**1.
Introduction to Integers:**
- Integers are whole numbers, including positive numbers, negative numbers, and zero.
- Positive integers are numbers greater than zero, while negative integers are numbers less
than zero.
- Zero is neither positive nor negative.
- Integers are represented on a number line, with positive numbers to the right of zero and
negative numbers to the left.
**2. Operations with Integers:**
- Addition: Adding two positive integers results in a positive sum, and adding two negative
integers results in a negative sum. When adding integers with different signs, subtract their
absolute values and use the sign of the number with the greater absolute value.
- Subtraction: Subtracting a negative integer is equivalent to adding its absolute value.
Subtracting a positive integer is the same as adding its negative value.
- Multiplication: The product of two integers with the same sign is positive, while the product of
two integers with different signs is negative.
- Division: Dividing a positive integer by a positive integer yields a positive quotient, while
dividing a negative integer by a positive integer results in a negative quotient. Dividing a positive
integer by a negative integer produces a negative quotient, and dividing a negative integer by a
negative integer yields a positive quotient.
**3. Fractions and Decimals:**
- Fractions represent parts of a whole and consist of a numerator (top number) and a
denominator (bottom number).
- Decimals are a way to represent fractions with powers of ten as denominators.
- Converting fractions to decimals involves dividing the numerator by the denominator.
- Converting decimals to fractions involves writing the decimal as a fraction with the
appropriate denominator.
**4. Ratios and Proportions:**
- Ratios compare two quantities and can be written in three forms: fraction, colon, or word.
- Proportions are equations that state two ratios are equal.
- Solving proportions involves cross-multiplication and then solving for the unknown variable.
**5. Geometry:**
- Basic geometric shapes include points, lines, line segments, rays, angles, and polygons.
- Angles are formed when two rays share a common endpoint (vertex).
- Types of angles include acute (less than 90 degrees), right (exactly 90 degrees), obtuse
(more than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees), and straight (exactly 180 degrees).
- Polygons are closed shapes with straight sides. Common polygons include triangles,
quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons, and octagons.
**6. Algebraic Expressions:**
- Algebraic expressions contain variables, constants, and mathematical operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
- Evaluating algebraic expressions involves substituting values for variables and simplifying
using the order of operations (PEMDAS: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division from
left to right, Addition and Subtraction from left to right).
**7. Solving Equations:**
- An equation is a statement that two expressions are equal.
- Solving equations involves isolating the variable by performing inverse operations (opposite
operations) to both sides of the equation until the variable is alone on one side.
- Equations may have one solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions.
**8. Data and Statistics:**
- Data refers to information collected for analysis.
- Measures of central tendency include mean, median, and mode, which represent typical or
central values in a data set.
- Measures of dispersion, such as range and interquartile range, quantify the spread or
variability of data.
- Graphical representations of data include histograms, bar graphs, line graphs, and circle
graphs (pie charts).
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