SECOND SEM (3rd Quarter)

SINKHOLES
> A sinkhole is a depression in the ground that has no natural external surface
drainage. Basically, this means that when it rains, all of the water stays inside the
sinkhole and typically drains into the subsurface.

BIG CONCEPT
HAZARD + ELEMENTS AT RISK = DISASTER

ASIAN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS CENTER

> A sudden calamitous occurrence that causes great harm, injury,
destruction and devastation to life and property.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

> A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society
involving widespread losses and impacts.

RESULTS FROM A COMBINATION OF

1. Exposure to a hazard
2. Conditions of vulnerability
3. Insufficient capacity to reduce negative consequences

IMPACT MAY INCLUDE

1. Loss of life
2. Injury
3. Diseases
4. Damage to properties
5. Destruction
6. Loss of services
7. Social/economic disruptions
8. Environmental degradation
RISK
> combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences
and is associated with the degree to which humans cannot scope with a
situation.

DISASTER
> A sudden calamitous occurrence that causes great harm, injury,
destruction and devastation to life and property.
> It disrupts the usual course of life, causing both physical and emotional
distress such as an intense feeling of helplessness and hopelessness.
EFFECTS:
- Minor damage
- Major damage
- Total destruction
- Death

DISASTER RISK
> refers to the potential disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihoods,
assets and services which could occur.
> is the product of the possible damage caused by a hazard.

HAZARD
> is a source or condition that has the potential to cause harm to humans in
the form of injury or illness, property damage, environmental damage, or a
combination of these.

DISASTER READINESS
> Disaster readiness is the process we use to mitigate, prepare, respond,
and recover from disasters. It's how we save lives, protect property, and
make sure the day the after a disaster is better than the day before.
Disaster readiness, also known as emergency management.

RISK REDUCTION
> Risk reduction refers to identifying and implementing measures to reduce
the chances of damage from a particular activity or situation. This can
involve identifying potential hazards, implementing safety measures, and
developing contingency plans to mitigate the impact of unexpected events.

2 MAIN TYPES OF DISASTERS

> NATURAL DISASTER
- earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes, floods, and fires

> MAN-MADE DISASTER

- war, pollution, nuclear explosions, fires, hazardous materials
exposures, explosions, and transportation accidents.

MODULE 2
RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS

DISASTER results from a combination of

1. Exposure to a hazard
2. Conditions of vulnerability
3. Insufficient capacity to reduce negative consequences

DISASTER RISK
> refers to the potential disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihoods,
assets and services which could occur.
> is the product of the possible damage caused by a hazard.

RISK FACTORS
> are processes or conditions that influence the level of disaster risk by
increasing levels of exposure, vulnerability and reducing capacity.

RISK FACTORS
> SEVERITY OF EXPOSURE
> GENDER AND FAMILY
> AGE
> ECONOMIC STATUS OF COUNTRY
>SEVERITY OF EXPOSURE
- A person with first hand experience of the disaster had the highest
risk of developing mental problem compared to someone who just
heard about the disaster
- Rescue workers and health care practitioners are also at high risk of
developing mental problem

> GENDER AND FAMILY

- The female gender suffer more adverse effects
- Marital relationships are placed under strain after going through a
disaster

> AGE
- Adult in the age range of 40-60 are more stressed after disaster
- Children exhibit more stress after disasters than adults do

> ECONOMIC STATUS OF COUNTRY

- Evidence indicates that severe mental problems resulting from
disasters are more prevalent in developing countries
- Natural disaster tend to have more adverse effect in developing
countries compared to man-caused disasters

UNDERLYING FACTORS
> CLIMATE CHANGE
- Climate alteration due to increased carbon footprint and greenhouse
gas concentration.
- Changes in global atmosphere composition is attributed to human
activities

*Can increase disaster by

1. Changing the frequency and intensity of hazard events
2. Affecting vulnerability to hazard
3. Changing exposure patterns
> ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
- Over consumption of natural resources results in environmental
degradation thus reducing essential ecosystem services
- Deforestation of slopes often lead on increased in landslide hazards
- Removal of mangroves can increase the damage caused by storm
surges
- Is both a driver and consequence of disaster, reducing the capacity of
the environment to meet social and ecological needs
- While it can lead to increased risk from disasters, natural hazard can
also further degrade the environment

> GLOBALIZED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

- Results in an increased polarization between the rich and poor on a
global scale
- Provides an opportunity to build resilience by increasing exposure of
assets in hazard prone areas
- Risk reduction can be achieved by participating in risk-sensitive
development strategies like
1. Investing in protective infrastructure
2. Environmental management
3. Upgrading informal settlements

> POVERTY AND INEQUALITY

- Is both a cause and consequence of disaster
- Poor people mostly live in hazard-exposed areas and are unable to
invest in risk-reducing measures
- Lack of access to insurance and social protection, they are forced to
use limited assets to buffer disaster losses
- Impact of disaster on the poor can cause
1. Loss of life
2. Injury and damage
3. Total loss of livelihood
4. Displacement
5. Poor health
6. Food insecurity
 - The poor suffer the worst from disasters

> POORLY PLANNED AND MANAGED URBAN DEVELOPMENT

- Urbanization is unfolding in hazard-exposed countries
- People, poverty and disaster risk are increasingly concentrated in
cities
- Growing concentration of people and economic activities in many
cities are seen to overlap with high risk exposure
- Growing rate of urbanization and increase in population density may
lead to creation of risk
- More so if urbanization is rapid, poorly planned and occurring in
context of widespread poverty

> WEAK GOVERNANCE

- Disaster risk governance refers to the specific arrangements that
societies put in place to manage disaster risk
- This reflects how risk is valued against a backdrop of broader social
and economic concerns
- Weak governance zones are investment environment where public
sector players do not assume their roles in
1. Protecting rights
2. Providing basic services
3. Providing public services

SURVIVOR’S BACKGROUND AND RECOVERY IS HAMPERED IF

SURVIVORS
- Were not functioning well before the disaster
- Have no experience dealing with disasters
- Must deal with other stressors after the disaster
- Have low self-esteem
- Feel uncared for by others
- Think they exercise little control over what happens to them
- Unable to manage stress
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO WORSE OUTCOMES
- Death of someone close
- Injury to self or family member
- Life threat
- Panic, horror or similar feelings
- Separation from family
- Massive loss of property
- Displacement

MODULE 3
DISASTERS AND ITS EFFECTS

> DISPLACEMENT POPULATIONS

- Considered most immediate effect
- People need to abandon their homes and seek shelter somewhere
- May result in disrupted health care and education access; shortage of
food supplies and clean water

> HEALTH RISKS

- Stagnant waters from flooding allow waterborne bacteria and malaria-
carrying mosquitos to breed
- Death tolls may rise from diseases especially if no emergency relief is
available
- Unsanitary environment and poor hygiene could easily aggravate
health conditions

> FOOD SCARCITY

- Food supplies are affected as crops are destroyed and agricultural
supplies are lost
- Food prices rise reducing the purchasing power of families thus
increasing the risk for malnutrition
- Hunger impacts greatly on children development

> EMOTIONAL AFTERSHOCKS

 - Scenes of destruction and death of friends and love ones are
traumatic for children
- Many victims of disaster develop post-traumatic stress disorder
(PSTD)
- Untreated, the condition can result to lasting psychological damage
and emotional distress

HOW TO PLAN AHEAD OF A DISASTER

1. Check for hazards at home
2. Identify safe place indoors and outdoors
3. Educate one’s self and family members
4. Have disaster kits/supplies on hand
5. Develop an emergency communication plan
6. Help your community get ready
7. Practice the Disaster Preparedness Cycle

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS CYCLE

PLAN

EVALUAT ORGANIZE
E AND EQUIP

EXERCIS PLAN
E

TRAIN

MODULE 4
 DISASTERS FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE

> PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE

- Refers to the physical damage that disasters leave on community
infrastructure, people and properties
- Generally affect physical infrastructure facilities, agricultural
productivity, loss of life and damage to properties
- Influenced by the magnitude of disaster, geography of the area and
recovery efforts directed to reducing effects

> PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

- Victims suffers PTSD and other serious mental health conditions
which are not given attention
- Victims are in a state of shock and denial leading to stress, anxiety
and other maladaptive reactions
- Deaths of love one may lead to insecurity due to sense of deprivation
in terms of love, belongingness and attachment

> SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

- Refers to one’s behaviour and mental processes from a socio-cultural
standpoint
- It takes into account the interaction between individuals and society
- Recognizes the importance of social network, cultural practices, and
community cohesion

> ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE

- Refers to capital assets and infrastructure that are lost [housing,
schools, factories, equipment, roads, dams]
- Loss could include loss of life, loss of skilled workers, destruction of
educational infrastructure and disruption of schooling
- Focuses on financial cost and benefits of disaster response and
recovery to allocate resources efficiently and effectively

> POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE

 - Refers to the role of the government and policy in disaster response
and recovery
- One that promotes accountability and effective decision-making
- Disaster vulnerability is mediated by political system of the country, it
also impacts political stability

> BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

- Refers to scenarios involving diseases, disability and death on a large
scale not only in humans
- Considers impact in terms of human life, disability, quarantine,
treatment cost and disposal of the deceased
- Also considers its influence in terms of long term environmental and
economic consequences