Solution:
6x  7 A B
 
( x  2) 2
x  2  x  2 2
𝑑𝑥
A( x  2)  B(1)
 −2
𝑑𝑥
x  22
6x  7  Ax  2 A  B

A  6, 2 A  B  7,
B  7  2(6)  5.
6x  7  6  5
( x  2) 2 x  2 x  22
Exercise
2x  2
 Find  dx
x 1
2
5.9 Trigonometric Integrals

Products of Powers of Sines and Cosines

Identities:
1
sin x  (1  cos 2 x)
2

2
1
cos x  (1  cos 2 x)
2
sin x  cos x  1
2 2
2
Example:
 sin
m n
x cos xdx

u
du
   u cos x
4 4
sin x cos xdx
cos x
u  sin x;   u du
4

du  cos xdx u5
 C
du 5
dx  5
cos x sin x
 C
5
  sin
m n
Example: x cos xdx
• At least one exponent is odd, use sin 2
x  cos 2
x 1
to transform into expression contain only ONE sine
or ONE cosine.

  
2 3 2 2
sin x cos xdx sin x cos x cos xdx

u  sin x;   sin 2 x(1  sin 2 x) cos xdx

du  cos xdx
  u (1  u )du   u  u du
2 2 2 4

du
dx 
cos x u3 u5 sin 3 x sin 5 x
  c   c
3 5 3 5
 
3 2
Exercise: Solve sin x cos xdx

• At least one exponent is odd, use sin 2

x  cos 2
x 1
to transform into expression contain only ONE sine
or ONE cosine.

 
3 2
sin x cos xdx  sin 2
x sin x cos 2
x dx
  (1  cos x) cos x sin xdx
2 2 Use identity

u  cosx;   (cos 2 x  cos 4 x)(sin x dx) Expand

1 3 1 5
du   sin xdx    (u  u ) du   u  u  C
2 4

3 5
du 1 1
dx   du   cos x  cos 5 x  C
3

sin x 3 5
  sin
m n
Example: x cos xdx
• If all the exponents are even, use half angle identities.
1 1
 sin x cos xdx 
2 2  (1  cos 2 x ) (1  cos 2 x ) dx
2 2
1
   2
( 1 cos 2 x) dx
4
1 1
4
 (1  (1  cos 4 x ))dx
1 2
sin x  (1  cos 2 x)
2
1 1 1 
4  2
2    cos 4 x dx
2 
1
cos x  (1  cos 2 x)
2 1
8
 (1  cos 4 x) dx
2
x sin 4 x
  c
8 32

cos 2 x  1  cos 4 x 
2 1
2
  xdx
2
Exercise: sin
• If all the exponents are even, use half angle identities.

1 1
 sin x dx   (1  cos 2 x) dx  2 x  4 sin 2 x  C
2

1
sin x  (1  cos 2 x )
2

2
Integrals of Power of tan x and sec x

 Use the identities tan2x = sec2x – 1 and

sec2x = tan2x + 1 and integrate by parts
when necessary to reduce the higher powers
to lower powers.
 tan 2 x  sec2 x  1
Example:
 tan
4
xdx   tan x  tan xdx
2 2

  tan x  (sec x  1)dx

2 2

  tan x sec x  tan xdx

2 2 2

u  tan x

du  sec xdx  tan x sec xdx  ( sec x  1)dx
2 2 2
2

  tan 2
x sec2 xdx   sec xdx   dx
2
 u du
2

1
1 3
 u  c1  tan 3 x  tan x  x  C
3 3
Integrals of tan x sec x:  tan m
x sec n
xdx

1. If m is odd, use u = sec x , du = sec x tanx dx

2. If n is even, use u = tan x , du = sec2 x dx
u du
 tan x sec xdx 

3 2 2
tan x sec x tan x sec xdx
  (u 2  1)udu
tan 2 x  sec 2 x  1
  u 3  udu

u4 u2 sec4 x sec2 x
  c   c
4 2 4 2
5.10 Trigonometric & Hyperbolic
Substitution
 In order to simplify some integrals by means
of a substitution as follows:
Trigonometric substitutions

• effective in transforming integrals:

a2  x2 ; a2  x2 ; x2  a2
into integrals we can evaluate directly.
 Common Substitutions:
x = a tan  a2  x2
a 2  x 2  a 2  a 2 tan 2   a 2 (1  tan 2  ) a | sec | x

a

x = a sin  a
x

a 2  x 2  a 2  a 2 sin 2   a 2 (1  sin 2  )  a | cos  | a2  x2
x
x = a sec  x a2 2


x 2  a 2  a 2 sec2   a 2  a 2 (sec2   1)  a | tan  | a
 a2  x2  1 x2
Example 1: a 2  12
 1  x dx
2

a 1

 x  sin  ; dx  cosd
Example 1:   cos  cos d
 1  x dx 2
1
  cos d 2 cos 2   (1  cos 2 )
x  sin 
2

  1  cos 2 d
1
dx  cos d 2
 sin 2 sin 2  2 sin  cos 
  c
 1  x  1  sin t
2 2
2 4
 2 sin  cos 
 cos 2    c
2 4 2
 cos 
sin 1 x x 1  x 2
  c
sin 1 x   2 2
Example 2: a2  x2  4  x2
a 2  22
 4  x dx a2
2

 x  2 sin  ; dx  2 cosd
Example 2:
x

 x  2 sin  ;
2 ?

sin 2  2 sin  cos 
dx  2 cos d 4  x dx
2

22  x 2
x
  4  2 sin   2 cos d
2
2
1  x 
  sin  
  41  sin 2  2 cos d
x2
2 1
2 4
x
2
  (2)(2) cos2  cosd 2 2
 x
 x 1  
  4 cos 2  d x
 2
cos 2  1
cos  
2
22  x 2
2   2(1  cos 2 )d 22  x 2
 cos  
Express the  2  sin 2   C 2
 
answer in term  2 
 x   x 
2

of x !  2 sin 1    x 1     C
 2  sin 2  C 2 2
 a  x  4 x
2 2 2

1
Example 3:  4 x 2
dx a 2
2 2

a2

x = 2 tan  ; dx = 2 sec2  d
 1 2 sec 2 
Example 3:  4 x 2
dx 
2 sec
d

a2 + x2   secd
sec  tan 
x = a tan  = 2 tan    sec d
sec  tan 
dx = 2 sec2  d
sec2   sec tan 
 d
u  sec  tan  ; sec  tan 
du
du  (sec tan   sec2  )d   ln u  c
u
 ln sec  tan   c
4 x 2
4  x2 x
x  ln  c
 2 2
a=2
 ln 4  x 2  x  ln 2  c
Example 4: a2  x2  1 x2
a 2  12
a 1

 x  tan  ; dx  sec d

2
 Example 4:
Identities:
tan 2   sec2   1

 x  tan  ;
Substitution
dx  sec d
2
u  sin  ; du  cos   d
1 1
1 cos 
 2
2
 u 2 du   u  c
cos  sin 

x2  1
Express the
x final answer as a
1 
function of x!
Example 5: (Hyperbolic Substitution)

 9 x 1dx
2

1
 3x  cosh t ; dx  sinh t  dt
1 3
x  cosh t
3
 Example 5: (Hyperbolic Substitution)
1 
 9 x 1dx   sinh t   sinh t  dt 
2

Substitution: 3 
1
1
x  cosh t;   sinh 2 tdt
3 3
1 cosh 2t  1
dt To reduce the
1
dx  sinh t  dt  
3 3 2 power of

1
cosh 2 t )  1 1 integrand!
9x 1   cosh 2t  1dt
2 9 (
9
6
 1  sinh 2 t  1
1  sinh 2t  t
 sinh t    C
6 2  6
sinh 2t  2 sinh t cosh t sinh t cosh t t
  C
 
6 6
Express the final answer 9 x  1 3x  cosh 1 x
2

as a function of x!   C
6 6
Exercise 1: Trigonometric Substitution
 x x 9 x
2
9
 9  x 2 dx  arcsin   
2 3 2
C

Identity :
1
cos 2   (1  cos 2 )
2
sin 2  2 sin  cos 
Solution:

Identity :
1
cos 2   (1  cos 2 )
2
Substitute the sin 2  2 sin  cos 
information

Substitute the
identity when
needed

= Final answer
= in terms of x.
Exercise 2: Hyperbolic Substitution

Identity :
cosh 2t  sinh 2 t  1
Solution:

Substitute the
information

=
=
=
Final answer
= in terms of x.
Exercise 3: Trigonometric Substitution
1 2  4 x 2  9  4x2  9
x 2
4x  9
2
dx 
9  2 x 
C 
9x
C

Hint: u 2  4x2
u  2x
u  3 sec
Homework:
Evaluate:
dx
 9 x 2  sin 1 x
3
c

25 1  t  t 25  t 2
 25  t 2 dt  sin   
2 5 2
c

8dx 1 4x
 2 tan 2 x  C
 (4 x 2  1) 2 (4 x  1)
2 2

dx 1 5x 25 x 2  9
 25 x 2  9
 ln
5 3

3
c
5.11 Arc Length of a Curve
Corrugated iron is used extensively throughout the world as a versatile building
material. Bending the material into a regular wave pattern gives it greater strength
than if a flat sheet is used.

To make corrugated iron, you need to bend a wide flat sheet into waves.
The resulting corrugated sheet is then narrower. We can model the
corrugations using the curve and approximate the length of the curve
using the formula of the arc length of the curve.
 Length of a curve y = f(x)
 The length of an arc along a portion of a curve is
another application of the definite integral.
 Length of a curve y = f(x)
 The function and its derivative must both be
continuous on the closed interval being considered
for such an arc length to be guaranteed.
Example:
Cont.
Exercise:

~End of Integration~